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Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life‐threatening condition. Cell‐based and cell‐free‐based therapies have proven to be effective in treating ALF; however, their clinical application is limited by cell tumorigenicity and extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation in large doses. Here, we explored the effectiveness and mechanism of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs)‐based bioartificial liver (hUCMSC‐BAL), which is a simple and efficient strategy for ALF. D‐galactosamine‐based pig and mouse ALF models were used to explore the effectiveness of hUCMSC‐BAL and hUCMSC‐sEV therapies. Furthermore, high‐throughput sequencing, miRNA transcriptome analysis, and western blot were performed to clarify whether the miR‐139‐5p/PDE4D axis plays a critical role in the ALF model in vivo and in vitro. hUCMSC‐BAL significantly reduced inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis. hUCMSC‐sEV significantly improved liver function in ALF mice and enhanced the regeneration of liver cells. Furthermore, hUCMSC‐sEV miRNA transcriptome analysis showed that miR‐139‐5p had the highest expression and that PDE4D was one of its main target genes. The sEV miR‐139‐5p/PDE4D axis played a role in the treatment of ALF by inhibiting cell apoptosis. Our data indicate that hUCMSC‐BAL can inhibit cytokine storms and cell apoptosis through the sEV miR‐139‐5p/PDE4D axis. Therefore, we propose hUCMSC‐BAL as a therapeutic strategy for patients with early ALF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this study were to examine the bidirectional associations between parental harsh discipline and Chinese preschool children's inhibitory control and to further explore the possible gender differences in these associations. Participants were Chinese preschool children and their parents. At Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), both fathers and mothers, respectively, reported their use of psychological aggression and corporal punishment, and children's inhibitory control was assessed by laboratory tasks and maternal rating. Structural equation modeling revealed that child inhibitory control significantly predicted both paternal and maternal psychological aggression and corporal punishment 1 year later, but the predictions from both types of parental harsh discipline to child inhibitory control were nonsignificant. Multiple-group analyses further suggested that boys' but not girls' inhibitory control could significantly predict paternal corporal punishment 1 year later, and no child gender differences existed for parental psychological aggression or for maternal corporal punishment. The findings suggest that the longitudinal associations between parental hash discipline and preschool children's inhibitory control in China may differ according to the types of harsh discipline and parental and children's gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]