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Fake news detection has attracted significant attention since the spread of fake news on social media has affected the media's credibility. Some existing fake news detection models only applied news content features as input. They treated the extracted news and user features as text but ignored the interaction between the various components of the news. Furthermore, the news dissemination information was not captured effectively. To address these problems, we propose a dual-channel graph convolutional attention network with dynamic feature fusion named DGCAN. News on social media does not exist in isolation, but is connected and interactive with each other. Therefore, first, we construct a heterogeneous graph to model the semantic information between source tweets and words and the spread structure information between source tweets and users, respectively. Second, we capture the semantic information and dissemination structure information of news at the same time with a designed dual-channel graph convolutional network. Third, we integrate the graph attention mechanism to learn the importance of tweet, user, and word nodes in heterogeneous graphs. Finally, we apply the attention mechanism between sub-channels to learn the semantic and spread features. Experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate that the model proposed in this paper achieves state-of-the-art performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the exact boundary controllability of nodal profile for nonautonomous quasilinear hyperbolic systems on a finite time interval and obtain that there is the exact boundary controllability of nodal profile for any given initial time t 0 ∈ R so long as the controllability time T > 0 is suitably large, but T depends on t 0 in general. As applications, we discuss the exact boundary controllability of nodal profile for the Saint-Venant system with a nonuniform subcritical steady state and the system of traffic flow depending on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Intervertebral cages used in clinical applications were often general products with standard specifications, which were challenging to match with the cervical vertebra and prone to cause stress shielding and subsidence. OBJECTIVE: To design and fabricate customized tantalum (Ta) intervertebral fusion cages that meets the biomechanical requirements of the cervical segment. METHODS: The lattice intervertebral cages were customized designed and fabricated by the selective laser melting. The joint and muscle forces of the cervical segment under different movements were analyzed using reverse dynamics method. The stress characteristics of cage, plate, screws and vertebral endplate were analyzed by finite element analysis. The fluid flow behaviors and permeability of three lattice structures were simulated by computational fluid dynamics. Compression tests were executed to investigate the biomechanical properties of the cages. RESULTS: Compared with the solid cages, the lattice-filled structures significantly reduced the stress of cages and anterior fixation system. In comparison to the octahedroid and quaddiametral lattice-filled cages, the bitriangle lattice-filled cage had a lower stress shielding rate, higher permeability, and superior subsidence resistance ability. CONCLUSION: The inverse dynamics simulation combined with finite element analysis is an effective method to investigate the biomechanical properties of the cervical vertebra during movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel and cleaner production process was developed to remove impurity anions by precipitation and purify vanadium by solvent extraction using an ionic liquid. After optimizing the precipitation process parameters and conducting an orthogonal test, most of the impurity anions were removed. Then, the extraction and stripping process parameters for recovering vanadium (V) in the filtrate were optimized, and the vanadium extraction and stripping efficiency reached more than 99.8% and 99.9%, respectively. The V 2 O 5 product with a purity of over 99.8% was obtained. The extraction mechanism of vanadium (V) with the ionic liquid was investigated in-depth with the slope method and FT-IR analysis. Further, the essence of the extraction process was expounded at the molecular level with molecular electrostatic potential analysis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing methods to determine the cognitive function level of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) are not only inaccurate but also susceptible to the influence of the patient's education level, emotional state, and examination environment. We proposed a global iterative optimization framework (GIO) to accurately predict cognitive function statuses of ESRD patients without being affected by the above factors. First, the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data preprocessed and the time series were extracted to construct brain functional networks. Secondly, the areas under curve (AUC) of topological attribute parameters in the brain functional networks were extracted as features. After statistical analysis, the global efficiency, the characteristic path length, and the shortest path length in the small‐world network were selected as features for linear fusion. Finally, the support vector regression (SVR) was used as the basis of GIO framework, and the global iterative search strategy was introduced to find out the most appropriate penalty factor and radial basis function parameters. Achieving the objective of accurately predicting the cognitive function status of patients with end‐stage renal disease. Since this framework uses SVR which has special advantages in processing small sample data, and introduces appropriate parameter selection method, the prediction ability of GIO framework has been significantly improved. Experimental results demonstrate that the final prediction accuracy of the proposed framework is significantly better than those of SVR, LSSVR, GMO‐SVR, GMO‐LSSVR, and PSO‐SVR. The mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the proposed framework are 0.55% and 2.58%, respectively. It is suggested that this framework is more convenient to determine the current level of cognitive function in ESRD patients and is conducive to the early prevention of cognitive dysfunction in ESRD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power system dynamics have consistently challenged the rapid and persistent proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) systems in power systems. In this paper, the authors propose the generalized discrete‐time equivalent model (GDEM) of PV power generation system using a fourth‐order dynamic equivalent model for representing the physical characteristics of PV power stations in power system dynamic studies. In addition, the authors propose a grid‐connected system model which includes modelling interfaces (MIs) for the GDEM of power grid and the GDEM of PV power generation system in dynamic studies. The proposed equivalent models of the power grid and PV power generation system will improve the simulation accuracy and speed in dynamic power system studies. The authors have used the IEEE 14‐bus system and simulated various types of short‐circuit faults and PV penetration levels in their study to demonstrate the merits of the proposed GDEM of grid‐connected system in power systems. The pertinent simulation results are analyzed and conclusions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical scores are applied to determine the stage of cognitive function in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, accurate clinical scores are hard to come by. This paper proposed an integrated prediction framework with GPLWLSV to predict clinical scores of cognitive functions in ESRD patients. GPLWLSV incorporated three parts, graph theoretic algorithm (GTA) and principal component analysis (PCA), whale optimization algorithm with Levy flight (LWOA), and least squares support vector regression machine (LSSVRM). GTA was adopted to extract features from the brain functional networks in ESRD patients, while PCA was used to select features. LSSVRM was built to explore the relationship between the selected features and the clinical scores of ESRD patients. