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4. Interdecadal Springtime Aerosol Increase in the North Indian Ocean Observed From the Satellite AVHRR Instrument.

Author

Zhang, Yongsheng, Frech, James, Zhao, Xuepeng, and Zhang, Huai‐min

Subjects
EL Nino, WESTERLIES, OCEAN temperature, JET streams, ATMOSPHERIC circulation
Abstract

A 38‐year aerosol optical thickness (AOT) satellite product from the Advanced Very High‐Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is used to investigate the aerosol variabilities in the North Indian Ocean (NIO). A dipolar mode with a notable meridional contrast between the equatorial and northern NIO is revealed by the second mode of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis with a sharp rise over the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB) since 2002. Our results show that the aerosol dipolar variation is primarily modulated by an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during 1983–2001 (ID1) and by a warm phase of Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO) during 2002–2020 (ID2), leading to a dry‐and‐warming condition spanning the coasts of East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula (AP), and South Asia (SA) that favors increasing aerosol emission and a longer life cycle in the upstream regions. A warm phase of the AMO tends to excite an anomalous cyclone in western Siberia and reinforces anticyclonic circulation in the Tibetan Plateau. Correlation analyses between the second EOF mode time series and other parameters in ID1 and ID2 show that an interannual dry‐and‐warming condition over the AP–SA is associated with a noticeable north‐south contrast of convection between the equatorial NIO and AP–SA in ID1. But in ID2, a zonal contrast of anomalous convective activities between the AP–SA and the BoB‐South China Sea is dominant, partially due to the warming AMO, which aids the development of anticyclonic cells over the TP and the strengthened subtropical westerly jet streams. Plain Language Summary: Using satellite aerosol observations during 1983–2020 and a multivariate statistical technique for temporal‐spatial analysis, we explored the aerosol long‐term and year‐by‐year variations in the North Indian Ocean (NIO). Our results show a significant rise in springtime aerosol over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal since the early 2000s, which is attributed to intensification of a dry‐and‐warming condition in the coasts of East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and South Asia. A relatively low aerosol concentration before the early 2000s is mainly modulated by the anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) in both the West and East Pacific associated with an El Niño or La Niña event, but an increasing aerosol concentration after the early 2000s is linked to warmer SST associated with a phenomenon called Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO). A warm phase of the AMO may aid the development of the remote teleconnection pattern in the midlatitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and thus reinforce the anomalies of atmospheric circulation in the subtropical regions. Key Points: A notable springtime aerosol rise over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal (ASBoB) since the early 2000s is revealed by using satellite dataThe El Niño events may cause a relatively low aerosol loading over the ASBoB during 1983–2001A warm‐phase Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation may favor a notable high aerosol loading over the ASBoB during 2002–2020 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Record High Sea Surface Temperatures in 2023.

Author

Huang, Boyin, Yin, Xungang, Carton, James A., Chen, Ligang, Graham, Garrett, Hogan, Patrick, Smith, Thomas, and Zhang, Huai‐Min

Subjects
MARINE heatwaves, EL Nino, OCEAN temperature, LA Nina
Abstract

NOAA Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) and other similar sea surface temperature (SST) products indicate that the globally averaged SST set a new daily record in March 2023. The record‐high SST in March was immediately broken in April, and new daily records were set again in July and August 2023. The SST anomaly (SSTA) persisted at a record high from mid‐March to the remainder of 2023. Our analysis indicates that the record‐high SSTs, and associated marine heatwaves (MHWs) and even super‐MHWs, are attributed to three factors: (a) a long‐term warming trend, (b) a shift to the warm phase of the multi‐decadal Pacific‐Atlantic‐Arctic (PAA) mode, and (c) the transition from the triple‐dip succession of La Niña events to the 2023–24 El Niño event. Plain Language Summary: Observation‐based analyses such as the NOAA DOISST show that global mean SST reached a record high in April 2023, breaking the previous record of global mean SST set in March 2016, and the April 2023 record of global mean SST was broken again in July and August 2023. Our study indicates that these record‐breaking SSTs in 2023 resulted from record‐high SSTs over much of the global oceans and associated with widespread marine heatwaves (MHWs). Further analyses show that the record‐high SSTs are attributed to a long‐term‐warming trend associated with increasing greenhouse gases, a shift to the warm phase of a multidecadal Pacific‐Atlantic‐Arctic (PAA) mode, and a warming associated with the transition from 2020–23 La Niña events to the 2023–24 El Niño event. Key Points: Global mean sea surface temperature (SST) in 2023 set a record highRecord‐high SST was associated with widespread marine heatwaves (MHWs) and super‐MHWs throughout the oceansRecord‐high SST was attributed to the multi‐decadal warming trend, warm phase of Pacific‐Atlantic‐Arctic mode, and 2023–24 El Niño event [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. The 1991–2020 sea surface temperature normals

Author

Yin, Xungang, primary, Huang, Boyin, additional, Carton, James A., additional, Chen, Ligang, additional, Graham, Garrett, additional, Liu, Chunying, additional, Smith, Thomas, additional, and Zhang, Huai‐Min, additional

Published
2023
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9. Extremely High Sea Surface Temperatures in 2023

Author

Huang, Boyin, primary, Yin, Xungang, additional, Carton, James, additional, Chen, Ligang, additional, Graham, Garrett, additional, Hogan, Patrick, additional, Smith, Thomas, additional, and Zhang, Huai-Min, additional

Published
2023
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11. The 1991–2020 sea surface temperature normals.

