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To alleviate computational load on RSUs and cloud platforms, reduce communication bandwidth requirements, and provide a more stable vehicular network service, this paper proposes an optimized pinning control approach for heterogeneous multi-network vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). In such networks, vehicles participate in multiple task-specific networks with asymmetric coupling and dynamic topologies. We first establish a rigorous theoretical foundation by proving the stability of pinning control strategies under both single and multi-network conditions, deriving sufficient stability conditions using Lyapunov theory and linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Building on this theoretical groundwork, we propose an adaptive genetic algorithm tailored to select optimal pinning nodes, effectively balancing LMI constraints while prioritizing overlapping nodes to enhance control efficiency. Extensive simulations across various network scales demonstrate that our approach achieves rapid consensus with a reduced number of control nodes, particularly when leveraging network overlaps. This work provides a comprehensive solution for efficient control node selection in complex vehicular networks, offering practical implications for deploying large-scale intelligent transportation systems.

Intelligent traffic signal control is essential to modern urban management, with important impacts on economic efficiency, environmental sustainability, and quality of daily life. However, in current decades, it continues to pose significant challenges in managing large-scale traffic networks, coordinating intersections, and ensuring robustness under uncertain traffic conditions. This paper presents a scalable multi-objective optimization approach for robust traffic signal control in dynamic and uncertain urban environments. A multi-objective optimization model is proposed in this paper, which incorporates stochastic variables and probabilistic traffic patterns to capture traffic flow dynamics and uncertainty. We propose an algorithm named Adaptive Hybrid Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm (AHMOA), which addresses the uncertainties of city traffic, including network-wide signal coordination, fluctuating patterns, and environmental impacts. AHMOA simultaneously optimizes multiple objectives, such as average delay, network stability, and system robustness, while adapting to unpredictable changes in traffic. The algorithm combines evolutionary strategies with an adaptive mechanism to balance exploration and exploitation, and incorporates a memory-based evaluation mechanism to leverage historical traffic data. Simulations are conducted in different cities including Manhattan, Paris, Sao Paulo, and Istanbul. The experimental results demonstrate that AHMOA consistently outperforms several state-of-the-art algorithms and the algorithm is competent to provide scalable, robust Pareto optimal solutions for managing complex traffic systems under uncertain environments., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures

URLs play a crucial role in understanding and categorizing web content, particularly in tasks related to security control and online recommendations. While pre-trained models are currently dominating various fields, the domain of URL analysis still lacks specialized pre-trained models. To address this gap, this paper introduces URLBERT, the first pre-trained representation learning model applied to a variety of URL classification or detection tasks. We first train a URL tokenizer on a corpus of billions of URLs to address URL data tokenization. Additionally, we propose two novel pre-training tasks: (1) self-supervised contrastive learning tasks, which strengthen the model's understanding of URL structure and the capture of category differences by distinguishing different variants of the same URL; (2) virtual adversarial training, aimed at improving the model's robustness in extracting semantic features from URLs. Finally, our proposed methods are evaluated on tasks including phishing URL detection, web page classification, and ad filtering, achieving state-of-the-art performance. Importantly, we also explore multi-task learning with URLBERT, and experimental results demonstrate that multi-task learning model based on URLBERT exhibit equivalent effectiveness compared to independently fine-tuned models, showing the simplicity of URLBERT in handling complex task requirements. The code for our work is available at https://github.com/Davidup1/URLBERT.

The significance of transportation efficiency, safety, and related services is increasing in urban vehicular networks. Within such networks, roadside units (RSUs) serve as intermediates in facilitating communication. Therefore, the deployment of RSUs is of utmost importance in ensuring the quality of communication services. However, the optimization objectives, such as time delay and deployment cost, are commonly developed from diverse perspectives. As a result, it is possible that conflicts may arise among the objectives. Furthermore, in urban environments, the presence of various obstacles, such as buildings, gardens, lakes, and other infrastructure, poses challenges for the deployment of RSUs. Hence, the deployment encounters significant difficulties due to the existence of multiple objectives, constraints imposed by obstacles, and the necessity to explore a large-scale optimization space. To address this issue, two versions of multi-objective optimization algorithms are proposed in this paper. By utilizing a multi-population strategy and an adaptive exploration technique, the methods efficiently explore a large-scale decision-variable space. In order to mitigate the issue of an overcrowded deployment of RSUs, a calibrating mechanism is adopted to adjust RSU density during the optimization procedures. The proposed methods also take care of data offloading between vehicles and RSUs by setting up an iterative best response sequence game (IBRSG). By comparing the proposed algorithms with several state-of-the-art algorithms, the results demonstrate that our strategies perform better in both high-density and low-density urban scenarios. The results also indicate that the proposed solutions substantially improve the efficiency of vehicular networks., Comment: This manuscript has been submitted to the journal of IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