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) was introduced to select better parameters of the kernel function in LSSVRM; it aims to improve the exploration competence of LSSVRM. Levy flight was used to optimize the ability to jump out of local optima in WOA and improve the convergence of coefficient vectors in WOA, which lead to an increase in the generalization ability and convergence speed of WOA. The results validated that the prediction accuracy of GPLWLSV was higher than that of several comparable frameworks, such as GPSV, GPLSV, and GPWLSV. In particular, the average of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between the predicted scores and the actual scores of ESRD patients was 2.40, 2.06, and 9.83%, respectively. The proposed framework not only can predict the clinical scores more accurately but also can capture imaging markers associated with decline of cognitive function. It helps to understand the potential relationship between structural changes in the brain and cognitive function of ESRD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydroxyapatite (HAp)/copper (Cu) coating was deposited on a Ta substrate by plasma spraying to mitigate the fretting wear of bones. It was found that the HAp/Cu coating significantly reduced the fretting slip of Ta at the Ta-bone interface. The friction coefficient of the HAp/Cu coating-bone frictional pair (1.14) was much higher than that of the Ta-bone frictional pair (0.71). The HAp/Cu coating significantly mitigated the fretting wear of bones by forming a protective layer on the fretting interface and reduced the wear rate from 0.031 mm3/N·mm to 0.0029 mm3/N·mm. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity of ferritic stainless steels, protective Ce-doped NiMn 2 O 4 spinel coatings were fabricated on the surface of SUS430 steel by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The phase structure and microstructure of Ce-doped NiMn 2 O 4 in both powder and coating forms were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high-temperature oxidation of the NiMn 2 O 4 spinel coating before and after Ce doping in the air at 800 °C for 168 h was studied by weight gain experiments. The area-specific resistance (ASR) of coatings was measured by a standard four-probe method. It was found that the Ce-doped NiMn 2 O 4 spinel powder displayed a stable structure, high crystallinity, fine grain size, and decreased agglomeration when the Ce content was fixed at 0.05 mol∙L−1. The oxidation kinetics of NiMn 2 O 4 -coated SUS430 steel before and after Ce doping obeyed a parabolic law with parabolic rate constants of 4.58 × 10−15 g2 cm−4 s−1 and 1.83 × 10−15 g2 cm−4 s−1, respectively. When oxidized at 800 °C for 50 h, the ASR value of the coated samples before and after Ce doping stabilized at about 15.2 mΩ∙cm2 and 14.5 mΩ∙cm2, respectively. This work demonstrated that the Ce-doped NiMn 2 O 4 spinel coating improved the high-temperature oxidation resistance and the electrical conductivity of metal interconnects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling disaster of coal spontaneous combustion and methane seriously threatens the safe production of coal mines. In order to study the low-temperature oxidation characteristics of coals oxidized at the methane-containing atmosphere, characteristics of free radicals and thermal effects of two coals oxidized at atmosphere containing different concentrations of CH4 were studied by employing calorimetric and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer experiments. Furthermore, the oxidation characteristics of coals were related to its thermal effect based on the enthalpy changes of active groups' reactions calculated by Gaussian 16. It was found that CH4 in the oxidation atmosphere could reduce the amount of heat both absorbed and released during the process of low-temperature oxidation. And, the higher the concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere was, the smaller amount of heat absorbed and released. Experimental results of ESR suggested that the concentration, the g-factor, and the linewidth of free radicals were decreased as the concentration of CH4 in the oxidizing atmosphere increased. Analysis of elementary reactions and its corresponding enthalpy change indicated that the reduction of absorbed and released heat resulted by CH4 attributed to the fact that CH4 could block the generation of peroxides and depress the decomposition of the oxygen-containing free radicals. The changes of released carbon monoxide as the function of the concentration of CH4 were in agreement with this indication as well. This study will provide a scientific guidance for the prevention and control of the coupling disasters of coal spontaneous combustion and CH4 and benefit the development of the high-efficiency coal spontaneous combustion inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic power generation technology has gained significant attention from researchers due to its advantages of simple structure, environmental friendliness, and high sustainability. However, the photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (PCE) of photovoltaic (PV) panels is limited by the residual heat produced during the solar absorption process. Thus, an effective heat management is vital for the long-term stable and efficient photovoltaic system. In this paper, a novel dual-function device was proposed to realize effective cooling of PV panels and harvest freshwater from the air simultaneously. Through the utilization of evaporative cooling with hygroscopic hydrogel, the photovoltaic cooling-water generator (PVC-WG) device achieves up to 8 °C reduction in the operating temperature of PV panels along with a freshwater generation rate of 122.32 g m−2 h−1 in the laboratory at solar intensity of 1 kW m−2. At night, the hygroscopic hydrogel automatically absorbed moisture from the air to achieve self-regeneration, confirming its excellent reusability. Even in real outdoor environments, a maximum cooling effect of 9.2 °C and a stable freshwater generation of 98.08 g m−2 day−1 could be achieved. The system not only accomplishes thermal management for PV panels but also attains additional freshwater generation, which enhances the efficiency of harnessing the entire spectrum of solar energy. • A dual-function device was proposed to cool PV panel and produce freshwater. • A cooling effect of 8 °C and a water yield of 122.32 g m−2 h−1 could be obtained. • The hygroscopic hydrogel has good stability and recycling characteristics. • Effective photovoltaic cooling and freshwater generation could be achieved outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Ignition of coal dust caused by hot particles (ICDHP) will lead to serious combustion or explosion. In this work, the coupling details of multi–physical fields of the ICDHP were established. Two different chemical reactions of flaming combustion of volatiles and smoldering of coal dust were established to understand the mechanism and process of the ICDHP. The evolution of temperature, volatiles molar concentration and heat release characteristics under different particle temperatures and contact conditions between the hot particle and coal dust were investigated. Results show that there are two ways of the ICDHP, which are volatiles ignition and coal smoldering ignition. The ignition delay time (IDT) increases exponentially with the decrease of the hot particle temperature. The temperature of the hot particle is 1100 K, and thermal runaway occurs in the way of coal smoldering ignition. When the temperature of the hot particle is higher than 1100 K, thermal runaway occurs in the way of volatiles ignition. In addition, it is found that the IDT decreases exponentially with the increase of the buried depth (l p) of the hot particle in coal dust for the hot particle temperature of 1186 K. The IDT shows a trend of decreasing – increasing – decreasing with the increase of l p for the hot particle temperatures of 1271 K and 1369 K. If the hot particle is completely embedded in the coal dust, the smoldering combustion of the coal dust is found. In addition, the volatiles first react on the side of the hot particle, and the thermal runaway occurs at the position where the concentration and temperature of volatiles are high enough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of revealing the potential ecological risk and distribution characteristics of heavy metals on the surface sediment at the Shawan River section of Yelang Lake, the following three analyses were first performed: (1) analysis of grain-size composition on sediment samples collected at seven different sites in the water-level-fluctuation zone (WLFZ); (2) analysis of bulk sediment content of six heavy metals, namely, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Zn, and Cu; and (3) the correlation analysis of grain-size composition and heavy metal content in the sediment. Afterwards, the approach of Hakanson potential ecological risk index was employed to analyze the risk of heavy metal pollution in sediments of seven WLFZ plots. The outcomes indicate that (1) the mean sediment grain size at each sampling site was generally >0.063 mm, with gravel grains (>1 mm) and sand grains (0.22–1 mm) accounting for the largest proportions; (2) the site-averaged mean sediment content of each of the six heavy metals was significantly higher than their respective geochemical background contents in the sediment of Guizhou Province, and the grain-size dependence of the bulk sediment content of heavy metals was not significant; (3) the