Author

Yin, Xungang, Huang, Boyin, Carton, James A., Chen, Ligang, Graham, Garrett, Liu, Chunying, Smith, Thomas, and Zhang, Huai‐Min

Subjects
OCEAN temperature, SCIENTIFIC community, GULF Stream, STANDARD deviations, KUROSHIO, GLOBAL cooling
Abstract

The 1991–2020 climate normals for sea surface temperature (SST) are computed based on the NOAA Daily Optimum Interpolation SST dataset. This is the first time that high‐resolution SST normals with global coverage can be achieved in the satellite SST era. Normals are one of the fundamental parameters in describing and understanding weather and climate and provide decision‐making information to industry, public, and scientific communities. This product suite includes SST mean, standard deviation, count and extreme parameters at daily, monthly, seasonal and annual time scales on 0.25° spatial grids. The main feature of the SST mean state revealed by the normals is that in the Tropics, the Indo‐Pacific Ocean is dominated by the warm pool (SST ≥ 28°C) while the eastern Pacific is characterized by the cold tongue (SST ≤ 24°C); in the midlatitudes, SSTs are in zonal patterns with high meridional gradients. Daily SST standard deviations are generally small (<1.0°C) except in frontal zones (>1.5°C) mostly associated with ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream, Kuroshio and Equatorial Currents. Compared to the 1982–2011 climatology, the 1991–2020 mean SSTs increased over most global areas but obvious cooling is seen in the Southern Ocean, eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic warming hole. The Indo‐Pacific warm pool (IPWP) is found to have strengthened in both intensity and coverage since 1982–2011. By a count parameter criterion of ≥300 days annually with SST ≥ 28°C, the IPWP coverage increased 33% from 1982–2011 to 1991–2020. The global mean SST of 1991–2020 is warmer than that of 1982–2011, and the warming rate over 1991–2020 doubles that over 1901–2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Introduction