In this paper, we present a rigorous analysis of root-exponential convergence of Hermite approximations, including projection and interpolation methods, for functions that are analytic in an infinite strip containing the real axis and satisfy certain restrictions on the asymptotic behavior at infinity within this strip. Asymptotically sharp error bounds in the weighted and maximum norms are derived. The key ingredients of our analysis are some remarkable contour integral representations for the Hermite coefficients and the remainder of Hermite spectral interpolations. Further extensions to Gauss--Hermite quadrature, Hermite spectral differentiations, generalized Hermite spectral approximations and the scaling factor of Hermite approximation are also discussed. Numerical experiments confirm our theoretical results., Comment: 26 pages

As blockchain smart contracts become more widespread and carry more valuable digital assets, they become an increasingly attractive target for attackers. Over the past few years, smart contracts have been subject to a plethora of devastating attacks, resulting in billions of dollars in financial losses. There has been a notable surge of research interest in identifying defects in smart contracts. However, existing smart contract fuzzing tools are still unsatisfactory. They struggle to screen out meaningful transaction sequences and specify critical inputs for each transaction. As a result, they can only trigger a limited range of contract states, making it difficult to unveil complicated vulnerabilities hidden in the deep state space. In this paper, we shed light on smart contract fuzzing by employing a sequence-aware mutation and seed mask guidance strategy. In particular, we first utilize data-flow-based feedback to determine transaction orders in a meaningful way and further introduce a sequence-aware mutation technique to explore deeper states. Thereafter, we design a mask-guided seed mutation strategy that biases the generated transaction inputs to hit target branches. In addition, we develop a dynamic-adaptive energy adjustment paradigm that balances the fuzzing resource allocation during a fuzzing campaign. We implement our designs into a new smart contract fuzzer named MuFuzz, and extensively evaluate it on three benchmarks. Empirical results demonstrate that MuFuzz outperforms existing tools in terms of both branch coverage and bug finding. Overall, MuFuzz achieves higher branch coverage than state-of-the-art fuzzers (up to 25%) and detects 30% more bugs than existing bug detectors., Comment: This paper has been accepted by ICDE 2024

By showing that the symmetrically transformed Bessel kernel admits a full asymptotic expansion for the large parameter, we establish a hard-to-soft edge transition expansion. This resolves a conjecture recently proposed by Bornemann., Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is emerging as a peer-to-peer financial ecosystem, enabling participants to trade products on a permissionless blockchain. Built on blockchain and smart contracts, the DeFi ecosystem has experienced explosive growth in recent years. Unfortunately, smart contracts hold a massive amount of value, making them an attractive target for attacks. So far, attacks against smart contracts and DeFi protocols have resulted in billions of dollars in financial losses, severely threatening the security of the entire DeFi ecosystem. Researchers have proposed various security tools for smart contracts and DeFi protocols as countermeasures. However, a comprehensive investigation of these efforts is still lacking, leaving a crucial gap in our understanding of how to enhance the security posture of the smart contract and DeFi landscape. To fill the gap, this paper reviews the progress made in the field of smart contract and DeFi security from the perspective of both vulnerability detection and automated repair. First, we analyze the DeFi smart contract security issues and challenges. Specifically, we lucubrate various DeFi attack incidents and summarize the attacks into six categories. Then, we present an empirical study of 42 state-of-the-art techniques that can detect smart contract and DeFi vulnerabilities. In particular, we evaluate the effectiveness of traditional smart contract bug detection tools in analyzing complex DeFi protocols. Additionally, we investigate 8 existing automated repair tools for smart contracts and DeFi protocols, providing insight into their advantages and disadvantages. To make this work useful for as wide of an audience as possible, we also identify several open issues and challenges in the DeFi ecosystem that should be addressed in the future., Comment: This paper is submitted to the journal of Expert Systems with Applications (ESWA) for review