distribution of Cr was relatively independent of other metals, which was in contrast to notable positive correlations observed between other metals; and (4) in accordance with the approach of Hakanson potential ecological risk index, for these heavy metals, their potential ecological risk reduced by the order of Zn < Cr < Cu < Pb < Cd, with Cd having a mean potential risk index (Ei) of 566.13, suggestive of a very high level of potential ecological risk, Zn, Cr, and Cu having a mild potential ecological risk, and Pb having moderate potential ecological risk. Cd largely contributes to the comprehensive ecological risk index RI is the largest, thereby having important environmental implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocaging holds promise for the precise manipulation of biological events in space and time. However, current near‐infrared (NIR) photocages are oxygen‐dependent for their photolysis and lack of timely feedback regulation, which has proven to be the major bottleneck for targeted therapy. Herein, we present a hypoxia‐dependent photo‐activation mechanism of dialkylamine‐substituted cyanine (Cy‐NH) accompanied by emissive fragments generation, which was validated with retrosynthesis and spectral analysis. For the first time, we have realized the orthogonal manipulation of this hypoxia‐dependent photocaging and dual‐modal optical signals in living cells and tumor‐bearing mice, making a breakthrough in the direct spatiotemporal control and in vivo feedback regulation. This unique photoactivation mechanism overcomes the limitation of hypoxia, which allows site‐specific remote control for targeted therapy, and expands the photo‐trigger toolbox for on‐demand drug release, especially in a physiological context with dual‐mode optical imaging under hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocaging holds promise for the precise manipulation of biological events in space and time. However, current near‐infrared (NIR) photocages are oxygen‐dependent for their photolysis and lack of timely feedback regulation, which has proven to be the major bottleneck for targeted therapy. Herein, we present a hypoxia‐dependent photo‐activation mechanism of dialkylamine‐substituted cyanine (Cy‐NH) accompanied by emissive fragments generation, which was validated with retrosynthesis and spectral analysis. For the first time, we have realized the orthogonal manipulation of this hypoxia‐dependent photocaging and dual‐modal optical signals in living cells and tumor‐bearing mice, making a breakthrough in the direct spatiotemporal control and in vivo feedback regulation. This unique photoactivation mechanism overcomes the limitation of hypoxia, which allows site‐specific remote control for targeted therapy, and expands the photo‐trigger toolbox for on‐demand drug release, especially in a physiological context with dual‐mode optical imaging under hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are characteristic one-dimensional nanomaterials, with length as their defining feature. However, the exploration of length-dependent properties in semiconducting-SWCNTs (s -SWCNTs) has hitherto been underexplored, primarily due to the absence of precise preparation technologies to obtain s -SWCNTs with both controlled length and narrow length distribution. Here, we introduced a novel approach based on electrochemical shortening and selective adsorption, offering control over the SWCNTs' length and their distributions. This methodology is compatible with high-purity SWCNTs sorting techniques. We have conducted detailed length statistics and comparisons of the truncation results of SWCNTs with different diameters. Experimental results demonstrate that smaller-diameter SWCNTs s are more prone to truncation, resulting in shorter lengths. Remarkably, we observed a length-dependent fluorescence enhancement when the length of s -SWCNTs was reduced to less than 120 nm, akin to the behavior of carbon dots or conjugated polymers. This research paves the way for exploring more length-dependent properties and length-related applications of s -SWCNTs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Loading more heat carriers improves the production and H/C ratio of liquid oil. • The total exergy efficiency of SMP pyrolysis is 59.4–66.0 %. • Pyrolysis of PE could fulfil self-heating by recycling the gas and char products. Energy and exergy analysis is a practical thermodynamic method to assess the potentiality of waste-to-energy technologies. In this study, plastic wastes were pyrolyzed in a rotary kiln to recover energy products including gas, oil and char. The effects of heat carrier loading in the kiln and plastic waste types on the pyrolysis process, including carbon distribution, properties of liquid oil/gas, energy and exergy of products, were investigated. Heat carrier loading could enhance the energy and exergy efficiency of the pyrolysis process. The exergy and energy efficiencies of the plastic mixture pyrolysis are in the range of 60.9 %–67.3 % and 59.4–66.0 %, respectively. The energy consumption ratio of polyethylene pyrolysis with 15 % heat carrier loading and plastic mixture pyrolysis with 20 % heat carrier loading showed that the pyrolysis could achieve self-heating by combusting some recycled gas and char products. This work provided an reliable assessment of potentiality of pyrolysis with heat carrier for converting plastic wastes into fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the issue of communication transmission power cost optimization for the personal body base station in wireless body area network (WBAN). With the limited energy capacity, the energy cost for the data exchange between the personal body base station and the medical surveillance network should be controlled. At the same time, the users' demand should also be guaranteed. The transmission AI choosing distributed optimization model is established, by taking the transmission power consumption as the optimization goal. In this model, the user's data transmission requirements, wireless environment, location of the AI, and other users 'choices are comprehensively analyzed. To achieve the optimal users' AI choosing result for the transmission power cost optimization, the AI choosing game model for transmission power cost of WBAN is constructed, and the game is proved to be an accurate potential game. A transmission power cost optimization AI choosing distributed decision-making algorithm is designed, and the convergence of the algorithm is proved. Experiment analysis verifies the theoretical analysis of the proposed game model and learning algorithm, and show that the proposed algorithm can effectively optimize the AI choosing results of the WBAN to reduce the energy cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Coal spontaneous combustion can still occur at extremely low oxygen concentrations. • The hazard of coal spontaneous combustion is raised after undergoing high temperatures. • The hottest spot of coal moves against the airflow. • Local oxygen concentrations must be considered when judging the status of coal oxidation. Large-scale experiments could reflect the real status of coal spontaneous combustion and therefore were conducted to investigate the characteristics of coal oxidation during the development and decaying processes. Three coals with different metamorphic grades were collected and tested to acquire the information including the temperature profiles, movement of the hottest spots, gaseous products, limiting parameters and so forth. The results indicated that the trajectories of hottest spots did not overlap for the development and decaying processes. Meanwhile, compared to the development process, CO productions during the decaying process were higher in the air circumstance and lower in the nitrogen. Coupled with the changes of C 2 H 4 and oxygen consumptions, it could be concluded that both the oxygen concentrations and the stages (development or decaying process) must be taken into account when judging the status of coal spontaneous combustion. Additionally, the discussions about the limiting parameters of the coal spontaneous combustion showed that during the decaying process, the lower limit of coal thickness was smaller, the lower limit of oxygen concentration became less and the upper limit of air leakage turned larger. These results implied that the experience of high temperatures would raise the hazard of coal spontaneous combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemiluminescence (CL)‐based technologies have revolutionized in vivo monitoring of biomolecules. However, significant technical hurdles have limited the achievement of trigger‐controlled, bright, and enriched CL signal. Herein, a dual‐lock strategy uses sequence‐dependent triggers for bright optical imaging with real‐time fluorescent signal and ultra‐sensitive CL signal. These probes can obtain an analyte‐triggered accumulation of stable pre‐chemiluminophore