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Interactions of isolated quantum many-body systems typically scramble local information into the entire system and make it unrecoverable. Ergodicity-breaking systems possess the potential to exhibit fundamentally different information scrambling dynamics beyond this paradigm. For many-body localized systems with strong ergodicity breaking, local transport vanishes and information scrambles logarithmically slowly. Whereas in Rydberg atom arrays, local qubit flips induce dynamical retardation on surrounding qubits through the Rydberg blockade effect, giving rise to quantum many-body scars that weakly break ergodicity, and resulting in the predicted unconventional quantum information spreading behaviours. Here, we present the first measurements of out-of-time-ordered correlators and Holevo information in a Rydberg atom array, enabling us to precisely track quantum information scrambling and transport dynamics. By leveraging these tools, we observe a novel spatio-temporal collapse-and-revival behaviour of quantum information, which differs from both typical chaotic and many-body localized systems. Our experiment sheds light on the unique information dynamics in many-body systems with kinetic constraints, and demonstrates an effective digital-analogue approach to coherently reverse time evolution and steer information propagation in near-term quantum devices., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures + Supplementary Information 37 pages, 24 figures

Data selection is of great significance in pre-training large language models, given the variation in quality within the large-scale available training corpora. To achieve this, researchers are currently investigating the use of data influence to measure the importance of data instances, $i.e.,$ a high influence score indicates that incorporating this instance to the training set is likely to enhance the model performance. Consequently, they select the top-$k$ instances with the highest scores. However, this approach has several limitations. (1) Computing the influence of all available data is time-consuming. (2) The selected data instances are not diverse enough, which may hinder the pre-trained model's ability to generalize effectively to various downstream tasks. In this paper, we introduce \texttt{Quad}, a data selection approach that considers both quality and diversity by using data influence to achieve state-of-the-art pre-training results. In particular, noting that attention layers capture extensive semantic details, we have adapted the accelerated $iHVP$ computation methods for attention layers, enhancing our ability to evaluate the influence of data, $i.e.,$ its quality. For the diversity, \texttt{Quad} clusters the dataset into similar data instances within each cluster and diverse instances across different clusters. For each cluster, if we opt to select data from it, we take some samples to evaluate the influence to prevent processing all instances. To determine which clusters to select, we utilize the classic Multi-Armed Bandit method, treating each cluster as an arm. This approach favors clusters with highly influential instances (ensuring high quality) or clusters that have been selected less frequently (ensuring diversity), thereby well balancing between quality and diversity.

We report a lattice QCD calculation of the parton distribution function (PDF) of a deuteron-like dibaryon system using large-momentum effective theory. The calculation is done on three Wilson Clover ensembles with a fixed lattice spacing a=0.105 fm and two pion masses. The lattice matrix elements are computed at proton momenta up to 2.46 GeV with the signal of high momentum modes being improved by applying the momentum smearing technique. The state-of-the-art renormalization, matching and extrapolation are then applied to obtain the final result of the light-cone PDF. A comparison between the result of the dibaryon system and the sum of the proton and neutron PDFs is also given.

In this paper, we study reflected backward stochastic differential equations driven by rough paths (rough RBSDEs), which can be understood as a probabilistic representation of nonlinear rough partial differential equations (rough PDEs) or stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) with obstacles. The well-posedness in the sense of \cite{DF} is proved via a variant of Doss-Sussman transformation. Moreover, we show that our rough RBSDEs can be approximated by a sequence of penalized BSDEs with rough drivers. As applications, firstly we provide the equivalence between rough RBSDEs and the obstacle problem of rough PDEs. Secondly, we show the solution of rough RBSDE solves the corresponding optimal stopping problem.

We analyze the gauge fixing precision dependence of some non-local quark-blinear lattice operators interesting in computing parton physics for several measurements, using 5 lattice spacings ranging from 0.032 fm to 0.121 fm. Our results show that gauge dependent non-local measurements are significantly more sensitive to the precision of gauge fixing than anticipated. The impact of imprecise gauge fixing is significant for fine lattices and long distances. For instance, even with the typically defined precision of Landau gauge fixing of $10^{-8}$, the deviation caused by imprecise gauge fixing can reach 12 percent, when calculating the trace of Wilson lines at 1.2 fm with a lattice spacing of approximately 0.03 fm. Similar behavior has been observed in $\xi$ gauge and Coulomb gauge as well. For both quasi PDFs and quasi TMD-PDFs operators renormalized using the RI/MOM scheme, convergence for different lattice spacings at long distance is only observed when the precision of Landau gauge fixing is sufficiently high. To describe these findings quantitatively, we propose an empirical formula to estimate the required precision., Comment: 16 pages, 15 figures