We investigate long time asymptotics of the modified Camassa-Holm equation in three transition zones under a nonzero background. The first transition zone lies between the soliton region and the first oscillatory region, the second one lies between the second oscillatory region and the fast decay region, and possibly, the third one, namely, the collisionless shock region, that bridges the first transition region and the first oscillatory region. Under a low regularity condition on the initial data, we obtain Painlev\'e-type asymptotic formulas in the first two transition regions, while the transient asymptotics in the third region involves the Jacobi theta function. We establish our results by performing a $\bar{\partial}$ nonlinear steepest descent analysis to the associated Riemann-Hilbert problem., Comment: 58 pages, 16 figures. Minor corrections for 2nd version according to anonymous referees' comments. To appear in Journal of the London Mathematical Society

The tacnode process is a universal determinantal point process arising from non-intersecting particle systems and tiling problems. It is the aim of this work to explore the integrable structure and large gap asymptotics for the gap probability of the thinned/unthinned tacnode process over $(-s,s)$. We establish an integral representation of the gap probability in terms of the Hamiltonian associated with a system of differential equations. With the aids of some remarkable differential identities for the Hamiltonian, we also compute large gap asymptotics, up to and including the constant term in the thinned case. As direct applications, we obtain expectation, variance and a central limit theorem for the associated counting function., Comment: 73 pages, 8 figures

We study the one-parameter family of Fredholm determinants $\det(I-\rho^2\mathcal{K}_{n,x})$, $\rho\in\mathbb{R}$, where $\mathcal{K}_{n,x}$ stands for the integral operator acting on $L^2(x,+\infty)$ with the higher order Airy kernel. This family of determinants represents a new universal class of distributions which is a higher order analogue of the classical Tracy-Widom distribution. Each of the determinants admits an integral representation in terms of a special real solution to the $n$-th member of the Painlev\'{e} II hierarchy. Using the Riemann-Hilbert approach, we establish asymptotics of the determinants and the associated higher order Painlev\'{e} II transcendents as $x\to -\infty$ for $0<|\rho|<1$ and $|\rho|>1$, respectively. In the case of $0<|\rho|<1$, we are able to calculate the constant term in the asymptotic expansion of the determinants, while for $|\rho|>1$, the relevant asymptotics exhibit singular behaviors. Applications of our results are also discussed, which particularly include asymptotic statistical properties of the counting function for the random point process defined by the higher order Airy kernel., Comment: 39 pages, 7 figures

We study the Fredholm determinant of an integral operator associated to the hard edge Pearcey kernel. This determinant appears in a variety of random matrix and non-intersecting paths models. By relating the logarithmic derivatives of the Fredholm determinant to a $3 \times 3$ Riemann-Hilbert problem, we obtain asymptotics of the determinant, which is also known as the large gap asymptotics for the corresponding point process., Comment: 36 pages, 9 figures

The hard edge Pearcey process is universal in random matrix theory and many other stochastic models. This paper deals with the gap probability for the thinned/unthinned hard edge Pearcey process over the interval $(0,s)$ by working on the relevant Fredholm determinants. We establish an integral representation of the gap probability via a Hamiltonian related a system of coupled differential equations. Together with some remarkable differential identities for the Hamiltonian, we derive the large gap asymptotics for the thinned case, up to and including the constant term. As an application, we also obtain the asymptotic statistical properties of the counting function for the hard edge Pearcey process., Comment: 62 pages, 7 figures

In this paper, we consider Cauchy problem for the modified Korteweg-de Vries hierarchy on the real line with decaying initial data. Using the Riemann--Hilbert formulation and nonlinear steepest descent method, we derive a uniform asymptotic expansion to all orders in powers of $t^{-1/(2n+1)}$ with smooth coefficients of the variable $(-1)^{n+1}x((2n+1) t)^{-1/(2n+1)}$ in the self-similarity region for the solution of $n$-th member of the hierarchy. It turns out that the leading asymptotics is described by a family of special solutions of the Painlev\'e II hierarchy, which generalize the classical Ablowitz-Segur solution for the Painelv\'{e} II equation and appear in a variety of random matrix and statistical physics models. We establish the connection formulas for this family of solutions. In the special case that the reflection coefficient vanishes at the origin, the solutions of Painlev\'e II hierarchy in the leading coefficient vanishes as well, the leading and subleading terms in the asymptotic expansion are instead given explicitly in terms of derivatives of the generalized Airy function.

