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Gradients across socioeconomic status occur for many children's health and improvement in high-income countries. The objective is to explore infant growth and child development in four developed countries around the socioeconomic landscape. In this paper, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) enhances the socioeconomic status gradients for the child's developmental health. The proposed model develops the socioeconomic status is related to a huge list of health issues, including low birth weight, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, and cancer, regardless of whether it is determined by income, education, or profession. This is a global phenomenon, seen in countries with low, medium, and high incomes. The size of disparities found in scores and percentiles across neighborhoods is comparable to the results of more developed growth forecasters such as sex. These results have significant consequences for the nature of tailored, efficient, and timely programs to support early childhood success.

Achieving electronic/steric control and realizing selectivity regulation in nanocatalysis remains a formidable challenge, as the dynamic nature of metal‐ligand interfaces, including dissolution (metal leaching) and structural reconstruction, poses significant obstacles. Herein, we disclose carboranyls (CBs) as unprecedented carbon‐bonded functional ligands (Eads.CB‐Au(111)=−2.90 eV) for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), showcasing their exceptional stabilization capability that is attributed by strong Au−C bonds combined with B−H⋅⋅⋅Au interactions. The synthesized CB@AuNPs exhibit core(Aun)‐satellite(CB2Au−) structure, showing high stability towards multiple stimuli (110 °C, pH=1–12, thiol etchants). In addition, different from conventional AuNP catalysts such as triphenylphosphine (PPh3) stabilized AuNPs, dissolution of catalytically active gold species was suppressed in CB@AuNPs under the reaction conditions. Leveraging these distinct features, CB@AuNPs realized outstanding p : o selectivities in aromatic bromination. Unbiased arenes including chlorobenzene (up to >30 : 1), bromobenzene (15 : 1) and phenyl acrylate were examined using CB@AuNPs as catalysts to afford highly‐selective p‐products. Both carboranyl ligands and carboranyl derived counterions are crucial for such regioselective transformation. This work has provided valuable insights for AuNPs in realizing diverse regioselective transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic flowmeter is one of the most widely used devices in flow measurement. Traditional bulk piezoelectric ceramic transducers restrict their application to small pipe diameters. In this paper, we propose an ultrasonic gas flowmeter based on a PZT piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) array. Two PMUT arrays with a resonant frequency of 125 kHz are used as the sensitive elements of the ultrasonic gas flowmeter to realize alternate transmission and reception of ultrasonic signals. The sensor contains 5 × 5 circular elements with a size of 3.7 × 3.7 mm2. An FPGA with a resolution of ns is used to process the received signal, and a flow system with overlapping acoustic paths and flow paths is designed. Compared with traditional measurement methods, the sensitivity is greatly improved. The flow system achieves high-precision measurement of gas flow in a 20 mm pipe diameter. The flow measurement range is 0.5–7 m/s and the relative error of correction is within 4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the resistance coefficient of a heating pipe network is a critical step in constructing a hydraulic calculation model of the heating pipe network. Aiming to address the difficulties of a multidimensional, nonlinear and large exploration space in optimizing and identifying the resistance coefficient, a genetic algorithm based on heuristic three-parent crossover is adopted. First, a three-parent crossover operator combining the auxiliary chromosome technique and heuristic crossover rules is designed. Secondly, an optimization identification model for the resistance coefficient based on the proposed algorithm is established. The fitness function of model is the deviation between the output of the pipe network model and the actual observation value. Finally, two real pipe network cases are used to measure the performance of algorithm in terms of accuracy and stability. The results show that the algorithm in this article has certain advantages in terms of both indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]