with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), and then the pre‐chemiluminophore exhibits a rapid photooxidation process (1,2‐dioxetane generation) by TICT‐based free‐radical addition, thereby achieving an enrichment and bright CL signal. The dual‐lock strategy expands the in vivo toolbox for highly accurate analysis and has for the first time allowed access to accurately sense and trace biomolecules with high‐resolution, dual‐mode of chemo‐fluoro‐luminescence, and three‐dimensional (3D) imaging in living animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemiluminescence (CL)‐based technologies have revolutionized in vivo monitoring of biomolecules. However, significant technical hurdles have limited the achievement of trigger‐controlled, bright, and enriched CL signal. Herein, a dual‐lock strategy uses sequence‐dependent triggers for bright optical imaging with real‐time fluorescent signal and ultra‐sensitive CL signal. These probes can obtain an analyte‐triggered accumulation of stable pre‐chemiluminophore with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), and then the pre‐chemiluminophore exhibits a rapid photooxidation process (1,2‐dioxetane generation) by TICT‐based free‐radical addition, thereby achieving an enrichment and bright CL signal. The dual‐lock strategy expands the in vivo toolbox for highly accurate analysis and has for the first time allowed access to accurately sense and trace biomolecules with high‐resolution, dual‐mode of chemo‐fluoro‐luminescence, and three‐dimensional (3D) imaging in living animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most real-world problems are typical multi-criteria decision making problems which including ambiguity and subjectivity. Dual fuzzy sets (DHFS) are new extensions of fuzzy sets, which can cope with areas of vagueness effectively. In this paper, we propose one new similarity measure called cosine measure which has the ability to model various problems for DHFSs and study some formal relations. We provided three numerical examples including a medical diagnosis problem, an energy projects problem and a weapon selection problem to show the behaviour of the proposed cosine similarity measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylmercury (MeHg) has remarkable toxicological effects on humans, plants, and other lives in the environment, which may restrict the comprehensive utilization of biomass source in view of possibly forming biohazardous waste. In this study, a kinetic study of MeHg degradation under UVB, UVA, natural light, and dark was carried out. The result showed that light radiation enhanced MeHg degradation but had no significant influence on the final balance between MeHg and inorganic mercury (Hg2+) in pure water. The balance is of great importance and can be used as a key fundamental to estimate MeHg cycling in other complicated aquatic environments. MeHg degradation was identified to be second-order reaction using the fitting optimization level of the regression equation, and the second-order rate constants were 1.61, 0.82, and 0.91 L·ng−1·d−1, half-lives were calculated to be 0.62, 1.3, and 1.08 d for UVB, UVA, and natural light, respectively. A possible MeHg degradation mechanism was proposed, and it could perfectly explain the results obtained in this paper and some previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pt-CeO 2 catalysts had been comprehensively investigated on the structure-performance relationships in various applications. However, reaction-driven structural dynamics are still in heavily debate. In this study, we tried to track the evolutions of Pt states during CO oxidation. It was found that the activities are not in line with Pt loading amounts; the reactivity started to sharply decrease and the "hysteresis loop" in activity would appear when Pt loading amount is more than 0.25 %. Combining the analyses of chemisorption and spectroscopy technologies, we concluded that Pt single atoms are prone to aggregate into Pt clusters while Pt nanoparticles suffer an oxidation process and gradually form a new Pt species-Pt x O y ensembles with the elevated reaction temperatures. Density functional theory calculations further revealed that the different adsorption properties of CO and O 2 on Pt species with different initial sizes are the primary causes of different evolution behaviors. [Display omitted] • A "hysteresis loop" in activity for the fresh Pt-CeO 2 during CO oxidation was found. • CO oxidation reaction-driven evolutions of Pt states was investigated. • The different adsorption behaviors of CO and O 2 on Pt species are the rooted causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Ultrasonic extraction technology was used to study the coal oxidations. • DMAC had the largest extraction rate for free radicals. • The largest extraction rate of hydroxyl was possessed by NMP. • Hydroxyl was the dominant functional group at the initial stage of coal oxidation. Abstract The reactions between oxygen molecules and functional groups are the internal cause leading to heat release and the corresponding coal spontaneous combustion. However, the difficult discrimination of the multitudinous functional groups tremendously limits the deep insight into the mechanism of coal-oxygen reactions. Ultrasonic extraction technology, in this case, was utilized to extract the different functional groups from coals. The extracted coal samples were further collected for tests of Fourier infrared (FTIR) spectrum, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum, and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The experimental results indicated that Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) had the largest extraction rate in terms of the changes of mass or free radicals. While Acetone exhibited great extraction ability for CH 3 and Cyclohexanone (CYC) could effectively extract C O C. The greatest extraction rate of OH was possessed by N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Both TG and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) tests proved that OH played a dominant role in the oxidation stage of coal. Compared to OH, other functional groups like CH 2 , CH 3 and C O C had fewer effects on the mass change and heat release during coal spontaneous combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spontaneous combustion of coal, if not eradicated immediately, may lead to coal ignition and even a full-blown fire. A new method, DSC Inflection Point (DSCIP), was proposed to determine the coal auto-ignition temperature (CAIT). Heat fluxes and kinetic parameters before and after CAIT were comparatively investigated through TG/DSC analysis and mathematical model construction. Meanwhile, the impacts of temperature rise rate and oxygen concentration on CAIT were studied and two indexes representing the hazard and destructiveness of coal spontaneous combustion, respectively, were proposed. The results demonstrated that the heat flux curve of coal spontaneous combustion can be well fitted using Gaussian mixture model. Compared to the oxidation stage, the released heat during the combustion stage was greatly increased. Furthermore, the activation energy became larger and the reaction order decreased to zero when the temperature exceeded CAIT. The study also found that CAIT was enhanced with the increase of temperature rise rates or the decrease of oxygen concentrations. Changes of heat flux, free radicals, and the activation energy proved the rationality and feasibility of the DSCIP method in determining CAIT. Additionally, under the same environmental conditions, lignite had the largest hazard of coal spontaneous combustion and the anthracite had the biggest destructiveness. Both the hazard and the destructiveness of coal spontaneous combustion became stronger as oxygen concentrations increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crosslinked corn bran arabinoxylan (CLAX) is a food hydrocolloid that can be applied to improve the physicochemical and digestion properties of starch. However, the impact of CLAX with different gelling characteristics on starch properties remains elusive. Here, high cross-linked arabinoxylan (H-CLAX), moderate crosslinked arabinoxylan (M-CLAX), and low crosslinked arabinoxylan (L-CLAX) were fabricated to investigate their effects on the pasting, rheological, structural, and in vitro digestion property of corn starch (CS). The results showed that H-CLAX, M-CLAX, and L-CLAX differently increased the pasting viscosity and gel elasticity of CS, with H-CLAX exhibiting the greatest effect. The structural characterization of CS-CLAX mixtures showed that H-CLAX, M-CLAX, and L-CLAX differently enhanced the swelling power of CS and increased the hydrogen bonds between CS and CLAX. Furthermore, the addition of CLAX (especially H-CLAX) significantly reduced both the digestion rate and extent of CS, probably due to the increased viscosity and the formation of the