Understanding how the structure of within-system interactions affects the dynamics of the system is important in many areas of science. We extend a network dynamics modeling platform DSGRN, which combinatorializes both dynamics and parameter space to construct finite but accurate summaries of network dynamics, to new types of interactions. While the standard DSGRN assumes that each network edge controls the rate of abundance of the target node, the new edges may control either activity level or a decay rate of its target. While motivated by processes of post-transcriptional modification and ubiquitination in systems biology, our extension is applicable to the dynamics of any signed directed network.

In this paper, we consider Muttalib-Borodin ensemble of Laguerre type, a determinantal point process over $[0,\infty)$ which depends on the varying weights $x^{\alpha}e^{-nV(x)}$, $\alpha>-1$, and a parameter $\theta$. For $\theta$ being a positive integer, we derive asymptotics of the associated biorthogonal polynomials near the origin for a large class of potential functions $V$ as $n\to \infty$. This further allows us to establish the hard edge scaling limit of the correlation kernel, which is previously only known in the special cases and conjectured to be universal. Our proof is based on the Deift/Zhou nonlinear steepest descent analysis of two $1 \times 2$ vector-valued Riemann-Hilbert problems that characterize the biorthogonal polynomials and the explicit constructions of $(\theta+1)\times(\theta+1)$ local parametrices near the origin in terms of the Meijer G-functions., Comment: 70 pages, 9 figures. Minor corrections according to anonymous referees'comments

In this paper, we are concerned with the deformed Pearcey determinant $\det\left(I-\gamma K^{\mathrm{Pe}}_{s,\rho}\right)$, where $0 \leq \gamma<1$ and $K^{\mathrm{Pe}}_{s,\rho}$ stands for the trace class operator acting on $L^2\left(-s, s\right)$ with the classical Pearcey kernel arising from random matrix theory. This determinant corresponds to the gap probability for the Pearcey process after thinning, which means each particle in the Pearcey process is removed independently with probability $1-\gamma$. We establish an integral representation of the deformed Pearcey determinant involving the Hamiltonian associated with a family of special solutions to a system of nonlinear differential equations. Together with some remarkable differential identities for the Hamiltonian, this allows us to obtain the large gap asymptotics, including the exact calculation of the constant term, which complements our previous work on the undeformed case (i.e., $\gamma=1$). It comes out that the deformed Pearcey determinant exhibits a significantly different asymptotic behavior from the undeformed case, which suggests a transition will occur as the parameter $\gamma$ varies. As an application of our results, we obtain the asymptotics for the expectation and variance of the counting function for the Pearcey process, and a central limit theorem as well., Comment: 56 pages, 7 figures, typos corrected, references added

In this paper we consider the classical problem of computing linear extensions of a given poset which is well known to be a difficult problem. However, in our setting the elements of the poset are multivariate polynomials, and only a small "admissible" subset of these linear extensions, determined implicitly by the evaluation map, are of interest. This seemingly novel problem arises in the study of global dynamics of gene regulatory networks in which case the poset is a Boolean lattice. We provide an algorithm for solving this problem using linear programming for arbitrary partial orders of linear polynomials. This algorithm exploits this additional algebraic structure inherited from the polynomials to efficiently compute the admissible linear extensions. The biologically relevant problem involves multilinear polynomials and we provide a construction for embedding it into an instance of the linear problem.

The Pearcey kernel is a classical and universal kernel arising from random matrix theory, which describes the local statistics of eigenvalues when the limiting mean eigenvalue density exhibits a cusp-like singularity. It appears in a variety of statistical physics models beyond matrix models as well. We consider the Fredholm determinant of a trace class operator acting on $L^2\left(-s, s\right)$ with the Pearcey kernel. Based on a steepest descent analysis for a $3\times 3$ matrix-valued Riemann-Hilbert problem, we obtain asymptotics of the Fredholm determinant as $s\to +\infty$, which is also interpreted as large gap asymptotics in the context of random matrix theory., Comment: 40 pages, 8 figures, reference updated