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This study aimed to adapt a new version of the Science Motivation Questionnaire II, the Chinese Chemistry Motivation Questionnaire II, for high school students in China, focusing specifically on chemistry. The sample consisted of 1635 students from four high schools, by stratified random sampling. Data was collected online. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original fivecomponent motivation (intrinsic motivation, career motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy and grade motivation) structure after dropping four problematical items, and the factorial invariance was also confirmed across gender, region of residence, and choice of chemistry. Five components were strongly correlated in the Chinese context. Among the five components, students scored the highest in grade motivation. Generally, students who would continue chemistry scored much higher in all five components than those who would discontinue, with boys scoring slightly higher than girls and urban students scoring slightly higher than rural students. Specifically, for students who would continue chemistry, there were medium gender differences in self-efficacy, small gender differences in intrinsic motivation, career motivation, and self-determination, no significant gender differences in grade motivation, and small regional differences in all five components. For students who would discontinue chemistry, there were no significant differences in all five components across gender and region of residence. The internal structure of the questionnaire, correlations among the five components, and group differences in motivation were discussed. Some implications for researchers and practitioners were presented.

We aimed to elucidate the characteristics of HIV molecular epidemiology and identify transmission hubs in eastern China using genetic transmission network and lineage analyses. HIV-TRACE was used to infer putative relationships. Across the range of epidemiologically-plausible genetic distance (GD) thresholds (0.1-2.0%), a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the optimal threshold, generating the maximum number of transmission clusters and providing reliable resolution without merging different small clusters into a single large cluster. Characteristics of genetically linked individuals were analyzed using logistic regression. Assortativity (shared characteristics) analysis was performed to infer shared attributes between putative partners. 1,993 persons living with HIV-1 were enrolled. The determined GD thresholds within subtypes CRF07_BC, CRF01_AE, and B were 0.5%, 1.2%, and 1.7%, respectively, and 826 of 1,993 (41.4%) sequences were linked with at least one other sequence, forming 188 transmission clusters of 2-80 sequences. Clustering rates for the main subtypes CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and B were 50.9% (523/1027), 34.2% (256/749), and 32.1% (25/78), respectively. Median cluster sizes of these subtypes were 2 (2-52, n = 523), 2 (2-80, n = 256), and 3 (2-6, n = 25), respectively. Subtypes in individuals diagnosed and residing in Hangzhou city (OR = 1.423, 95% CI: 1.168-1.734) and men who have sex with men (MSM) were more likely to cluster. Assortativity analysis revealed individuals were more likely to be genetically linked to individuals from the same age group (AIage = 0.090, P

Memory representations can be stored in a passive state in a visual working memory (VWM) task. However, it remains unclear whether the representations stored in the passive state are prone to interference and decay. To explore this issue, we asked participants to successively remember two sets of memory items (M1 and M2) in three test manners: a "combined test" (both M1 and M2 are probed simultaneously), a "backward test" (probe M2 first and M1 second), or a "forward test" (probe M1 first and M2 second). We found that the contralateral delay activity (CDA) amplitude after the onset of M2 only tracked M2 independently of M1 in the two "separate tests" (Experiments 1-3), and the accuracy of M1 was well above chance. These results implied that the M1 representations had been transferred from the online state into the passive state after the onset of M2. Furthermore, the accuracy of M1 (two representations were transferred from the online state into the passive state and retrieved later) in the "backward test" was worse than M2 (2 representations in the online state throughout) in the "backward test" (Experiments 1-2), but was comparable to M1 (two representations were transferred from the online state into the passive state and retrieved first) in the "forward test" (Experiment 2). These results demonstrated that the memory representations were impaired during state switching. Importantly, once the representations had been stored in the passive state, they were robust with little memory loss during latent retention.

Terpolymer donors containing a third component are promising candidates for organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the aperiodic sequence distribution of the main chain caused by random copolymerization dramatically interferes with the orderly stacking of such a terpolymer. Herein, an approach utilizing a skeleton-fixed side-chain-random terpolymer (SST) with an asymmetric benzodithiophene-dione unit (EP-BDD) was developed to construct three new terpolymers: PhEH10, PhEH20, and PhEH50. SSTs with varying contents of EP-BDD units showed minor modulations of their decomposition temperature, energy levels, molecular aggregation, and orientation, showing the fine optimization effect of the SST approach. The polymer PhEH10 exhibited suitable molecular miscibility with the acceptor Y6 and achieved the champion efficiency without the use of any additive. Moreover, with L8-BO and BTP-eC9 acceptors, the PhEH10:L8-BO binary and PhEH10:L8-BO:BTP-eC9 ternary active layers achieved excellent PCEs of 18.5% and 19.03%, respectively. Moreover, their corresponding high FFs of 80.7% and 80.4% are record values reported so far for terpolymer-based binary and ternary devices. Additionally, PhEH10-based devices could retain 87% of their initial efficiency after being stored in air for more than 500 h. Our results demonstrate that the SST approach combined with an asymmetric molecular design provides a valuable avenue to construct new terpolymers for high-performing and stable organic solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current prevalence of Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is notably high, with individuals afflicted by HSV-2 facing recurrent outbreaks, challenges in achieving remission, and an elevated risk of HIV infection. This study aims to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and HSV-2 infection. Methods: The data for this study were sourced from 7257 participants who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009 to 2016. The target population consisted of adults with reliable HSV-2 plasma results, and alcohol consumption was assessed using self-report methods. We evaluated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between alcohol consumption and HSV-2 infection. These estimations were derived from a logistic regression model that was adjusted for key confounding factors. Subgroup analysis specifically focused on alcohol consumption, and the interaction between HSV-2 infection, alcohol consumption, and other variables was assessed through stratified analysis. Results: Among the 7,257 participants included, 89.8% (6,518/7,257) reported varying levels of alcohol consumption history. Compared to individuals who never drinkers, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for former drinkers, light drinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers were 1.79 (95% CI: 1.34–2.4, p < 0.001), 1.38 (95% CI: 1.07–1.77, p = 0.012), 1.49 (95% CI: 1.15–1.94, p = 0.003), and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.14–1.9, p = 0.003), respectively. The results remained stable in subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: Current research indicates that individuals with a history of alcohol consumption exhibit a higher risk of HSV-2 infection compared to those who have never drinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]