amylose-polyphenol complex. This study provided new insights into the interaction between CS and CLAX, and could help to develop healthier foods with slow starch digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brain neuromechanism in maintenance hemodialysis patients (MHD) with cognitive impairment (CI) remains unclear. The study aimed to probe the relationship between spontaneous brain activity and CI by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data. Here, 55 MHD patients with CI and 28 healthy controls were recruited. For baseline data, qualitative data were compared between groups using the χ2 test; quantitative data were compared between groups using the independent samples t-test, ANOVA test, Mann–Whitney U-test, or Kruskal–Wallis test. Comparisons of ALFF/fALFF/ReHo values among the three groups were calculated by using the DPABI toolbox, and then analyzing the correlation with clinical variables. p <.05 was considered a statistically significant difference. Furthermore, back propagation neural network (BPNN) was utilized to predict cognitive function. Compared with the MHD-NCI group, the patients with MHD-CI had more severe anemia and higher urea nitrogen levels, lower mALFF values in the left postcentral gyrus, lower mfALFF values in the left inferior temporal gyrus, and greater mALFF values in the right caudate nucleus (p <.05). The above-altered indicators were correlated with MOCA scores. BPNN prediction models indicated that the diagnostic efficacy of the model which inputs were hemoglobin, urea nitrogen, and mALFF value in the left central posterior gyrus was optimal (R2 = 0.8054), validation cohort (R2 = 0.7328). The rs-fMRI can reveal the neurophysiological mechanism of cognitive impairment in MHD patients. In addition, it can serve as a neuroimaging marker for diagnosing and evaluating cognitive impairment in MHD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous combustion, if not eradicated immediately, may lead to coal ignition and even a full-blown fire. An understanding of the characteristics of coal oxidation under various environmental conditions is conducive to the reveal of the mechanism and the prevention of coal spontaneous combustion. TG/DSC–FTIR coupling technology was employed to investigate the evolutions of coal mass, heat and gaseous products during coal spontaneous combustion. The experiments conclude that the mass loss rate in Combustion Stage was much higher than other stages and the major of coal mass (over 80%) was consumed at this stage. As the oxygen concentration decreased, the combustion of coal was evidently postponed and the exothermic region shifted to a higher temperature. Correspondingly, the temperatures at which productions of CO and CO2 reached to the maximum were deferred as well. Experimental results also indicated that heating rates behaved differently before and after the ignition temperature. The mass loss rates of coal were independent of heating rates before ignition temperatures but obviously expanded and moved to higher temperatures after exceeding the ignition temperature. Additionally, with the increase of the heating rates, the exothermic region shifted to higher temperatures and the release of CO and CO2 were delayed and reached to the maximum in a longer time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-structured surfaces for broadband and omnidirectional photon management in photovoltaic-thermoelectric systems are fabricated on the silicon wafer by inductively coupled plasma etching with self-assembly polystyrene spheres mask, KOH solution etching and magnetron sputtering method. The Si antireflection structure coated with SiO 2 film is fabricated on the top surface of Si substrate to enhance the absorption of the photons with wavelengths of 0.3–1.1 µm is increase the electron-hole pairs. The TiO 2 /SiO 2 films as the back-antireflection coating are deposited at the back of Si wafer to improve the transmission of solar energy within the wavelength range of 1.1–2.5 µm. The absorbed photons within the wavelength range of 0.3–1.1 µm can directly be converted into electricity power by Si solar cells while the photons with wavelengths of 1.1–2.5 µm transmit through the cells and are utilized by thermoelectric modules. The effects of etching parameters on the spectral features are investigated to get the optimal etching parameters. With the optimal etching parameters, the surface absorption for the wavelengths of 0.3–1.1 µm is significantly increased to above 0.95 due to the effective graded refractive index and the transmission is obviously enhanced for the wavelengths of 1.1–2.5 µm. The incident angle-sensitivity and polarization-sensitivity of the fabricated structured surfaces are analyzed. The results indicate that these surfaces can be selected for photovoltaic-thermoelectric systems due to their high omnidirectional absorption and transmission of the photons as well as the favorable polarization-insensitivity within the expected wavelength ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • BDNF via its receptor TrkB enhances the excitability and decreases the membrane input resistance and membrane time constant of song premotor nucleus RA projection neurons in adult male zebra finches. • BDNF via TrkB increases the excitatory synaptic transmission of RA projection neurons through presynaptic mechanisms. • These findings suggest a possible cellular mechanism of BDNF regulating song behavior of songbirds. The singing of songbirds is a complex vocal behavior. It was reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key neurotrophic factor involved in neuronal survival and activity, plays an important role in regulation of songbirds' song behavior. In all song-related nuclei, the electrophysiological activity of robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) in the forebrain of songbirds is directly related to birdsong output. Whether BDNF regulates the electrophysiological activity and synaptic transmission of RA causing the change of song behavior need be further explored. In this study, the effects of BDNF on the electrophysiological activity and excitatory synaptic transmission of RA projection neurons (PNs) in adult male zebra finches were investigated using whole-cell patch clamp recordings in vitro. Our results showed that BDNF increased the firing of evoked action potentials in RA PNs and decreased the membrane input resistance and membrane time constant of RA PNs, indicating that BDNF can promote RA PNs excitability by reducing membrane input resistance and membrane time constant. Meanwhile, BDNF increased the frequency rather than amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in RA PNs. Moreover, the effects of BDNF on the excitability, intrinsic membrane properties and mEPSCs of RA PNs were blocked by its receptor TrkB antagonist K252a. These results indicate that BDNF via TrkB enhances the excitability and excitatory synaptic transmission of RA PNs in adult male songbirds through presynaptic mechanisms, suggesting a possible cellular mechanism by which BDNF regulates song behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we design a novel " crossbreeding " dye (BC-OH) within the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window based on BODIPY and chromene chromophores. BC-OH can serve as a platform to construct activatable NIR-II probes with small spectral crosstalk, thereby making a breakthrough in imaging in vivo H2O2 fluctuation in an APAP-induced liver injury model with high signal-to-background ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in primary teeth are different from permanent teeth. Previous animal models of dental fluorosis mainly focus on juvenile rats, mice and zebrafish. Our experiment aims to set a dental fluorosis model using zebrafish larva and explore the characteristics of the first generation teeth by fluoride treatment. Materials and methods After the zebrafish eggs were laid, they were exposed to excess fluoride (19 ppm, 38 ppm and 76 ppm) for five days. The morphological characteristics of first generation teeth were examined by H&E staining, whole-mount alizarin red and alcian blue staining, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. Results With whole-mount alizarin red and alcian blue staining, the tooth cusps presented red in normal control. 19 ppm and 38ppmm fluoride resulted in extensive red staining from tooth cusps to the lower 1/3 of teeth. 