Author

Boyer, Tim, primary, Bartow-Gillies, Ellen, additional, Abida, A., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Agyakwah, W., additional, Ahmasuk, Brandon, additional, Aldeco, Laura S., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Alfaro, Eric J., additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Allgood, Adam, additional, Alves, Lincoln. M., additional, Amador, Jorge A., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Andrade, B., additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Atkinson, C., additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Backensto, Stacia A., additional, Bader, Stephan, additional, Baez, Julian, additional, Baiman, Rebecca, additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Banwell, Alison F., additional, Bardin, M. Yu, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Barreira, Sandra, additional, Beadling, Rebecca L., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Becker, Emily J., additional, Bekele, E., additional, Bellido, Guillem Martín, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Benestad, Rasmus, additional, Berne, Christine, additional, Berner, Logan. T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bhuiyan, A. E., additional, Bigalke, Siiri, additional, Biló, Tiago, additional, Bissolli, Peter, additional, Bjerke Jarle, W., additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blake, Eric S., additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Blunden, Jessica, additional, Bochníček, Oliver, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodenstein, Barbara, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bozkurt, Deniz, additional, Brettschneider, Brian, additional, Bringas, Francis G., additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Bukunt, Brandon, additional, Calderón, Blanca, additional, Camargo, Suzana J., additional, Campbell, Jayaka, additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Chan, Duo, additional, Chandler, Elise, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Chen, Hua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Cheng, Vincent Y. S., additional, Chomiak, Leah, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clarke, Leonardo, additional, Clem, Kyle R., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coelho, Caio A.S., additional, Cohen, Judah L., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Colwell, Steve, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Correa, Kris, additional, Costa, Felipe, additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Coy, Lawrence, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crhova, Lenka, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cunha, Ana P., additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Datta, Rajashree T., additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, De Bock, Veerle, additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, De Laat, Jos, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Demircan, Mesut, additional, Derksen, Chris, additional, Deus, Ricardo, additional, Dhurmea, K. R., additional, Diamond, Howard J., additional, Dirkse, S., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Drost Jensen, Caroline, additional, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Drumond, Paula, additional, du Plessis, Marcel, additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, additional, Dunmire, Devon, additional, Dunn, Robert J. H., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dusek, Robert, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Ekici, Mithat, additional, Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, additional, ElKharrim, M., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fauchereau, Nicolas, additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fenimore, Chris, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Fogarty, Chris, additional, Fogt, Ryan L., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Freeman, Natalie M., additional, Fricker, Helen A., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Frost, Gerald V. (JJ), additional, Fuhrman, Steven, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Ganter, Catherine, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Gardner, Alex S., additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Gille, Sarah T., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Gleason, Karin, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Goldenberg, Stanley B., additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., additional, Hagos, S., additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Harnos, Daniel S., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, He, Qiong, additional, Heim, Richard R., additional, Hellström, Sverker, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hicks, J., additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), additional, Hobbs, W., additional, Holmes, Robert M., additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Huang, Hongjie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jadra, Gerardo, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Johns, W., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Johnson, Bryan, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Jones, Timothy, additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Jumaux, G., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kabidi, K., additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaler, Robb S.A., additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kazemi, Amin Fazl, additional, Keller, Linda M., additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kendon, Mike, additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kerr, Kenneth, additional, Khan, Valentina, additional, Khiem, Mai Van, additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Mi Ju, additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Klotzbach, Philip J., additional, Knaff, John A., additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Korshunova, Natalia N., additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya A., additional, Kruger, A. C., additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, Kumar, Arun, additional, L’Heureux, Michelle, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Labe, Zachary M., additional, Lader, Rick, additional, Lakatos, Mónika, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lam, Hoang Phuc, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Landsea, Chris W., additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Lazzara, Matthew A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Lee, Tsz-Cheung, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Leung, Kinson H. Y., additional, Lieser, Jan L., additional, Likso, Tanja, additional, Lin, I-I., additional, Lindsey, Jackie, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loomis, Bryant D., additional, Lorrey, Andrew M., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Lu, Rui, additional, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Luo, Jing-Jia, additional, Luojus, Kari, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, MacFerrin, Michael, additional, MacGilchrist, Graeme A., additional, MacLennan, Michelle L., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magee, Andrew D., additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Mankoff, Ken D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Marcinonienė, Izolda, additional, Marengo, Jose A., additional, Marjan, Mohammadi, additional, Martínez, Ana E., additional, Massom, Robert A., additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, Mazloff, Matthew R., additional, McAfee, Stephanie A., additional, McBride, C., additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McClelland, James W., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Mcvicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mekonnen, A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Meyers, Tristan, additional, Mikolajczyk, David E., additional, Miller, John B., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Misevicius, Noelia, additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Moise, Aurel, additional, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Moore, G. W. K., additional, Mora, Natali, additional, Morán, Johnny, additional, Morehen, Claire, additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mostafa, A. E., additional, Mote, Thomas L., additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nash, Eric R., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Newman, Paul A., additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, Norton, Taylor, additional, Nyland, Kelsey E., additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Ochwat, Naomi, additional, Oikawa, Yoshinori, additional, Okunaka, Yuka, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Parrish, Julia K., additional, Pasch, Richard J., additional, Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Perčec Tadić, Melita, additional, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Pezza, Alexandre B., additional, Pezzi, Luciano P., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Pires, Vanda, additional, Pitts, Michael, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Poinar, Kristin, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Quisbert, Kenny, additional, Quispe, Willy R., additional, Rajeevan, M., additional, Ramos, Andrea M., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rantanen, Mika, additional, Raphael, Marilyn N., additional, Reagan, James, additional, Recalde, Cristina, additional, Reid, Phillip, additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J., additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Robjhon, M., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Rosencrans, Matthew, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rösner, Benjamin, additional, Rösner, Henrieke, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rubek, Frans, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Salinas, Roberto, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Santee, Michelle L., additional, Santini, Marcelo, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Sayouri, A., additional, Scambos, Theodore, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Schreck, Carl J., additional, Schultz, Cristina, additional, _, _, additional, Segele, Z. T., additional, Sensoy, Serhat, additional, Serbin, Shawn P., additional, Serreze, Mark C., additional, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Sheffield, Gay, additional, Shi, Jia-Rui, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Shukla, R., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Sima, F., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Smith, Adam, additional, Smith, Matthew M., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Souza, Everaldo, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, additional, Spencer, Robert G. M., additional, Spillane, Sandra, additional, Sreejith, O. P., additional, Srivastava, A. K., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stammerjohn, Sharon, additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stella, Jose L., additional, Stephenson, Tannecia S., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Strahan, Susan E., additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Suslova, Anya, additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Sweet, William, additional, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, additional, Takemura, Kazuto, additional, Tank, Suzanne E., additional, Taylor, Michael A., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thiaw, W. M., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Thompson, Andrew F., additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tobin, Skie, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Trescilo, Lidia, additional, Tretiakov, Mikhail, additional, Trewin, Blair C., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Trotman, Adrian, additional, Truchelut, Ryan E., additional, Trusel, Luke D., additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, Van Hemert, Caroline, additional, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., additional, van vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Vazife, Ahad, additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Walker, Donald (Skip) A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Bin, additional, Wang, Hui, additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, Adrian, additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Wille, Jonathan D., additional, Willems, An, additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Willis, J., additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Wood, Kimberly M., additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Xie, Ping-Ping, additional, Yang, Daqing, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yin, Ziqi, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Zhang, Li, additional, Zhang, Peiqun, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Zhu, Zhiwei, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zolkos, Scott, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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13. Global Oceans

