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This paper presents a first comprehensive analysis of long-term measurements of atmospheric aerosol components from Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) and multi-wavelength Aethalometer (AE33) instruments collected between 2015 and 2021 at 13 (sub)urban sites as part of the French CARA program. The datasets contain the mass concentrations of major chemical species within PM1, namely organic aerosols (OA), nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), sulfate (SO42-), non-sea-salt chloride (Cl-), and equivalent black carbon (eBC). Rigorous quality control, technical validation, and environmental evaluation processes were applied, adhering to both the guidance from the French reference laboratory for air quality monitoring and the Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS) standard operating procedures. Key findings include geographical differences in aerosol chemical composition, seasonal variations, and diel patterns, which are influenced by meteorological conditions, anthropogenic activities, and proximity to emission sources. Overall, OA dominates PM1 at each site (43–60 %), showing distinct seasonality with higher concentrations (i) in winter, due to enhanced residential heating emissions, and (ii) in summer, due to increased photochemistry favoring secondary aerosol formation. NO3 is the second most important contributor to PM1 (15–30 %), peaking in late winter and early spring, especially in northern France, and playing a significant role during pollution episodes. SO4 (8–14 %) and eBC (5–11 %) complement the major fine aerosol species, with their relative contributions strongly influenced by the origin of air masses and the stability of meteorological conditions, respectively. Such chemically-speciated multi-year datasets have significant value for the scientific community, offering opportunities for future research, including source apportionment studies, trend analyses, and epidemiological investigations. They are also vital for evaluating and validating regional air quality models. In this regard, a comparison with the CHIMERE Chemical Transport Model shows high correlations between simulations and measurements, albeit underestimating OA concentrations by 46–76 %. Regional discrepancies in NO3 concentration levels emphasize the importance of these datasets in validating air quality models and tailoring air pollution mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, with a global incidence up to 25% in adults, and has replaced viral hepatitis as the first chronic liver disease in China. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important key enzyme in the regulation of glycolipid metabolism in vivo. The activation of AMPK is thought to have the ability to improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, alleviate oxidative stress, possess anti-inflammatory, regulate autophagy affects, and protect the mitochondria to play a therapeutic role in the treatment of MAFLD. As an important treasure trove of medicinal resources in traditional Chinese medicine, natural products of Li medicine have been widely found to activate AMPK and exhibit excellent effects in improving MAFLD. Therefore, this review is planned to summarize the association mechanisms between MAFLD improvement and AMPK activation of Li medicine and its natural products, to provide theoretical references for the exploration and development of Li medicine and its natural products. There by promoting modernization industry development of Li medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arabian Sea Warm Pool (ASWP) is a part of the Indian Ocean Warm Pool, formed in the Arabian Sea before the onset of the Indian summer monsoon. The ASWP has a significant impact on climate change in the Indian Peninsula and globally. In this study, we examined the intraseasonal and interannual variability of sea temperature in the ASWP using the latest Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis dataset. We quantified the contributions of sea surface heat flux forcing, horizontal advection, and vertical entrainment to the sea temperature using the mixed-layer heat budget analysis method. We also used a lead–lag correlation method to examine the relationship between the interannual variability of the ASWP and various large-scale modes in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. We found that the ASWP formed in April and decayed in June; its formation and decay processes were asymmetrical, with the decay rate being twice as fast as the formation rate. During the ASWP development phase, the sea surface heat flux forcing had the largest impact on the mixed-layer temperature with a contribution of up to 85 %. Its impact was divided into the net surface heat flux (0.41–0.50 ∘ C per 5 d) and the shortwave radiation loss penetrating the mixed layer (from - 0.08 ∘ C per 5 d to - 0.17 ∘ C per 5 d). During the decay phase, the cooling effect of the vertical entrainment on the temperature variation increased (from - 0.05 ∘ C per 5 d to - 0.18 ∘ C per 5 d) and dominated the temperature variation jointly with the sea surface heat flux forcing. We also found that the ASWP has strong interannual variability related to the basin warming of the Indian Ocean. The lead–lag correlation indicated that the ASWP had a good synchronous correlation with the Indian Ocean Dipole. The ASWP had the largest correlation coefficient at a lag of 5–7 months of the Niño3.4 index, showing the characteristics of modulation by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). When the El Niño (La Niña) event peaked in the winter of the previous year, the ASWP that occurred before the summer monsoon was more significant (insignificant) in the following year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]