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BackgroundBone biomarkers are strongly prognostic for overall survival (OS) in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer but not fully established for hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC).ObjectiveBone biomarkers in HSPC were prospectively evaluated as part of a phase 3 study of androgen deprivation therapy ± the CYP17 inhibitor orteronel.Design, setting, and participantsPatients were randomly divided into training (n = 316) and validation (n = 633) sets. Recursive partitioning and Cox proportional hazard models were employed.Outcome measurements and statistical analysisBone resorption (C-telopeptide and pyridinoline) and bone formation markers (C-terminal collagen propeptide and bone alkaline phosphatase) were assessed from patient sera.Results and limitationsOf 1279 men, 949 had evaluable baseline bone biomarkers. Optimal cutoffs were identified to define elevated levels of each of the four biomarkers (all p

Umami peptides from the enzymatic hydrolysate of Stropharia rugosoannulata were separated by ultrafiltration (UF) and gel filtration chromatography (GFC) combined with sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis. Fraction F3, with the strongest umami intensity, were identified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS/MS). The identified peptides were synthesized and evaluated for their taste characteristics. The results showed that eight umami peptides were identified in fraction F3, namely ELWR, RLVDR, KPDNR, AHLRF, LDWDR, LAEWR, DDWWR and EGHKGW, and all of them possessed umami characteristics and umami-enhancing effects with thresholds ranging from 0.30 to 1.33 mmol/L and from 0.53 to 2.43 mmol/L, respectively. All peptides except LDWDR showed different degrees of umami improvement in monosodium glutamate (MSG) solution, ranging from 0.18% to 61.12%. ELWR, RLVDR, KPDNR, AHLRF and EGHKGW showed good umami-enhancing effects at low concentrations. The peak concentration of RLVDR and KPDNR for synergistic umami-enhancing effect was 5 mg/mL. LDWDR, LAEWR, DDWWR and EGHKGW reached the umami peak at 4 mg/mL. The amino acid composition and the spatial structure of umami peptides could affect their taste properties. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of umami peptides from S. rugosoannulata.

To develop chemical kinetics models for the combustion of ionic liquid-based monopropellants, identification of the elementary steps in the thermal and catalytic decomposition of components such as 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate (HEHN) is needed but is currently not well understood. The first decomposition step in protic ionic liquids such as HEHN is typically the proton transfer from the cation to the anion, resulting in the formation of 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine (HEH) and HNO3. In the first part of this investigation, the high-temperature thermal decomposition of HEH is probed with flash pyrolysis (

Edible and medicinal fungi are rich in various nutrients and active ingredients, and functional raw materials with stable quality and controllable yield can be obtained by liquid fermentation technology. This paper summarizes the application status of liquid fermentation technology of edible and medicinal fungi and the related regulations of liquid fermentation products of edible and medicinal fungi in food industry. With the improvement of regulations and popularization of liquid fermentation of edible and medicinal fungi in food industry, it is expected to have a bright future for related products development.

Nickel-63 radioactive sources used in micro nuclear batteries require high surface emissivity, thin coating and small substrate. The method for the preparation of nickel-63 radioactive sources by direct and constant current electrodeposition was established by using nickel-63 solution with small volume, high specific activity and low Ni2+ concentration as electrodeposition liquid.Using this method, under the conditions of copper substrate, Ni2+ concentration with 1 g/L, electrodeposition pH with 3.5-4.5 and sulphamic acid concentration with 0.1 g/L, the electrodeposition efficiency can reach to 95.8% after 1 h . The coating is compact and bright with the thickness from 0.3 μm to 1.6 μm. The surface emissivity of the prepared nickel-63 radio-source film is up to 2.40×107 s-1·(2πSr)-1 while the activity is up to 1.89×109 Bq, which can meet the application requirements of micro nuclear batteries. At the same time, by recovering the residual electrodeposition solution and adjusting its composition, the reuse of electrodeposition liquid is realized, reducing the waste of nickel-63 raw material.