Author

Johnson, G. C, primary, Lumpkin, R, additional, Atkinson, C, additional, Biló, Tiago, additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Chan, Duo, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Chomiak, Leah, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gilson, John, additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hobbs, W., additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, Johns, W., additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Reagan, James, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Sweet, William, additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Willis, J., additional, Xie, Ping-Ping, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Zhang, Li, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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16. A CALL FOR NEW APPROACHES TO QUANTIFYING BIASES IN OBSERVATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE

Author

Kent, Elizabeth C., Kennedy, John J., Smith, Thomas M., Hirahara, Shoji, Huang, Boyin, Kaplan, Alexey, Parker, David E., Atkinson, Christopher P., Berry, David I., Carella, Giulia, Fukuda, Yoshikazu, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jones, Philip D., Lindgren, Finn, Merchant, Christopher J., Morak-Bozzo, Simone, Rayner, Nick A., Venema, Victor, Yasui, Souichiro, and Zhang, Huai-Min

Published
2017

19. Effects of the Pandemic on Observing the Global Ocean

Author

Boyer, Tim, primary, Zhang, Huai-Min, additional, O’Brien, Kevin, additional, Reagan, James, additional, Diggs, Stephen, additional, Freeman, Eric, additional, Garcia, Hernan, additional, Heslop, Emma, additional, Hogan, Patrick, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Jiang, Li-Qing, additional, Kozyr, Alex, additional, Liu, Chunying, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Mishonov, Alexey V., additional, Paver, Christopher, additional, Wang, Zhankun, additional, Zweng, Melissa, additional, Alin, Simone, additional, Barbero, Leticia, additional, Barth, John A., additional, Belbeoch, Mathieu, additional, Cebrian, Just, additional, Connell, Kenneth J., additional, Cowley, Rebecca, additional, Dukhovskoy, Dmitry, additional, Galbraith, Nancy R., additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Katz, Fred, additional, Kramp, Martin, additional, Kumar, Arun, additional, Legler, David M., additional, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, McMahon, Clive R., additional, Pierrot, Denis, additional, Plueddemann, Albert J., additional, Smith, Emily A., additional, Sutton, Adrienne, additional, Turpin, Victor, additional, Jiang, Long, additional, Suneel, V., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Weller, Robert A., additional, and Wong, Annie P. S., additional

Published
2023
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20. Effects of the Pandemic on Observing the Global Ocean

Author

Boyer, Tim, Zhang, Huai-min, O’brien, Kevin, Reagan, James, Diggs, Stephen, Freeman, Eric, Garcia, Hernan, Heslop, Emma, Hogan, Patrick, Huang, Boyin, Jiang, Li-qing, Kozyr, Alex, Liu, Chunying, Locarnini, Ricardo, Mishonov, Alexey V., Paver, Christopher, Wang, Zhankun, Zweng, Melissa, Alin, Simone, Barbero, Leticia, Barth, John A., Belbeoch, Mathieu, Cebrian, Just, Connell, Kenneth J., Cowley, Rebecca, Dukhovskoy, Dmitry, Galbraith, Nancy R., Goni, Gustavo, Katz, Fred, Kramp, Martin, Kumar, Arun, Legler, David M., Lumpkin, Rick, Mcmahon, Clive R., Pierrot, Denis, Plueddemann, Albert J., Smith, Emily A., Sutton, Adrienne, Turpin, Victor, Jiang, Long, Suneel, V., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wong, Annie P. S., Boyer, Tim, Zhang, Huai-min, O’brien, Kevin, Reagan, James, Diggs, Stephen, Freeman, Eric, Garcia, Hernan, Heslop, Emma, Hogan, Patrick, Huang, Boyin, Jiang, Li-qing, Kozyr, Alex, Liu, Chunying, Locarnini, Ricardo, Mishonov, Alexey V., Paver, Christopher, Wang, Zhankun, Zweng, Melissa, Alin, Simone, Barbero, Leticia, Barth, John A., Belbeoch, Mathieu, Cebrian, Just, Connell, Kenneth J., Cowley, Rebecca, Dukhovskoy, Dmitry, Galbraith, Nancy R., Goni, Gustavo, Katz, Fred, Kramp, Martin, Kumar, Arun, Legler, David M., Lumpkin, Rick, Mcmahon, Clive R., Pierrot, Denis, Plueddemann, Albert J., Smith, Emily A., Sutton, Adrienne, Turpin, Victor, Jiang, Long, Suneel, V., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., and Wong, Annie P. S.