76 ppm fluoride caused malformed teeth with uneven red staining. H&E staining showed that excess fluoride caused cystic-like changes in 38 ppm and 76 ppm groups. SEM revealed the dose dependent pathological changes in zebrafish enameloid with fluoride treatment. Based on SEM findings, we set 0–4 dental fluorosis index (DFI) score to label the severity of dental fluorosis. Conclusions Excess fluoride presented a dose dependent fluorosis changes in the teeth of zebrafish larva. The DFI scores in our experiment reflect dose dependent fluorosis changes in a good way and will benefit the future research of dental fluorosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A CFD-DEM model simulated heat transfer between plastic and sand in a rotary furnace. • Loading solid heat carriers in the kiln can promote the heat transfer for pyrolysis. • The volatile residence time in the kiln increased with the loading of heat carriers. • Increasing the solid heat carrier loading could reduce the wax yield from pyrolysis. • Loading more heat carriers favored the production of pyrolysis oil and gas. The increasing plastic wastes have become a serious concern to the environment. Plastic wastes could be efficiently converted to fuel via pyrolysis. In the process of plastic pyrolysis, the key process parameters will affect the production of the final product, the distribution of pyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil, and pyrolytic wax. Based on previous experiments, the discrete element model and computational fluid model were established in this study to compare the influence of heat carrier loading and furnace rolling speed on the pyrolysis of waste plastics in a rotary furnace. The simulation results indicate that when the granular heat carriers were loaded, as the heat carrier loading increased, the translational velocity and angular velocity of the waste plastic particles increased. Compared with the heat carrier-free case, the heating rate of the waste plastic particles is greatly increased when the heat carrier was loaded. The increase in the heat carrier loading also increased the residence time of the pyrolysis volatiles in the rotary furnace. With the acceleration of the rolling speed of the furnace, the translational velocity and angular velocity of plastic particles all increased, but the improvement of heat transfer efficiency is not obvious. This is consistent with the insignificant change in the pyrolysis product in the previous experimental results. The CFD-DEM simulation (excluded the pyrolysis reaction model) provided detailed information on particle movement, heat transfer and volatile residence time which could be used as an effective tool to interpret the experimental observation and optimize the process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterostructure film composed of graphene and h -BN performs excellently in friction-reduction, wear-resistance and long-term corrosion resistance, which offers a promising solution for achieving long service life in marine applications. In this study, the three-body abrasive tribological characteristics of the heterostructure film are investigated with molecular dynamics simulations. Three typical kinds of point defects, as well as two kinds of large multi-vacancy defects with different configurations, are investigated to characterize their influence on the three-body tribological performance of the heterostructure film. Results show the self-rotation of the rolling abrasive is conductive to reducing the friction resistance and occurrence of the wear. This study provides an atomic-level understanding on the tribological characteristics of the heterostructure film composed of graphene and h -BN. • A "Rolling" command is developed in LAMMPS to achieve the three-body sliding contact simulation in nano-scale. • Various point defects in the heterostructure film are investigated to reveal their effects on the three-body abrasion. • Two kinds of multi-vacancy defects are investigate to characterize their influence on the three-body abrasion of the heterostructure film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An advanced photon management approach is developed for a photovoltaic–thermoelectric hybrid system to increase the solar energy utilization efficiency. A biomimetic parabolic-shaped structure on the Si film and a thin SiO 2 film at the bottom of the Si film as back-antireflection coating improves the absorptance of photons with wavelengths of 0.3–1.1 μm, which can generate electron–hole pairs. Photons with wavelengths of 1.1–2.5 μm transmit through the structured surface and are absorbed by the thermoelectric modules, which improves the conversion efficiency of the entire hybrid system. The structured surface with graded refractive index can effectively harvest photons with wavelengths of 0.3–2.5 μm. The effects of the structural parameters and the incident angle on the spectral features of the structured surface are analyzed. The results indicate that the structured surface provides high omnidirectional absorptance for wavelengths of 0.3–1.1 μm and high transmittance for wavelengths of 1.1–2.5 μm as well as favorable polarization-insensitive features over a good incident angle range as a good candidate for the photovoltaic–thermoelectric hybrid systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The co-spontaneous combustion process of coal and gangue is investigated. • The interaction of coal and gangue is affected by microstructure and reaction stage. • Promotion dominates the co-spontaneous combustion process of coal and gangue. • Co-combustion stage of mixtures of coal and gangue follows order reaction. • The C b is greatly affected by gangue content while the S c depends more on coal. The co-spontaneous combustion of coal and gangue widely exists in the world and threatens the safety of coal mines. In this paper, the microstructure of coal and gangue were tested and the thermal behavior during the co-spontaneous combustion process of coal and gangue with different mass ratios were investigated by using synchronous thermal analyzer, and the combustion characteristic indices and kinetic parameters were calculated. The results indicated the carbon content of gangue is much lower than that of coal, but the content of oxygen-containing functional groups and sulfides in gangue are far higher than that in coal. Moreover, gangue possesses more developed pores and specific surface area. With the increase of coal mass fraction, the combustion index of ignition of mixed samples increases linearly, while the combustion index of burnout and synthetical combustion grows exponentially. The mixtures of coal and gangue follows the interfacial reaction at the oxygen adsorption stage and the order reaction at the moisture evaporation and combustion stages. The practical apparent activation energy at the moisture evaporation and combustion stages is higher than the theoretical value. However, it shows the opposite result at the oxygen adsorption stage. Coal and gangue inhibit each other at the moisture evaporation and later combustion stages, but promote each other at the oxygen adsorption and earlier combustion stages. On the whole, the co-spontaneous combustion process of coal and gangue is dominated by promotion. As a result, the practical values of mass loss and heat release in the whole reaction process are greater than the theoretical ones. Therefore, the danger of spontaneous combustion is higher when coal and gangue coexist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of dry heat treatment and xanthan gum (XG) on the functional, gelatinization, and structural properties of chestnut starch (CS) were investigated. The results showed that the gelatinization viscosity including peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV), final viscosity (FV), and setback viscosity (SB), viscoelasticity, gel strength and hardness of CS decreased after dry heat treatment, which were negatively correlated with the treatment time, but positively correlated with the addition of XG. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that gelatinization would destroy the crystal structure of CS gel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that CS gel structure got uniform with the combination of dry heat treatment and XG. In vitro digestibility results showed that dry heat treatment with XG addition significantly increased the content of resistant starch (RS) of CS compared to those by dry heat treatment or added XG alone. These results indicate that the combination of dry heat treatment and XG is a potential physical technology for preparing RS, which were beneficial to prevent the incidence of type-II diabetes. [Display omitted] • Xanthan gum (XG) played an important role in gel formation of chestnut starch (CS). • Dry heat treatment and XG synergistically increased resistant starch content of CS. • The combination of dry heat treatment and XG made CS microstructure more compact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to coal commonly existing in a fluctuating thermal environment, a two–step parallel reaction model for coal ignition was established to explore the development of coal ignition under fluctuating thermal convection, fluctuating thermal radiation, and convection–radiation coupling (CRC). To be specific, this included temperature evolution in a coal mass and fluctuating periodic characteristics. The nonlinear gain of coal spontaneous combustion caused