E-health allows smart devices and medical institutions to collaboratively collect patients' data, which is trained by Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to help doctors make diagnosis. By allowing multiple devices to train models collaboratively, federated learning is a promising solution to address the communication and privacy issues in e-health. However, applying federated learning in e-health faces many challenges. First, medical data is both horizontally and vertically partitioned. Since single Horizontal Federated Learning (HFL) or Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) techniques cannot deal with both types of data partitioning, directly applying them may consume excessive communication cost due to transmitting a part of raw data when requiring high modeling accuracy. Second, a naive combination of HFL and VFL has limitations including low training efficiency, unsound convergence analysis, and lack of parameter tuning strategies. In this paper, we provide a thorough study on an effective integration of HFL and VFL, to achieve communication efficiency and overcome the above limitations when data is both horizontally and vertically partitioned. Specifically, we propose a hybrid federated learning framework with one intermediate result exchange and two aggregation phases. Based on this framework, we develop a Hybrid Stochastic Gradient Descent (HSGD) algorithm to train models. Then, we theoretically analyze the convergence upper bound of the proposed algorithm. Using the convergence results, we design adaptive strategies to adjust the training parameters and shrink the size of transmitted data. Experimental results validate that the proposed HSGD algorithm can achieve the desired accuracy while reducing communication cost, and they also verify the effectiveness of the adaptive strategies.

The principle and experimental realization of a novel Raman spectroscopic technique entitled stimulated Raman phase shift (SRPS) spectroscopy was demonstrated. This technique depends on the measurement of the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) induced phase shift of Stokes light field ($\Delta$ $\phi$) that is related to the real part of the third order nonlinear susceptibility of SRS. In principle, the spectral lineshape of 1/|$\Delta$ $\phi$| is a delta function waveform, which is insensitive to the fluctuation of Stokes light intensity, the decoherence of phonon in materials, as well as the inhomogeneous fluorescence background. In order to measure 1/|$\Delta$ $\phi$|, a SRPS including a Mach-Zender interferometer and a signal processing device was developed. Using the developed spectrometer, the SRPS and stimulated Raman gain (SRG) spectra of neat dimethyl sulfoxide were detected simultaneously. Seven Raman peaks corresponding to specific molecule vibrational and rotational modes were observed in the SRPS spectra, while only two peaks could be identified in the SRG spectra without a priori knowledge. The linewidth of the Raman peak centered at 2913.283 cm$^{-1}$ indicating the v$_s$(CH$_3$)stretching mode of the methyl groups was less than 0.00036 cm$^{-1}$ in the measured SRPS spectra, which was almost four orders of magnitude narrower than that in the measured SRG spectra. Meanwhile, the detection signal-to-noise ratio of the Raman peak centered at 2913.283 cm$^{-1}$ was 25.3 dB, representing an increase of 14.3 dB compared to the SRG spectra. The reliability of SRPS technique was verified by 10 independent measurements, and the standard deviation of the Raman peak frequency was less than $\pm$0.338 cm$^{-1}$ . The SRPS technique paves the way for characterizing the hyperfine fingerprint of materials.

A promising paradigm of quantum computing for achieving practical quantum advantages is quantum annealing or quantum approximate optimization algorithm, where the classical problems are encoded in Ising interactions. However, it is challenging to build a quantum system that can efficiently map any structured problems. Here, we present a programmable trapped-ion quantum simulator of an Ising model with all-to-all connectivity with up to four spins. We implement the spin-spin interactions by using the coupling of trapped ions to multiple collective motional modes and realize the programmability through phase modulation of the Raman laser beams that are individually addressed on ions. As an example, we realize several Ising lattices with different interaction connectivities, where the interactions can be ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic. We confirm the programmed interaction geometry by observing the ground states of the corresponding models through quantum state tomography. Our experimental demonstrations serve as an important basis for realizing practical quantum advantages with trapped ions., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