Abstract

The years since 2000 have been a golden age in in situ ocean observing with the proliferation and organization of autonomous platforms such as surface drogued buoys and subsurface Argo profiling floats augmenting ship-based observations. Global time series of mean sea surface temperature and ocean heat content are routinely calculated based on data from these platforms, enhancing our understanding of the ocean’s role in Earth’s climate system. Individual measurements of meteorological, sea surface, and subsurface variables directly improve our understanding of the Earth system, weather forecasting, and climate projections. They also provide the data necessary for validating and calibrating satellite observations. Maintaining this ocean observing system has been a technological, logistical, and funding challenge. The global COVID-19 pandemic, which took hold in 2020, added strain to the maintenance of the observing system. A survey of the contributing components of the observing system illustrates the impacts of the pandemic from January 2020 through December 2021. The pandemic did not reduce the short-term geographic coverage (days to months) capabilities mainly due to the continuation of autonomous platform observations. In contrast, the pandemic caused critical loss to longer-term (years to decades) observations, greatly impairing the monitoring of such crucial variables as ocean carbon and the state of the deep ocean. So, while the observing system has held under the stress of the pandemic, work must be done to restore the interrupted replenishment of the autonomous components and plan for more resilient methods to support components of the system that rely on cruise-based measurements.

Published
2023
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21. Global Oceans

Author

Johnson, G. C, Lumpkin, R, Atkinson, C, Biló, Tiago, Boyer, Tim, Bringas, Francis, Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Chan, Duo, Cheng, Lijing, Chomiak, Leah, Cronin, Meghan F., Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Franz, Bryan A., Gao, Meng, Garg, Jay, Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hobbs, W., Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johns, W., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lyman, John M., McPhaden, Michael J., Merrifield, Mark A., Mishonov, Alexey, Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben I., Mrekaj, Ivan, Nerem, R. Steven, Purkey, Sarah G., Qiu, Bo, Reagan, James, Sato, Katsunari, Schmid, Claudia, Sharp, Jonathan D., Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Willis, J., Xie, Ping-Ping, Yin, Xungang, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Li, Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy V., Haley, Bridgette O., Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Ohlmann, Laura, Noguchi, Lukas, Riddle, Deborah B., Veasey, Sara W., Johnson, G. C, Lumpkin, R, Atkinson, C, Biló, Tiago, Boyer, Tim, Bringas, Francis, Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Chan, Duo, Cheng, Lijing, Chomiak, Leah, Cronin, Meghan F., Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Franz, Bryan A., Gao, Meng, Garg, Jay, Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hobbs, W., Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johns, W., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lyman, John M., McPhaden, Michael J., Merrifield, Mark A., Mishonov, Alexey, Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben I., Mrekaj, Ivan, Nerem, R. Steven, Purkey, Sarah G., Qiu, Bo, Reagan, James, Sato, Katsunari, Schmid, Claudia, Sharp, Jonathan D., Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Willis, J., Xie, Ping-Ping, Yin, Xungang, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Li, Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy V., Haley, Bridgette O., Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Ohlmann, Laura, Noguchi, Lukas, Riddle, Deborah B., and Veasey, Sara W.

Abstract

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and heat transport (MHT) have been observed (Fig. 3.21) at several trans-basin and western boundary moored arrays (e.g., Frajka-Williams et al. 2019; Berx et al. 2021; Hummels et al. 2022), as well as by synthesizing in situ and satellite altimetry measurements at several latitudes (Hobbs and Willis 2012; Sanchez-Franks et al. 2021; Dong et al. 2021; Kersalé et al. 2021). Here we provide updates on the MOC and MHT estimates from the Rapid Climate Change/MOC and Heatflux Array/Western Boundary Time Series (RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS) moored array at 26.5°N and from the synthetic approach at 41°N and at several latitudes in the South Atlantic. While updates for the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program and the South Atlantic MOC Basin-wide Array at 34.5°S are pending, we report on recent advances in observing the variability of flows comprising the lower limb of the North Atlantic MOC, including the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE, 16°N).

