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Philosophical counseling aligns with the goals of social work, and it overlaps in some of its methods with traditional psychotherapy. Social work casework as it is currently practiced draws heavily on traditional psychotherapy, but it lacks a philosophical component that can help people more deeply understand and better resolve the root of problems such as questions about the meaning of life or clarification of values. Social work currently employs psychotherapy models such as the psycho-social model, behavior model, humanistic model, family therapy model, and so forth. This paper constructs a mode of social casework based on philosophical counseling that draws together the similar goals of social work and philosophical counseling and complements the use of traditional psychotherapy approaches used in social work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In philosophical counseling, the counselor-client relationship is very important. The quality of this relationship can directly affect the results of the counseling process. But during the past three decades, many different views on the nature of counselor-client relationship in contemporary philosophical counseling have emerged. This paper attempts to sort out and analyze the variety of existent perspectives on counselor-client relationship in philosophical counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between philosophical counseling and psychological therapy has been much debated in the short history of the philosophical counseling movement. This paper intends to distinguish philosophical counseling from psychotherapy in terms of several indispensable elements, namely their entailed problems, goals, methods and approaches, safety, and the relationship between counselor and client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In traditional preview algorithm, a great number of coordinate transformations are necessary to determine the preview location, lowering the computing speed; and the use of linear interpolation to calculate preview point coordinates and path orientation leads to discontinuity of preview path and oscillation of driver-vehicle-road closed-loop system in simulation. To solve these problems, an are preview algorithm without coordinate trans-formations is proposed in this paper and the Hermite interpolation instead of linear one is used for smoothing local path. Simulation results show that the algorithm proposed is effective and much faster in computing speed, and using Hermite interpolation instead can effectively mitigate the oscillation of closed-loop system in simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To investigate and compare the metabonomic profiles of three stress-based models of depression, the effects of acute and chronic stress on the production of systemic endogenous metabolites were investigated. Such metabonomic analysis may provide researchers a new way of selecting appropriate animal models for the study of depression and antidepressants. Rats were subjected to one of three stress-based models: CUMS, FST-1d, or FST-14d. Endogenous metabolites excreted in plasma were analyzed using NMR in conjunction with multivariate and statistical techniques. The metabonomic study indicated that the concentration of different plasma metabolites could be used to differentiate among depression models: TMA, aspartic acid, glutamate, AcAc, NAc, alanine, lactate, Leu/Ile, lipids increased and proline, β-HB, valine decreased in the CUMS model; TMA decreased in the FST-1d model; α-glucose, β-glucose, β-HB, valine and lipids increased in the FST-14d model. The results suggested that metabonomics is a potentially appropriate method for evaluating depression models. According to the metabonomics study, CUMS model was more suitable and sensitive than the acute FST-1d model and predictable FST-14d model. The CUMS model was more appropriate for investigating both the efficacy of antidepressants and their mechanisms of action, while the FST-14d model should only be used for evaluating the efficacy of treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To investigate and compare the metabonomic profiles of three stress-based models of depression, the effects of acute and chronic stress on the production of systemic endogenous metabolites were investigated. Such metabonomic analysis may provide researchers a new way of selecting appropriate animal models for the study of depression and antidepressants. Rats were subjected to one of three stress-based models: CUMS, FST-1d, or FST-14d. Endogenous metabolites excreted in plasma were analyzed using NMR in conjunction with multivariate and statistical techniques. The metabonomic study indicated that the concentration of different plasma metabolites could be used to differentiate among depression models: TMA, aspartic acid, glutamate, AcAc, NAc, alanine, lactate, Leu/Ile, lipids increased and proline, β-HB, valine decreased in the CUMS model; TMA decreased in the FST-1d model; α-glucose, β-glucose, β-HB, valine and lipids increased in the FST-14d model. The results suggested that metabonomics is a potentially appropriate method for evaluating depression models. According to the metabonomics study, CUMS model was more suitable and sensitive than the acute FST-1d model and predictable FST-14d model. The CUMS model was more appropriate for investigating both the efficacy of antidepressants and their mechanisms of action, while the FST-14d model should only be used for evaluating the efficacy of treatment., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)