Recently, anchor-based trajectory prediction methods have shown promising performance, which directly selects a final set of anchors as future intents in the spatio-temporal coupled space. However, such methods typically neglect a deeper semantic interpretation of path intents and suffer from inferior performance under the imperfect High-Definition (HD) map. To address this challenge, we propose a novel Planning-inspired Hierarchical (PiH) trajectory prediction framework that selects path and speed intents through a hierarchical lateral and longitudinal decomposition. Especially, a hybrid lateral predictor is presented to select a set of fixed-distance lateral paths from map-based road-following and cluster-based free-move path candidates. {Then, the subsequent longitudinal predictor selects plausible goals sampled from a set of lateral paths as speed intents.} Finally, a trajectory decoder is given to generate future trajectories conditioned on a categorical distribution over lateral-longitudinal intents. Experiments demonstrate that PiH achieves competitive and more balanced results against state-of-the-art methods on the Argoverse motion forecasting benchmark and has the strongest robustness under the imperfect HD map., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

Quantum error mitigation has been extensively explored to increase the accuracy of the quantum circuits in noisy-intermediate-scale-quantum (NISQ) computation, where quantum error correction requiring additional quantum resources is not adopted. Among various error-mitigation schemes, probabilistic error cancellation (PEC) has been proposed as a general and systematic protocol that can be applied to numerous hardware platforms and quantum algorithms. However, PEC has only been tested in two-qubit systems and a superconducting multi-qubit system by learning a sparse error model. Here, we benchmark PEC using up to four trapped-ion qubits. For the benchmark, we simulate the dynamics of interacting fermions with or without spins by applying multiple Trotter steps. By tomographically reconstructing the error model and incorporating other mitigation methods such as positive probability and symmetry constraints, we are able to increase the fidelity of simulation and faithfully observe the dynamics of the Fermi-Hubbard model, including the different behavior of charge and spin of fermions. Our demonstrations can be an essential step for further extending systematic error-mitigation schemes toward practical quantum advantages., Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures

Stabilizing important physical quantities to atom-based standards lies at the heart of modern atomic, molecular and optical physics, and is widely applied to the field of precision metrology. Of particular importance is the atom-based microwave field amplitude stabilizer, the so-called atomic candle. Previous atomic candles are realized with atoms in their ground state, and hence suffer from the lack of frequency band tunability and small stabilization bandwidth, severely limiting their development and potential applications. To tackle these limitations, we employ microwave-dressed Rydberg atoms to realize a novel atomic candle that features multi-band frequency tunability and large stabilization bandwidth. We demonstrate amplitude stabilization of microwave field from C-band to Ka-band, which could be extended to quasi-DC and terahertz fields by exploring abundant Rydberg levels. Our atomic candle achieves stabilization bandwidth of 100 Hz, outperforming previous ones by more than two orders of magnitude. Our simulation indicates the stabilization bandwidth can be further increased up to 100 kHz. Our work paves a route to develop novel electric field control and applications with a noise-resilient, miniaturized, sensitive and broadband atomic candle.

Internet of things, supported by machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, is one of the most important applications for future 6th generation (6G) systems. A major challenge facing by 6G is enabling a massive number of M2M devices to access networks in a timely manner. Therefore, this paper exploits the spatial selectivity of massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) to reduce the collision issue when massive M2M devices initiate random access simultaneously. In particular, a beam-based random access protocol is first proposed to make efficient use of the limited uplink resources for massive M2M devices. To address the non-uniform distribution of M2M devices in the space and time dimensions, an Markov decision process (MDP) problem with the objective of minimizing the average access delay is then formulated. Next, we present a dynamic beam-based access scheme based on the double deep Q network (DDQN) algorithm to solve the optimal policy. Finally, simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme including the model training and random access performance.

We present the leading order mixed-action effect $\Delta_{\rm mix}\equiv m_{\pi,{\rm vs}}^2-\frac{m_{\pi,{\rm vv}}^2+m_{\pi,{\rm ss}}^2}{2}$ using HISQ, clover or overlap valence fermion actions on gauge ensembles using various sea fermion actions across a widely-used lattice spacing range $a\in [0.04,0.19]$~fm. The results suggest that $\Delta_{\rm mix}$ decreases as the fourth order of the lattice spacing on the gauge ensembles with dynamical chiral sea fermions, such as Domain wall or HISQ fermions. When a clover sea fermion action which has explicit chiral symmetry breaking is used in the ensemble, $\Delta_{\rm mix}$ can be much larger regardless of the valence fermion action used., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, add a new figure to illustrate the mix action effect