by oscillatory heat flux conditions was researched. The results show that the thermal fluctuation at 0.1 Hz is conducive to coal ignition. The ignition delay time (IDT) exponentially decreases with the growth of both the thermal convection velocity and radiation heat flux. Under external thermal disturbance, the temperature, convection velocity, oxygen concentration, and depth of the sensitive area all vary periodically. Under different types of heat disturbance, the temperature and convection velocity fluctuate with an increasing trend, while the oxygen concentration fluctuates with a decreasing trend. There is a low phase difference between the temperature and the convection velocity while the phase difference between the temperature and oxygen concentration is about 90° Besides, the peak fluctuation of the oxidation rate of coal changes inversely with the depth of fluctuations of the sensitive area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The relationship between thermal effects and groups during CSC is analyzed. • The key groups will change dynamically in the process of CSC. • The structural contribution of groups to the thermal effect of CSC is determined. • The mechanism of micro of preventing heat release during the CSC was expounded. This study is aimed at exploring the relationship between the variations of micro-groups and the thermal effect during the heating process of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC). To this end, the thermal effect and microstructure variation characteristics of CSC were analyzed by means of differential scanning calorimetry and in-situ infrared spectroscopy. The results reveal that the exothermic reaction of CSC falls into five stages: water evaporation, desorption-induced heat absorption, slow heat release, benzene ring pyrolysis and combustion. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in coal oxidize into carbonyl which further oxidizes into carboxyl. The dynamic variations of key groups during the different stages of CSC were determined through grey correlation analysis. In addition, structural contribution, a new parameter to characterize the contribution of microstructure to thermal effect of CSC, was defined. The results disclose that the correlations between the thermal effect and the microstructure variation in different stages differ, but the key groups follow the change process of hydroxyl → aliphatic hydrocarbons → oxygen-containing functional groups → aromatic hydrocarbons on the whole. The change of key groups is related to the thermal effect and microstructure reaction characteristics of CSC. The contribution of a microstructure to the thermal effect of CSC is determined by the comprehensive product of its initial content, variations in different stages and correlation. Different microstructures correspond to varying contributions in different stages of CSC. The key to preventing CSC is to hinder the oxidative consumption of –OH(f) and the oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons with the highest contents into -C = O and –COOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately determine the ignition temperature (T i) of coal, Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) process was tested by a simultaneous thermal analyzer. Next, the abrupt change point of the differential derivative thermogravimetric curve (DDTG) of coal after the high adsorption temperature was taken as the T i of CSC. Besides, variations of kinetics and thermodynamics during the CSC before and after the T i were calculated. It was found that the mass loss, heat releases and gaseous products of coal changed slowly before the T i and surged sharply after the T i. The coal at ignition temperature was in thermodynamic equilibrium with low activity. However, when the temperature was greater than T i , the aromatic hydrocarbons in coal begin to decompose, resulting in the increased of active sites and the release of volatiles, and the coal enters an irreversible combustion stage. At this time, upward trends were obtained for the apparent activation energy, pre-exponential factor, enthalpy change, and entropy change, while a gradual decrease was observed for the Gibbs free energy change. Moreover, reaction intensity between oxygen and coal would be increased due to increased of active sites in the coal and enhanced of volatiles release under a slower heating rate. [Display omitted] • The ignition temperature of coal is the abrupt change point of the DDTG. • The functional groups of coal reaction changed before and after ignition temperature. • The coal at ignition temperature is in the thermodynamic equilibrium state. • A small heating rate leads to the increase of active sites in coals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Magnetic plasmons polaritons (MPP) mode has attracted a lot of attentions for the explanation of the interesting spectral features of a series of well-known systems of the metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structure with periodic patterns. In this paper, the resonance frequencies in the range from 75 to 750THz predicted by the dispersion relation of MIM system are compared with those predicted by the equivalent LC circuit model to explore the physical mechanism of the excited resonance inside MIM structures at some frequencies. The spectral properties are simulated by the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method to verify the results predicted by means of the dispersion relation. The effects of the geometric parameters on the resonance phenomenon are investigated. It is found that the changes of resonance frequencies with geometric parameters predicted by the dispersion relation exhibit similar tendencies as those predicted by the equivalent LC circuit model. The spectral properties of unsymmetrical structures with different feature dimensions are utilized to further explain the physical mechanism of resonant phenomena inside MIM structures. The investigation indicates that MPP is in nature induced by the coupling of internal SPPs at the metal/insulator interfaces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

HER2 was a recognized oncogene that promoted the development and metastasis of breast cancer, but its positive expression rate in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was much lower than that in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The correlation between the occurrence and development of breast cancer and the amplification and overexpression of HER2 gene alone was still controversial. 14–3–3ζ had a strong protein binding ability and a variety of functions, mainly through the interaction with other proteins to exert its unique biological activities. However, influence and interaction relationship of the two proteins on the development of IDC was not clear. Furthermore, the mutual effect mechanism of synergy effect on lymph node metastasis of IDC was not known well too. Immunohistochemistry experiment was performed to detect expression status of 14–3–3ζ, HER2, TGF-β, p53 and Gli2 in paraffin-embedded samples respectively, including 30 cases of normal breast tissue, 30 cases of usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH), 30 cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), 30 cases of DCIS and 120 cases of IDC. The positive expression rates of 14–3–3ζ/HER2 in Normal group, UDH group, ADH group, DCIS group and IDC group were 30%/0.00%, 26.7%/0.00%, 53.3%/33.3%, 46.7%/53.3% and 50%/24.2%, respectively. Compared with Normal group or UDH group, the expression of 14–3–3ζ was significantly increased in ADH, DCIS and IDC groups. 14–3–3ζ was overexpressed in only 4 of the 16 DCIS cases with HER2 overexpression (25.0%, 4/16), but it was overexpressed in 7 of the 9 IDC cases with DCIS (77.8%, 7/9). Among HER2 overexpression cases, 14–3–3ζ overexpression was significantly different between DCIS group and IDC with DCIS group (P = 0.017). In 18 IDC cases with lymph node metastasis and HER2 overexpression, 14–3–3ζ was overexpressed in 15 cases (83.3%, 15/18), while in the 11 IDC cases without lymph node metastasis, 14–3–3ζ and HER2 were overexpressed in only 5 cases (45.5%, 5/11). Co-overexpression of 14–3–3ζ and HER2 was positively correlated with occurrence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.048). TGF-β was overexpressed in both precancerous lesion group and IDC group compared with normal group. Compared with the IDC group without lymph node metastasis, TGF-β expression was significantly increased in the IDC group with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.015). In IDC cases with 14–3–3ζ and HER2 co-overexpression, the expression of p53 in IDC with lymph node metastasis was significantly decreased (P = 0.010), while the expression of Gli2 was significantly increased compared with IDC cases without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.038). The co-overexpression of 14–3–3ζ and HER2 was positively correlated with ER negative expression (P < 0.001) and PR negative expression (P = 0.038), respectively. 