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Accurately assessing and predicting the impacts of land use changes on ecosystem carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) and exploring the optimization of land use structure to increase ecosystem carbon stocks are of great practical significance for China to achieve the goal of "double carbon". In this study, we used multi-year remote sensing data, meteorological data and statistical data to measure the ecosystem carbon stock in the YRB from 2000 to 2020 based on the InVEST model, and then simulated and measured the ecosystem carbon stock under four different land use scenarios coupled with the FLUS model in 2030. The results show that, from 2000 to 2020, urban expansion in the YRB continued, but woodland and grassland grew more slowly. Carbon stock showed an increasing trend during the first 20 years, with an overall increase of 7.2 megatons, or 0.23%. Simulating the four land use scenarios in 2030, carbon stock will decrease the most under the cropland protection scenario, with a decrease of 17.7 megatons compared with 2020. However, carbon stock increases the most under the ecological protection scenario, with a maximum increase of 9.1 megatons. Furthermore, distinct trends in carbon storage were observed across different regions, with significant increases in the upstream under the natural development scenario, in the midstream under the ecological protection scenario and in the downstream under the cropland protection scenario. We suggest that the upstream should maintain the existing development mode, with ecological protection prioritized in the middle reaches and farmland protection prioritized in the lower reaches. This study provides a scientific basis for the carbon balance, land use structure adjustment and land management decision-making in the YRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis study investigates the efficacy of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS) using neuropsychological assessments as a potential treatment option for Alzheimer's disease (AD). PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies on rTMS, tDCS, and DBS for the treatment of patients with AD between April 1970 and October 2022. The mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and AD Assessment Scale – Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) were adopted as the efficacy index. The analysis yielded 17 eligible studies. rTMS greatly improved the cognition of patients with AD (immediate post-treatment WMD of MMSE score: 2.06, p < 0.00001; short-term follow-up WMD of MMSE score: 2.12, p = 0.006; WMD of ADAS-Cog score in single-arm studies: -4.97, p = 0.001). DBS did not reverse the progression of cognitive decline (WMD of ADAS-Cog score in single-arm studies: 7.40, p < 0.00001). Furthermore, tDCS demonstrated no significant efficacy in improving cognition in random clinical trials or single-arm studies. rTMS is a promising non-medicinal alternative for cognitive improvement inpatients with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical microcavities with high quality factors can significantly enhance the intracavity power density and have become a superior platform for studying quantum electrodynamics, nonlinearities, and sensing. Minimized and compact on-chip devices require the integration of microcavities with versatile functions that can be implemented by techniques compatible with semiconductor industries. However, the silicon dry etch technique commonly used to shape silicon wafers limits the massive production of microcavities. Here, an all-wet etching technique is proposed to fabricate on-chip microcavities with the aid of photolithography. On-chip silica microdisks with quality factors of ∼ 10 5 are demonstrated, and optical modes with quality factors up to 106 are also observed. The proposed technique opens an avenue for economical, easy handling, and scalable production of on-chip microcavities using foundry-based technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]