Published
2023

23. Blending TAC and BUFR Marine In Situ Data for ICOADS Near-Real-Time Release 3.0.2

Author

Liu, Chunying, primary, Freeman, Eric, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Berry, David I., additional, Worley, Steven J., additional, Smith, Shawn R., additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Cram, Thomas, additional, Ji, Zaihua, additional, Ouellet, Mathieu, additional, Gaboury, Isabelle, additional, Oliva, Frank, additional, Andersson, Axel, additional, Angel, William E., additional, Sallis, Angela R., additional, and Adeyeye, Adedoja, additional

Published
2022
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27. Global Oceans, BAMS State of the Climate in 2021, Chapter 3

Author

Johnson, Gregory C., Lumpkin, Rick, Boyer, Tim, Bringas, Francis, Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Fu, Yao, Gao, Meng, Garg, Jay, Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hewitt, Helene T., Hobbs, William R., Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johns, William E., Katsunari, Sato, Kennedy, John J., Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lozier, M. Susan, Lyman, John M., Merrifield, Mark A., Mishonov, Alexey, Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben I., Nerem, R. Steven, Notz, Dirk, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Rayner, Darren, Reagan, James, Schmid, Claudia, Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Thompson, Philip R., Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Willis, Josh K., Yu, Lisan, and Zhang, Huai-Min

Abstract

Patterns of variability in ocean properties are often closely related to large-scale climate pattern indices, and 2021 is no exception. The year 2021 started and ended with La Niña conditions, charmingly dubbed a “double-dip” La Niña. Hence, stronger-than-normal easterly trade winds in the tropical south Pacific drove westward surface current anomalies in the equatorial Pacific; reduced sea surface temperature (SST) and upper ocean heat content in the eastern tropical Pacific; increased sea level, upper ocean heat content, and salinity in the western tropical Pacific; resulted in a rim of anomalously high chlorophyll-a (Chla) on the poleward and westward edges of the anomalously cold SST wedge in the eastern equatorial Pacific; and increased precipitation over the Maritime Continent. The Pacific decadal oscillation remained strongly in a negative phase in 2021, with negative SST and upper ocean heat content anomalies around the eastern and equatorial edges of the North Pacific and positive anomalies in the center associated with low Chla anomalies. The South Pacific exhibited similar patterns. Fresh anomalies in the northeastern Pacific shifted towards the west coast of North America. The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) was weakly negative in 2021, with small positive SST anomalies in the east and nearly-average anomalies in the west. Nonetheless, upper ocean heat content was anomalously high in the west and lower in the east, with anomalously high freshwater flux and low sea surface salinities (SSS) in the east, and the opposite pattern in the west, as might be expected during a negative phase of that climate index. In the Atlantic, the only substantial cold anomaly in SST and upper ocean heat content persisted east of Greenland in 2021, where SSS was also low, all despite the weak winds and strong surface heat flux anomalies into the ocean expected during a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. These anomalies held throughout much of 2021. An Atlantic and Benguela Niño were both evident, with above-average SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Atlantic and the west coast of southern Africa. Over much of the rest of the Atlantic, SSTs, upper ocean heat content, and sea level anomalies were above average. Anthropogenic climate change involves long-term trends, as this year’s chapter sidebars emphasize. The sidebars relate some of the latest IPCC ocean-related assessments (including carbon, the section on which is taking a hiatus from our report this year). This chapter estimates that SST increased at a rate of 0.16–0.19°C decade−1 from 2000 to 2021, 0–2000-m ocean heat content warmed by 0.57–0.73 W m−2 (applied over Earth’s surface area) from 1993 to 2021, and global mean sea level increased at a rate of 3.4 ± 0.4 mm yr−1 from 1993 to 2021. Global mean SST, which is more subject to interannual variations than ocean heat content and sea level, with values typically reduced during La Niña, was ~0.1°C lower in 2021 than in 2020. However, from 2020 to 2021, annual average ocean heat content from 0 to 2000 dbar increased at a rate of ~0.95 W m−2, and global sea level increased by ~4.9 mm. Both were the highest on record in 2021, and with year-on-year increases substantially exceeding their trend rates of recent decades.

Published
2022
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29. Global Oceans

Author

Johnson, Gregory C., primary, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, additional, Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Fu, Yao, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gilson, John, additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hewitt, Helene T., additional, Hobbs, William R., additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, Johns, William E., additional, Katsunari, Sato, additional, Kennedy, John J., additional, Kersalé, Marion, additional, Killick, Rachel E., additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Lozier, M. Susan, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Notz, Dirk, additional, Perez, Renellys C., additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Rayner, Darren, additional, Reagan, James, additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Sweet, William, additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Weller, Robert A., additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Willis, Josh K., additional, Yu, Lisan, additional, and Zhang, Huai-Min, additional

Published
2022
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33. Global Oceans [in “State of the Climate in 2020”]

