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The AP2/ERF family constitutes one of the largest groups of transcription factors in the Solanaceae. AP2/ERF contributes to various plant biological processes, including growth, development, and responses to various stresses. The origins and functional diversification of AP2/ERF within the Solanaceae family remain poorly understood, primarily because of the complex interactions between whole-genome duplications (WGDs) and tandem duplications. In this study, a total of 1282 AP2/ERF proteins are identified from 7 Solanaceae genomes. The amplification of AP2/ERF genes was driven not only by WGDs but also by the presence of clusters of tandem duplicated genes. The conservation of synteny across different chromosomes provides compelling evidence for the impact of the WGD event on the distribution pattern of AP2/ERF genes. Distinct expression patterns suggest that the multiple copies of AP2/ERF genes evolved in different functional directions, catalyzing the diversification of roles among the duplicated genes, which was of great significance for the adaptability of Solanaceae. Gene silencing and overexpression assays suggest that ERF-1 members' role in regulating the timing of floral initiation in C. annuum. Our findings provide insights into the genomic origins, duplication events, and function divergence of the Solanaceae AP2/ERF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the safe and efficient utilization of hydrogen-enriched natural gas combustion in industrial gas-fired boilers, the present study adopted a combination of numerical simulation and field tests to investigate its adaptability. Firstly, the combustion characteristics of hydrogen-enriched natural gas with different hydrogen blending ratios and equivalence ratios were evaluated by using the Chemkin Pro platform. Secondly, a field experimental study was carried out based on the WNS2-1.25-Q gas-fired boiler to investigate the boiler's thermal efficiency, heat loss, and pollutant emissions after hydrogen addition. The results show that at the same equivalence ratio, with the hydrogen blending ratio increasing from 0% to 25%, the laminar flame propagation speed of the fuel increases, the extinction strain rate rises, and the combustion limit expands. The laminar flame propagation speed of premixed methane/air gas reaches the maximum value when the equivalence ratio is 1.0, and the combustion intensity of the flame is the highest at this time. In the field tests, as the hydrogen blending ratio increases from 0% to nearly 10% with the increasing excess air ratio, the boiler's thermal efficiency decreases as well as the NOx emission. This indicates that there exists a tradeoff between the boiler thermal efficiency and NOx emission in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of ethanol or acetone, as oil phase solvents, upon the form of paeonol-loaded poly(butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) encapsulated nanocapsules (Pae@PNCs) by interfacial spontaneously polymerization were investigated. Pae@PNCs characterizations including morphology, radius distribution, polydispersity index (PDI), particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE%), drug loading (DL%) andin vitropaeonol release kinetics were evaluated. Results show that 100% acetone have a significant effect on forming nanocapsules, which showed the smaller size (168.3 ± 6.76 nm) under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and one radius distribution by the particle size analyser. The data showed that using 100% acetone to prepare Pae@PNCs was leading to smaller particle size and lower polydispersity index (PDI), higher zeta potential, better EE (%) and perfect DL (%), which is linear decrease in radius (r2 = 0.939) and PDI (r2 = 0.974) and linear increase EE% (r2 = 0.9879) and DL% (r2 = 0.9892) with the acetone concentration (range 10–100% v/v). Paeonol encapsulated into and adhered on PNCs were confirmed by UV–Visible spectra (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Drug release behaviorin vitroshowed that 100% acetone as solvents on developing Pae@PNCs have greater advantages in controlling and prolonging paeonol release. Results demonstrated that solvents have a significant influence on forming Pae@PNCs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Summary The clustered distribution of genes involved in metabolic pathways within the plant genome has garnered significant attention from researchers. By comparing and analyzing changes in the flanking regions of metabolic genes across a diverse array of species, we can enhance our understanding of the formation and distribution of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). In this study, we have designed a workflow that uncovers and assesses conserved positional relationships between genes in various species by using synteny neighborhood networks (SNN). This workflow is then applied to the analysis of flanking genes associated with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). The method allows for the recognition and comparison of homologous blocks with unique flanking genes accompanying different subfamilies of OSCs. The examination of the flanking genes of OSCs in 122 plant species revealed multiple genes with conserved positional relationships with OSCs in angiosperms. Specifically, the earliest adjacency of OSC genes and CYP716 genes first appeared in basal eudicots, and the nonrandom occurrence of CYP716 genes in the flanking region of OSC persists across different lineages of eudicots. Our study showed the substitution of genes in the flanking region of the OSC varies across different plant lineages, and our approach facilitates the investigation of flanking gene rearrangements in the formation of OSC‐related BGCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the characteristics of hydrogen-doped natural gas combustion in industrial boilers were investigated by means of numerical simulations. Initially, a jet flame test bench was constructed to conduct single-variable experiments at various hydrogen doping ratios and excess air coefficients, thus analyzing the impact on flame combustion patterns. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations were performed using the Fluent software, focusing on the combustion zones within the burner and boiler chamber. Simulations were based on actual operating conditions to set parameters, employing the k-ε turbulence model. The SIMPLE algorithm facilitated examination of the effect of hydrogen doping ratios on the combustion temperature and concentration of pollutants, with a particular focus on the concentration of the flow field, temperature field, NOx generation rate, and the concentrations of O 2 and CO. The results show that: As the hydrogen doping percentage increases, the fuel flame propagation speed also increases, leading to a faster combustion process that yields a shorter, wider flame. Conversely, as the excess air coefficient rises, the flame becomes narrower, transitioning from a clearly-layered structure to a uniform one. Furthermore, an increase in the hydrogen doping ratio results in higher combustion temperatures and accelerated combustion reaction rates, accompanied by a decrease in CO concentration and an increase in NOx emission concentration. These results indicate that hydrogen doping enhances the combustion reaction and reduces pollutant emissions from gas combustion. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the practical application of hydrogen-doped natural gas in industrial boilers. • Experimental study of the effect of hydrogen doping ratio on flame morphology. • Effect of hydrogen doping ratio on combustion characteristics of natural gas. • Effect of excess air coefficient on combustion characteristics of natural gas. • Combining experimental and simulation to analyze combustion characteristics. • Analysis of combustion temperatures and pollutant generation characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]