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Purpose: To analyze mathematics problem-solving (PS) procedures in Chinese (CH) and Canadian (CA) elementary mathematics textbooks that leverage computational thinking (CT) as a cognitive tool, which have evidently existed and been implemented. Design/Approach/Methods: In this study, an analysis framework was developed to investigate the characteristics of CT tools for three PS steps--understand the problem, devise and conduct plans, and look back into textbooks--in four contexts: data practices, modeling and simulation practices, computational tools practices, and systemic thinking practices. Findings: Our results demonstrate the tools (CT) employed in the PS process in CH and CA mathematics textbooks. The strong connections between the "look back" stage and CT tools were explored. During the "look back" stage, both countries required students to transfer their knowledge and perform generalization. In addition, CT is regarded as a basic skill analysis for students in mathematics education and has received significant attention at every stage of the PS process. Originality/Value: This study brings a new perspective to CT research in education by regarding CT as a cognitive tool for students in mathematics PS.

Research on state anxiety has long been dominated by the traditional psychometric approach that assumes anxiety symptoms have a common cause. Yet state anxiety can be conceptualized as a network system. In this study, we utilized data from the COVID‐Dynamic dataset from waves 7 to 13, collected at three‐week intervals from June 6, 2020, to October 13, 2020, and included 1,042 valid participants to characterize the internal dynamics of state anxiety. Using the Gaussian graphical model along with strength centrality, we estimated three network models of state anxiety. The between‐subjects and contemporaneous network showed numerous positive relations between items and some unexpected negative relations. Three communities were identified in the between‐subjects network, and two communities were identified in the contemporaneous network. The temporal network showed the coexistence of positive and negative predictions between items after three weeks. Several items exhibited significant positive autocorrelations after three weeks. These findings have implications for anxiety theory and clinical interventions at between‐subjects and within‐subjects levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: : Family coping, as an essential part of family management of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), is an important component of CHF interventions, affecting the health of patients, family members, and the whole family. It is necessary to understand the current situation of family coping in patients with CHF to facilitate the development of family interventions for patients with CHF. This study aims to develop and validate a tool for assessing the family coping scale for patients with CHF. Methods: The semi-structured interviews, expert consensus meetings, expert consultations, and item analysis were used to develop the initial scale. We employed classical test theory and exploratory factor analysis to scrutinize and refine the items in the scale. To validate the scale, we used confirmatory factor analysis to assess structural validity. We assessed internal consistency, and split-half reliability to ensure the scale's robustness and accuracy. Results: The FCS-CHF consisted of 24 items, including six dimensions: strategies for better management of CHF, psychological coping, substantial support by family members, emergency coping, overall heart failure awareness, and patients' health behavior. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale fitted the data with well construct validity. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis for the overall goodness of fit indices for the fitted model were found to be acceptable for the scale. The scale demonstrates good reliability and validity, meeting the requirements of psychometrics. Conclusions: The FCS-CHF developed in this study is considered reliable and valid, which can measure family coping in patients with CHF and provide a basis for developing family coping enhancement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]