Photo-predissociation of rovibrational levels of SH (A2Σ+, v′ = 0–6) is studied using the high-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight technique. Spin–orbit branching fractions of the S(3PJ=2,1,0) products are measured in the product translational energy distributions. The SH A2Σ+v′ = 0 state predissociates predominantly via coupling to the 4Σ− repulsive state. As the vibrational level v′ increases, predissociation dynamics change drastically, with all three repulsive states (4Σ−, 2Σ−, and 4Π) involved in the dissociation. Nonadiabatic interactions and quantum interferences among these dissociation pathways affect the fine-structure state distributions of the S(3PJ=2,1,0) products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photodissociation dynamics of jet-cooled ethyl radical (C2H5) via the A ̃ 2A′(3s) states are studied in the wavelength region of 230–260 nm using the high-n Rydberg H-atom time-of-flight (TOF) technique. The H + C2H4 product channels are reexamined using the H-atom TOF spectra and photofragment translational spectroscopy. A prompt H + C2H4( X ̃ 1Ag) product channel is characterized by a repulsive translational energy release, anisotropic product angular distribution, and partially resolved vibrational state distribution of the C2H4( X ̃ 1Ag) product. This fast dissociation is initiated from the 3s Rydberg state and proceeds via a H-bridged configuration directly to the H + C2H4( X ̃ 1Ag) products. A statistical-like H + C2H4( X ̃ 1Ag) product channel via unimolecular dissociation of the hot electronic ground-state ethyl ( X ̃ 2A′) after internal conversion from the 3s Rydberg state is also examined, showing a modest translational energy release and isotropic angular distribution. An adiabatic H + excited triplet C2H4(ã3B1u) product channel (a minor channel) is identified by energy-dependent product angular distribution, showing a small translational energy release, anisotropic angular distribution, and significant internal excitation in the C2H4(ã3B1u) product. The dissociation times of the different product channels are evaluated using energy-dependent product angular distribution and pump–probe delay measurements. The prompt H + C2H4( X ̃ 1Ag) product channel has a dissociation time scale of <10 ps, and the upper bound of the dissociation time scale of the statistical-like H + C2H4( X ̃ 1Ag) product channel is <5 ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The developments of radioligand therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted chemotherapy have led to dozens of clinical trials targeting tumor-associated surface antigens in metastatic prostate cancer. Emerging clinical data on the development of these new therapies were summarized and discussed. There is an unmet need to develop new treatments for metastatic prostate cancer. With the development of targeted radioligand therapies, bispecific T cell engagers, antibody–drug conjugates and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapies, tumor-associated cell surface antigens have emerged as new therapeutic targets in metastatic prostate cancer. Ongoing and completed clinical trials targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), six transmembrane epithelial antigens of the prostate 1 (STEAP1), kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2), prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), and delta-like protein 3 (DLL3) in metastatic prostate cancer were reviewed. Strategies for sequential or combinational therapy were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent long-lived greenhouse gas (GHG) and the strongest current emissions of global anthropogenic stratospheric ozone depletion weighted by its ozone depletion potential. In California, N2O is the third largest contributor to the state's anthropogenic GHG emission inventory, though no study has quantified its statewide annual emissions through top-down inverse modeling. Here we present the first annual (2013–2014) statewide top-down estimates of anthropogenic N2O emissions. Utilizing continuous N2O observations from six sites across California in a hierarchical Bayesian inversion, we estimate that annual anthropogenic emissions are 1.5–2.5 times (at 95% confidence) the state inventory (41 Gg N2O in 2014). Without mitigation, this estimate represents 4–7% of total GHG emissions assuming that other reported GHG emissions are reasonably correct. This suggests that control of N2O could be an important component in meeting California's emission reduction goals of 40% and 80% below 1990 levels of the total GHG emissions (in CO2 equivalent) by 2030 and 2050, respectively. Our seasonality analysis suggests that emissions are similar across seasons within posterior uncertainties. Future work is needed to provide source attribution for subregions and further characterization of seasonal variability.