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[Objective] The relationship between farming and herding households’ livelihood capital and livelihood strategies was studied, and the spatial differences of farming and herding households’ livelihood capital and the transformation between livelihood strategies were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for reducing farming and herding households’ livelihood vulnerability and ultimately achieving sustainable development. [Methods] Starting from the theoretical framework of sustainable livelihood analysis, a household questionnaire survey was used to analyze the key factors of livelihood capital and livelihood strategy transformation for farming and herding households in the national sandy land enclosed reserves in Maqu, Minqin, Shandan County, and Liangzhou District in Gansu Province, which were approved to be established in 2017, by combining a Logistic regression model and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). [Results] Financial capital was the most abundant form of livelihood capital, while natural capital was the least abundant form of livelihood capital for the farmers and herdsmen in the enclosed reserves of desertified land. There were significant differences in the distribution of livelihood capital among farmers and herdsmen with different livelihood strategies, and the livelihood capital of non-agricultural farmers and herdsmen was better than that of purely farming households. Cultivated (or grassland) area, cultivated (or grassland) quality, and production tools had significant positive effects on the choice of purely farming households. The size of the family labor force, the education level and the total household income had a significant negative impact on the choice of purely farming livelihood strategy. [Conclusion] The following countermesures should be promoted in the future. Those are increasing the publicity of ecological environmental protection in enclosed protected areas, strengthening the awareness of ecological protection among farmers and herdsmen, accelerating the development of agricultural mechanization, and encouraging the transformation of the remaining labor force to non-agricultural industries, thereby achieving diversification of livelihoods.

Background: Fungal skin diseases are the most common and widespread fungal infections, exerting a significant impact on patients' socio‐psychological health and the quality of life. Objectives: To assess and compare the global burden of fungal skin diseases in 2019 and over the past 30 years. Methods: Data were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) were used to assess the burden of fungal skin diseases. A total of 204 countries and territories were hierarchically organised into 21 regions and seven super‐regions. Data were presented as absolute numbers and rates per 100,000 population, stratified by sex, age, year and location. Results: In 2019, the global incidence rate and YLD rate of fungal skin diseases were 21,277 (95% UI 19 298–23,399) and 42 (95% UI 17–88) per 100,000 population, respectively. Sub‐Saharan Africa bore the heaviest disease burden, especially children aged 5–9 years had a significantly higher incidence rate, YLD rate and YLDs to incidence ratio compared to other regions. Moreover, more than half of the incident cases among the elderly came from high‐income regions and Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. Over the past 30 years, the number of incident cases and YLDs of fungal skin diseases has been continuously increasing worldwide, but the incidence rates and YLD rates have not shown significant changes. Conclusions: The global burden of fungal skin diseases has been continuously rising. Children in Sub‐Saharan Africa are experiencing higher disease incidence and severity compared to other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined with vortex light and airglow, some different physical phenomena are presented in this paper. Based on the ground-based airglow imaging interferometer (GBAII) made by our group, a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device on one arm of a wide-angle Michelson interferometer (MI) of the GBAII is replaced by the reflector mirror to become the GBAII-LCoS system. LCoS generates a vortex phase to convert a Gaussian profile airglow into a vortex light pattern. After the Gaussian profile vortex light equation is obtained by combining the Gaussian profile airglow with the Laguerre–Gauss light, three different physical phenomena are obtained: the simulated Gaussian vortex airglow beam exhibits a hollow phenomenon with the introduction of the vortex phase, and as the topological charge (TC) l increases, the hollow range also increases; after adding the vortex factor, the interference fringe intensity can be 'broadened' with the optical path difference (OPD) and TC l increases, which match the field broadening technology for solid wide-angle MI; the 'Four-point algorithm' wind measurement for the upper atmosphere based on the vortex airglow is derived, which is different from the usual expressions. Some experimental results are presented: We obtained the influence modes of vortex light interference and a polarization angle from 335° to 245°. We also obtained a series of interference images that verifies the rotation of the vortex light, onto which is loaded a set of superimposed vortex phase images with TC l = 3 into LCoS in turn, and the interference image is rotated under the condition of the polarization angle of 245°. The controlled vortex interference image for different TC and grayscale values are completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the critical issue of slope stability in jointed rock masses with complex and rough structural planes, a rough joint network model using the Fourier transform was proposed and applied to the Shilu open pit mine. The on-site structural plane survey results were combined with MATLAB and PFC2D to establish numerical models for slope stability analysis considering both linear-jointed and rough-jointed rock slopes. By comparing the slip body and fracture distribution, it was found that the rough-jointed slope was stabler than the linear-jointed slope. In addition, the fracture patterns and slip displacement were significantly influenced by the inclination and undulation of the bedding planes. Slip failure patterns occurred when the angle of inclination was set at 60°. The joints played a crucial role in inducing the shear strength of slope rock masses, and the slide area was mainly observed in the shallow slope surface for inclination angles of 0° and 45°, and in the middle deep area for 60° and 90°. These results demonstrated the importance of considering rough non-persistent fractures when developing a new numerical model for slope failure modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the