Author

Johnson, Gregory C., Lumpkin, Rick, Alin, Simone R., Amaya, Dillon J., Baringer, Molly O., Boyer, Tim, Brandt, Peter, Carter, Brendan, Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Collins, Andrew U., Cosca, Cathy, Domingues, Ricardo, Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor E., Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo J., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Herrford, Josefine, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Kennedy, John J., Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lyman, John, Marra, John F., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark, Mitchum, Gary, Moat, Bengamin I., Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys, Purkey, Sarah G., Reagan, James, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Scannell, Hillary A., Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William V., Thompson, Philip R., Trinanes, Joaquin, Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, Zhang, Huai-Min, Johnson, Gregory C., Lumpkin, Rick, Alin, Simone R., Amaya, Dillon J., Baringer, Molly O., Boyer, Tim, Brandt, Peter, Carter, Brendan, Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Collins, Andrew U., Cosca, Cathy, Domingues, Ricardo, Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor E., Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo J., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Herrford, Josefine, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Kennedy, John J., Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lyman, John, Marra, John F., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark, Mitchum, Gary, Moat, Bengamin I., Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys, Purkey, Sarah G., Reagan, James, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Scannell, Hillary A., Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William V., Thompson, Philip R., Trinanes, Joaquin, Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, and Zhang, Huai-Min

Abstract

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102(8), (2021): S143–S198, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1., This chapter details 2020 global patterns in select observed oceanic physical, chemical, and biological variables relative to long-term climatologies, their differences between 2020 and 2019, and puts 2020 observations in the context of the historical record. In this overview we address a few of the highlights, first in haiku, then paragraph form: La Niña arrives, shifts winds, rain, heat, salt, carbon: Pacific—beyond. Global ocean conditions in 2020 reflected a transition from an El Niño in 2018–19 to a La Niña in late 2020. Pacific trade winds strengthened in 2020 relative to 2019, driving anomalously westward Pacific equatorial surface currents. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs), upper ocean heat content, and sea surface height all fell in the eastern tropical Pacific and rose in the western tropical Pacific. Efflux of carbon dioxide from ocean to atmosphere was larger than average across much of the equatorial Pacific, and both chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton carbon concentrations were elevated across the tropical Pacific. Less rain fell and more water evaporated in the western equatorial Pacific, consonant with increased sea surface salinity (SSS) there. SSS may also have increased as a result of anomalously westward surface currents advecting salty water from the east. El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions have global ramifications that reverberate throughout the report., Argo data used in the chapter were collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it. (https://argo.ucsd.edu, https://www.ocean-ops. org). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System. Many authors of the chapter are supported by NOAA Research, the NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, or the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program. • L. Cheng is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (42076202) and Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42040402. • R. E. Killick is supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. PMEL contribution numbers 5214, 5215, 5216, 5217, and 5247.

Published
2022

34. Blending TAC and BUFR Marine in Situ Data for ICOADS Near-Real-Time Release 3.0.2

Author

Liu, Chunying, Freeman, Eric, Kent, Elizabeth C., Berry, David I., Worley, Steven J., Smith, Shawn R., Huang, Boyin, Zhang, Huai-min, Cram, Thomas, Ji, Zaihua, Ouellet, Mathieu, Gaboury, Isabelle, Oliva, Frank, Andersson, Axel, Angel, William E., Sallis, Angela R., Adeyeye, Adedoja, Liu, Chunying, Freeman, Eric, Kent, Elizabeth C., Berry, David I., Worley, Steven J., Smith, Shawn R., Huang, Boyin, Zhang, Huai-min, Cram, Thomas, Ji, Zaihua, Ouellet, Mathieu, Gaboury, Isabelle, Oliva, Frank, Andersson, Axel, Angel, William E., Sallis, Angela R., and Adeyeye, Adedoja

Abstract

This paper describes the new International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) near-real-time (NRT) Release, (R3.0.2), with greatly enhanced completeness over the previous version (R3.0.1). R3.0.1 had been operationally produced monthly from January 2015 onward, with input data from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Telecommunication Systems (GTS) transmissions in the Traditional Alphanumeric Codes (TAC) format. Since the release of R3.0.1, however, many observing platforms have changed, or are in the process of transitioning, to the Binary Universal Form for the Representation (BUFR) of meteorological data format. R3.0.2 combines input data from both BUFR and TAC formats. In this paper, we describe: input data sources; the BUFR decoding process for observations from drifting buoys, moored buoys, and ships; and the data quality control of the TAC and BUFR data streams. We also describe how the TAC and BUFR streams were merged to upgrade R3.0.1 into R3.0.2 with duplicates removed. Finally, we compare the number of reports and spatial coverage of essential climate variables (ECVs) between R3.0.1 and R3.0.2. ICOADS NRT R3.0.2 shows both quantitative and qualitative gains from the inclusion of BUFR reports. The number of observations in R3.0.2 increased by nearly one million reports per month, and the coverage of buoy and ship sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on monthly 2°×2° degree grids increased by 20%. The number of reported ECVs also increased in R3.0.2. For example, observations of SST and sea level pressure (SLP) increased by around 30% and 20%, respectively, as compared to R3.0.1, and salinity is a new addition to the ICOADS NRT product in R3.0.2.