14–3–3ζ synergistic with HER2 could promote the occurrence and development of breast IDC and induce the lymph node metastasis of IDC, suggesting that combined overexpression of 14–3–3ζ and HER2 would lead to higher invasion and metastasis risk of breast cancer. It was speculated that the combined detection of 14–3–3ζ and HER2 would be one of the key factors affecting the clinical treatment decision and prognosis. • 14-3-3ζ synergistic with HER2 could promote the occurrence and development of breast IDC and induce the lymph node metastasis of IDC. • Combined detection of 14-3-3ζ and HER2 would be one of the key factors affecting the clinical treatment decision and prognosis. • In IDC cases with 14-3-3ζ and HER2 co-overexpression, the expression of p53 in IDC with lymph node metastasis was significantly decreased, while the expression of Gli2 was significantly increased compared with IDC cases without lymph node metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the response of a pool fire perturbed by acoustic waves to guide the technology for fire extinguishing by acoustic waves, combustion tests on an ethanol pool fire perturbed by acoustic waves were conducted at acoustic frequencies of 20–100 Hz and acoustic pressures of up to 1.2585 Pa. Firstly, acoustic parameters at the position of the pool flame perturbed by acoustic waves were tested. Secondly, the mass loss rate of the fuel, shape characteristics and oscillation characteristics of the area and height of the pool flames under acoustic perturbance were studied. A modified model of the flame height of the pool fire correlated with mass loss and acoustic parameters was established. The results indicate that, in comparison with situations without acoustic perturbance, the acoustic perturbance suppresses and promotes the dimensionless consumption rate of fuel for the pool fire, while the shape of flames is in stable or disordered state. The dimensionless combustion rate of fuel for the pool fire increases quasi-linearly with the amplitude of sound–induced local periodic displacement. The instability of the pool fire perturbed by acoustic waves is mainly caused by suppressing the dominant frequency and promoting the secondary frequency of flame pulsation. [Display omitted] • Response of a pool fire perturbed by acoustic waves were investigated. • Acoustic could suppress and promote the dimensionless consumption rate of fuel. • A modified model of the flame height of the pool fire was established. • Flame instability was caused by suppressing the dominant frequency and promoting the secondary frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are wide spread Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Tengchong ( CVRT), Yunnan province, SW China. These rocks comprise three rock types: basalt, andesite (dominant type) and dacite. Most samples are sub-alkaline, and among the sub-alkaline rocks, most are high- K calc-alkaline. These rocks have a SiO2 range of 49.1 wt.% to 66.9 wt.%. TiO2 contents are not high and have a variation of 0.7 wt.%-1.6 wt.%. Trace element concentrations and element ratios (such as Nb/ U, Ce/ Pb, Nb/ La, etc.) of these rocks have a large variation. 87Sr/ 86Sr values fall in the range of 0.7057-0.7093 and 143Nd/ 144Nd values change from 0.5120 to 0.5125. 206Pb/ 204Pb, 207Pb/ 204Pb, and 208Pb/ 204Pb ratios are in the range of 17.936-19.039, 15.614-15.810, and 38.894-39.735, respectively. These geochemical characteristics of CVRT make them resemble island-arc volcanic rocks. We suggest that the magmas were generated in the lithospheric mantle that had already been metasomatized by previous subduction processes. By the study of the uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau, we found that the beginning of the geotectonic processes to the eruption of CVRT was coeval with one uplift event. Therefore, we propose that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau caused collapse of the collisional orogeny in Tengchong, which further triggered the generation and eruption of the CVRT magmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Photoreduction is of immense importance to mercury transfer from water to atmosphere. In this investigation, the reduction of HgCl2 and Hg(NO3)2 under dark, natural light and ultraviolet radiation (UV) was estimated using series of laboratory experiments. The result showed that the role of light irradiation in HgCl2 reduction was entirely different from that in Hg(NO3)2. The rate of HgCl2 reduction was in the order of UV>natural light>dark, compared with dark>natural light>UV of Hg(NO3)2. The experiments of mercury reduction treated by KNO3 and CH3OH, which was used as a provider and a OH scavenger respectively, indicated that OH which was produced via direct photolysis of in water should be responsible for the unexpected inhibition of UV to Hg(NO3)2 reduction. The reduction of Hg(NO3)2 under different radiation intensity each of UVA, UVB and UVC was investigated. The result showed that UVB induced the highest mercury reduction while mercury reduction increased with light intensity. In addition, the kinetic study of mercury reduction under natural light was conducted through both concentration gradient method and trial method. The pseudo first rate constant was estimated to be 7×10−4 min−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • A method to calculate the key parameters of coal oxidation reaction was proposed. • The course of coal oxidation reaction shows the characteristics of different stages. • Complexity of coal spontaneous combustion were enhanced by substance transfer and temperature-rise. • High-temperature gas and contact wall could heat the surrounding coal. Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) is one of major disasters that threaten the safety and production of coal mines. A method to calculate the key parameters of coal oxidation reaction based on temperature-programmed tests was proposed. Moreover, a one-step global numerical model for exploring coal oxidation considering the effects of multi-component material was established. The evolution of the oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in multiple stages of coal oxidation was investigated and the changes in temperature and reaction rate were assessed by changing thermal boundary conditions including gas temperature supplied and wall temperature. The results show that the coal oxidation can be simulated based on the obtained parameters; the process of coal oxidation can be partitioned into three stages (i.e. temperature-dominated, co-dominated by temperature and oxygen, and oxygen-dominated) as the reaction continues. Under thermal conditions involving high-temperature gas, the coal always exhibits a high temperature at the gas inlet and the dimensionless number Φ of the coal self-heating temperature presents three trends including slight variation, a gradual increase, and gradual reduction. Under conditions involving the high-temperature wall of coal-storage tanks in contact with coal (briefly called the contact wall hereinafter), the dimensionless number Φ of the coal self-heating temperature increases exponentially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean fire extinguishing systems applicable to the pottery jar liquor warehouse are in demand. In this study, taking 53vol% liquor as the research subject, fire models of various clean fire extinguishing systems comprising water mist, liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) and liquid nitrogen (LN2) were established using a fire dynamic simulator to determine their fire extinguishing effect. A feasibility assessment of systems was performed under different fire source types, fire source sizes, and ventilation conditions. The fire extinguishing efficiency was analyzed in terms of the fire extinguishing time, oxygen concentration, and space temperature. The results showed that the success rate of the LCO2 and LN2 fire extinguishing systems was 100%, whereas the success rate of the water mist fire extinguishing system was 95%. In terms of reducing the oxygen concentration at the bottom of the space and the temperature in the space, the LCO2 system exhibited the best performance, followed by the LN2 system, and lastly the water mist. Under different ventilation conditions and fire source types, the LCO2 fire extinguishing system was least affected, whereas the effectiveness of the water mist fire extinguishing system reduced under natural ventilation conditions, and the extinguishing efficiency of the LN2 fire extinguishing system was affected by the fire source type. Overall, the LCO2 system presented more advantages in extinguishing fires in pottery jar liquor warehouses and can provide a new idea for the development and application of clean and efficient fire extinguishing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]