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An extension of a first-principle combined Monte Carlo method is proposed in this work to obtain the secondary electron emission characteristics of anisotropic crystal Al2O3. Unlike isotropic crystal Cu, density functional theory calculations reveal that the q-dependent energy loss function of Al2O3 in all directions is different. Therefore, an interpolation algorithm is introduced in the Monte Carlo method to determine the loss of energy and inelastic mean free path of electrons. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data. This method can be further used to simulate the secondary emission yield of other anisotropic crystal materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifestyle factors after a cancer diagnosis could influence the survival of cancer 60 survivors. To examine the independent and joint associations of healthy lifestyle factors with mortality outcomes among cancer survivors, four prospective cohorts (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES], National Health Interview Survey [NHIS], UK Biobank [UKB] and Kailuan study) across three countries. A healthy lifestyle score (HLS) was defined based on five common lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol drinking, diet, physical activity and body mass index) that related to cancer survival. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for the associations of individual lifestyle factors and HLS with all‐cause and cancer mortality among cancer survivors. During the follow‐up period of 37,095 cancer survivors, 8927 all‐cause mortality events were accrued in four cohorts and 4449 cancer death events were documented in the UK and US cohorts. Never smoking (adjusted HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69–0.86), light alcohol consumption (adjusted HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.82–0.90), adequate physical activity (adjusted HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85–0.94), a healthy diet (adjusted HR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.61–0.78) and optimal BMI (adjusted HR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85–0.93) were significantly associated with a lower risk of all‐cause mortality. In the joint analyses of HLS, the HR of all‐cause and cancer mortality for cancer survivors with a favorable HLS (4 and 5 healthy lifestyle factors) were 0.55 (95% CI 0.42–0.64) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.44–0.72), respectively. This multicohort study of cancer survivors from the United States, the United Kingdom and China found that greater adherence to a healthy lifestyle might be beneficial in improving cancer prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extension of a first-principle combined Monte Carlo method is proposed in this work to obtain the secondary electron emission characteristics of anisotropic crystal Al2O3. Unlike isotropic crystal Cu, density functional theory calculations reveal that the q-dependent energy loss function of Al2O3 in all directions is different. Therefore, an interpolation algorithm is introduced in the Monte Carlo method to determine the loss of energy and inelastic mean free path of electrons. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data. This method can be further used to simulate the secondary emission yield of other anisotropic crystal materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to their known variation by geography and economic development, we aimed to evaluate the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) in China over the past decades and identify factors associated with CRC among the Chinese population to provide targeted information on disease prevention., Methods: We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis of epidemiolocal studies on the incidence, mortality, and associated factors of CRC among the Chinese population, extracting and synthesising data from eligible studies retrieved from seven global and Chinese databases. We pooled age-standardised incidence rates (ASIRs) and mortality rates (ASMRs) for each province, subregion, and the whole of China, and applied a joinpoint regression model and annual per cent changes (APCs) to estimate the trends of CRC incidence and mortality. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses to assess the effect estimates of identified associated risk factors., Results: We included 493 articles; 271 provided data on CRC incidence or mortality, and 222 on associated risk factors. Overall, the ASIR of CRC in China increased from 2.75 to 19.39 (per 100 000 person-years) between 1972 and 2019 with a slowed-down growth rate (APC 1  = 5.75, APC 2  = 0.42), while the ASMR of CRC decreased from 12.00 to 7.95 (per 100 000 person-years) between 1974 and 2020 with a slight downward trend (APC = -0.89). We analysed 62 risk factors with synthesized data; 16 belonging to the categories of anthropometrics factors, lifestyle factors, dietary factors, personal histories and mental health conditions were graded to be associated with CRC risk among the Chinese population in the meta-analysis limited to the high-quality studies., Conclusions: We found substantial variation of CRC burden across regions and provinces of China and identified several associated risk factors for CRC, which could help to guide the formulation of targeted disease prevention and control strategies., Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42022346558., Competing Interests: Disclosure of interest: The authors completed the ICMJE Disclosure of Interest Form (available upon request from the corresponding author) and declare the following activities and relationships: IR is the Co-Editor in Chief of the of the Journal of Global Health. To ensure that any possible conflict of interest relevant to the journal has been addressed, this article was reviewed according to best practice guidelines of international editorial organisations., (Copyright © 2023 by the Journal of Global Health. All rights reserved.)