Published
2022

42. Global Oceans

Author

Johnson, Gregory C., primary, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Alin, Simone R., additional, Amaya, Dillon J., additional, Baringer, Molly O., additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Brandt, Peter, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Collins, Andrew U., additional, Cosca, Cathy, additional, Domingues, Ricardo, additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Herrford, Josefine, additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, Kennedy, John J., additional, Kersalé, Marion, additional, Killick, Rachel E., additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Marra, John J., additional, Meinen, Christopher S., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Perez, Renellys C., additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Reagan, James, additional, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, additional, Scannell, Hillary A., additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Scott, Joel P., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Sweet, William, additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Weller, Robert A., additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wilber, Anne C., additional, Yu, Lisan, additional, and Zhang, Huai-Min, additional

Published
2021
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44. State of the climate in 2020, Global Oceans

Author

Johnson, Gregory C., Lumpkin, Rick, Alin, Simone R., Amaya, Dillon J., Baringer, Molly O., Boyer, Tim, Brandt, Peter, Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Collins, Andrew U., Cosca, Cathy, Domingues, Ricardo, Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Herrford, Josefine, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Kennedy, John J., Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lyman, John M., Marra, John J., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben I., Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Reagan, James, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Scannell, Hillary A., Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, Zhang, Huai-Min, Johnson, Gregory C., Lumpkin, Rick, Alin, Simone R., Amaya, Dillon J., Baringer, Molly O., Boyer, Tim, Brandt, Peter, Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Collins, Andrew U., Cosca, Cathy, Domingues, Ricardo, Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Herrford, Josefine, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Kennedy, John J., Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lyman, John M., Marra, John J., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben I., Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Reagan, James, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Scannell, Hillary A., Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, and Zhang, Huai-Min

Abstract

Global Oceans is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2020 annual report and is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1. Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2020 is based on contributions from scientists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instruments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

Published
2021

45. Global Oceans

Author

Johnson, Gregory C., Lumpkin, Rick, Alin, Simone R., Amaya, Dillon J., Baringer, Molly O., Boyer, Tim, Brandt, Peter, Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Collins, Andrew U., Cosca, Cathy, Domingues, Ricardo, Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Herrford, Josefine, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Kennedy, John J., Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lyman, John M., Marra, John J., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben I., Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Reagan, James, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Scannell, Hillary A., Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, Zhang, Huai-Min, Johnson, Gregory C., Lumpkin, Rick, Alin, Simone R., Amaya, Dillon J., Baringer, Molly O., Boyer, Tim, Brandt, Peter, Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Collins, Andrew U., Cosca, Cathy, Domingues, Ricardo, Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Herrford, Josefine, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Kennedy, John J., Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lyman, John M., Marra, John J., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben I., Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Reagan, James, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Scannell, Hillary A., Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, and Zhang, Huai-Min

Published
2021
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49. Global Oceans

Author

Lumpkin, Rick, Baringer, Molly, Bif, Mariana B., Boyer, Tim, Bushinsky, Seth M., Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Chiba, Sanai, Dai, Minhan, Domingues, Catia M., Dong, Shenfu, Fassbender, Andrea J., Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johns, William E., Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Kennedy, John, Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lee, Tong, Leuliette, Eric, Li, Feili, Lindstrom, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lozier, Susan, Lyman, John M., Marra, John J., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben, Monselesan, Didier, Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Rayner, Darren, Reagan, James, Rome, Nicholas, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Send, Uwe, Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Speich, Sabrina, Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Takeshita, Yuichiro, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Visbeck, Martin, Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, Yu, Weidong, Zhang, Huai-Min, Lumpkin, Rick, Baringer, Molly, Bif, Mariana B., Boyer, Tim, Bushinsky, Seth M., Carter, Brendan R., Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Chiba, Sanai, Dai, Minhan, Domingues, Catia M., Dong, Shenfu, Fassbender, Andrea J., Feely, Richard A., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johns, William E., Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Kennedy, John, Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Landschützer, Peter, Lankhorst, Matthias, Lee, Tong, Leuliette, Eric, Li, Feili, Lindstrom, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lozier, Susan, Lyman, John M., Marra, John J., Meinen, Christopher S., Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben, Monselesan, Didier, Nerem, R. Steven, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Rayner, Darren, Reagan, James, Rome, Nicholas, Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Schmid, Claudia, Scott, Joel P., Send, Uwe, Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Speich, Sabrina, Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Takeshita, Yuichiro, Thompson, Philip R., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Visbeck, Martin, Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Yu, Lisan, Yu, Weidong, and Zhang, Huai-Min

Abstract

Global Oceans is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2019 annual report and is avail-able from https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0105.1. Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2019 is based on contr1ibutions from scien-tists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instru-ments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org /10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.

Published
2020

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