preservation of ecosystems, including the enhancement of ecological strategies, examining the temporal and geographical variance in ecosystem services (ESs) and land use/land cover change (LUCC) is crucial. Gannan is situated on the upper Yellow River, which is a notable water conservation region with excellent ecological quality, but in the background of the local traditional production mode and rapid economic development, natural disasters, grassland degradation, and other ecological problems occur frequently. The integrated valuing of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model and the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model are combined in this work to assess the spatiotemporal variance in ESs in Gannan. We set up three scenarios in modeling future land use—ecological protection (EP), natural development (ND), and economic development (ED) in 2050—and analyzed and evaluated the drivers of the variation in ESs. In order to reveal the LUCC in Gannan between 1990 and 2020, we predicted the LUCC and ESs spatial distribution characteristics in 2050, explored the correlation between its driving factors, and comprehensively analyzed and propose optimization measures and protection strategies. Through several simulation experiments, the findings indicate the following: (1) the largest percentage of land expansion for construction in Gannan between 1990 and 2020 is 74.53%, and the most noticeable percentage of shrinkage in the sand area is 20.67%; (2) from 1990 to 2020, Gannan's water yield, carbon storage, soil retention, and habitat quality all changed, by 60 × 108 m3, 0.04 × 108 t, −10.66 × 108 t, and −0.02, respectively; (3) ESs are influenced by a variety of natural and societal variables: the southern and southwestern regions of Gannan are home to the majority of ESs hot spot areas, while the northern region is home to the majority of cold spot areas. This study contributes to the analysis of the developmental traits of Gannan ecosystems and can serve as a model for the preservation of terrestrial ecosystems with comparable environmental traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of open-pit to underground mining is accompanied by strong rock movement and deformation characteristics, which triggers mining subsidence problems. It is a key research element in the safety management of open-pit to underground mines. Based on FLAC3D numerical simulation method, a mechanical analysis model considering mining disturbance was established in the Beiyi mining area of Shilu Iron Mine in Hainan. The displacement and stress distribution characteristics of surrounding rock, slope rock and surface rock in different mining stages were analyzed. The subsidence mechanism of open-pit to underground mining was revealed according to the change characteristics of the plastic zone and the surface subsidence phenomenon in the field. The results indicated that the maximum tensile stress zone in slope rock mass mainly existed in the stope mining area and slope top area, and continued to expand with the increase of mining depth, which reduced the stability of rock mass. The rock displacement values of the slope at the north and west sides of the open-pit under mining disturbance were relatively small, while the rock displacement values of the eastern part of the south and the east part of Xiaoyingshan area increased significantly with the increase of mining depth. The displacement value increased sharply when the mining depth was from -90 m to -105 m. The plastic zone mainly appeared in the surrounding rock of the mining area, the slope above the east slope and the area behind part of the slope top. The collapse of surrounding rock in the mining area further caused the displacement of rock mass in the caving area and deformation area, and formed mining pit cracks along the edge of the plastic area. Surface tensile cracks were formed by tensile failure in the area behind Xiaoyingshan. The eastern slope landslide was caused by the subsidence of slope toe and the development of rock cracks. On the whole, the mining subsidence under the open-pit to underground working condition exhibits a strong horizontal displacement feature toward the slope prograde direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate and compare the success rate of concentrated growth factor (CGF) and blood clot (BC) as scaffolds in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs). Immature permanent necrotic teeth treated by REPs with at least a 6‐month follow‐up were included. These teeth were divided into the CGF (53 teeth) and BC (68 teeth) groups. Treatment outcomes were assessed using a combined clinical and radiographic scoring system. The total success rate was 91.74% over a mean follow‐up period of 23.15 months. There was no significant difference between the CGF group (86.79%) and BC group (95.59%). The success rate of traumatic teeth (84.31%) was significantly lower than that of teeth with developmental dental anomalies (98.39%) (p < 0.05). CGF may be a suitable alternative scaffold in REPs when adequate bleeding cannot be achieved. Moreover, compared to developmental dental anomalies, traumatic teeth treated by REPs may be more vulnerable to failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between alveolar bone height changes on the labial and lingual sides in mandibular incisors and three‐dimensional orthodontic tooth movement, involving apex displacement, tooth inclination, and angulation. Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 43 adult patients treated with Invisalign aligners. All subjects were skeletal Class I patients without extraction in mandible. Pre‐treatment and post‐treatment cone‐beam computed tomographic images were obtained to measure labial and lingual alveolar bone height and bone thickness at apex level in four mandibular incisors. An x, y, z coordinate system, superimposing on mandibular body, was established to analyse three‐dimensional apex movement and tooth inclination and angulation changes. Multiple linear regression was applied to identify the determining factors of marginal bone changes during orthodontic treatment. Results: Three directions of apex movement (anteroposterior, vertical, transverse) significantly associated with alveolar bone height changes. Inclination changes had a strong effect on lingual marginal bone, while tooth angulation had no significant effect on alveolar bone height. Incisors with lingual bodily movement were more susceptible to lingual marginal bone recession compared with lingual tipping movement. Conclusions: Alveolar bone height changes on the labial and lingual sides were associated with three‐dimensional apex movement, inclination changes, and movement patterns. Appropriate tooth movement should be considered to avoid excessive marginal bone loss around mandibular incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]