Controllable bosonic systems can provide post-classical computational power with sub-universal quantum computational capability. A network that consists of a number of bosons evolving through beam-splitters and phase-shifters between different modes, has been proposed and applied to demonstrate quantum advantages. While the network has been implemented mostly in optical systems with photons, recently alternative realizations have been explored, where major limitations in photonic systems such as photon loss, and probabilistic manipulation can be addressed. Phonons, the quantized excitations of vibrational modes, of trapped ions can be a promising candidate to realize the bosonic network. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a minimal-loss phononic network that can be programmed and in which any phononic states are deterministically prepared and detected. We realize the network with up to four collective-vibrational modes, which can be straightforwardly extended to reveal quantum advantage. We benchmark the performance of the network with an exemplary algorithm of tomography for arbitrary multi-mode states with a fixed total phonon number. We obtain reconstruction fidelities of 94.5 $\pm$ 1.95 % and 93.4 $\pm$ 3.15 % for single-phonon and two-phonon states, respectively. Our experiment demonstrates a clear and novel pathway to scale up a phononic network for various quantum information processing beyond the limitations of classical and other quantum systems.

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is regarded as a potential method for car-following control and has been mostly studied to support a single following vehicle. However, it is more challenging to learn a stable and efficient car-following policy when there are multiple following vehicles in a platoon, especially with unpredictable leading vehicle behavior. In this context, we adopt an integrated DRL and Dynamic Programming (DP) approach to learn autonomous platoon control policies, which embeds the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm into a finite-horizon value iteration framework. Although the DP framework can improve the stability and performance of DDPG, it has the limitations of lower sampling and training efficiency. In this paper, we propose an algorithm, namely Finite-Horizon-DDPG with Sweeping through reduced state space using Stationary approximation (FH-DDPG-SS), which uses three key ideas to overcome the above limitations, i.e., transferring network weights backward in time, stationary policy approximation for earlier time steps, and sweeping through reduced state space. In order to verify the effectiveness of FH-DDPG-SS, simulation using real driving data is performed, where the performance of FH-DDPG-SS is compared with those of the benchmark algorithms. Finally, platoon safety and string stability for FH-DDPG-SS are demonstrated.

To calculate the transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDPDFs) from lattice QCD, an important goal yet to be realized, it is crucial to establish a viable non-perturbative renormalization approach for linear divergences in the corresponding Euclidean quasi-TMDPDF correlators in large-momentum effective theory. We perform a first systematic study of the renormalization property of the quasi-TMDPDFs by calculating the relevant matrix elements in a pion state at 5 lattice spacings ranging from 0.03 fm to 0.12 fm. We demonstrate that the square root of the Wilson loop combined with the short distance hadron matrix element provides a successful method to remove all ultraviolet divergences of the quasi-TMD operator, and thus provide the necessary justification to perform a continuum limit calculation of TMDPDFs. In contrast, the popular RI/MOM renormalization scheme fails to eliminate all linear divergences., Comment: 17 pages, 17 figures. accepted version with the TMD wave function case in the supplemental materials

Twisted 2D materials form complex moir\'e structures that spontaneously reduce symmetry through picoscale deformation within a mesoscale lattice. We show twisted 2D materials contain a torsional displacement field comprised of three transverse periodic lattice distortions (PLD). The torsional PLD amplitude provides a single order parameter that concisely describes the structural complexity of twisted bilayer moir\'es. Moreover, the structure and amplitude of a torsional periodic lattice distortion is quantifiable using rudimentary electron diffraction methods sensitive to reciprocal space. In twisted bilayer graphene, the torsional PLD begins to form at angles below 3.89{\deg} and the amplitude reaches 8 pm around the magic angle of 1.1{\deg}. At extremely low twist angles (e.g. below 0.25{\deg}) the amplitude increases and additional PLD harmonics arise to expand Bernal stacked domains separated by well defined solitonic boundaries. The torsional distortion field in twisted bilayer graphene is analytically described and has an upper bound of 22.6 pm. Similar torsional distortions are observed in twisted WS$_2$, CrI$_3$, and WSe$_2$ / MoSe$_2$.

We present our progress on the Chroma interfaces of the twisted-mass, HISQ (highly improved staggered quark) and overlap fermion inverters using QUDA.