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The engine room is the core area of a ship, critical to its operation, safety, and efficiency. Currently, many researchers merely address the ship engine room layout design (SERLD) problem using optimization algorithms and independent layout strategies. However, the engine room environment is complex, involving two significantly different challenges: equipment layout and pipe layout. Traditional methods fail to achieve optimal collaborative layout objectives. To address this research gap, this paper proposes a collaborative layout method that combines improved reinforcement learning and heuristic algorithms. For equipment layout, the engine room space is first discretized into a grid, and a Markov decision process (MDP) framework suitable for equipment layout is proposed, including state space, action space, and reward mechanisms suitable for equipment layout. An improved adaptive guided multi-agent Q-learning (AGMAQL) algorithm is employed to train the layout model in a centralized manner, with enhancements made to the agent's exploration state, exploration action, and learning strategy. For pipe layout, this paper proposes an improved adaptive trajectory artificial fish swarm algorithm (ATAFSA). This algorithm incorporates a hybrid encoding method, adaptive strategy, scouting strategy, and parallel optimization strategy, resulting in enhanced stability, accuracy, and problem adaptability. Subsequently, by comprehensively considering layout objectives and engine room attributes, a collaborative layout method incorporating hierarchical and adaptive weight strategies is proposed. This method optimizes in phases according to the layout objectives and priorities of different stages, achieving multi-level optimal layouts and providing designers with various reference schemes with different focuses. Finally, based on a typical real-world engine room engineering case, various leading algorithms and strategies are tested and compared. The results show that the proposed AGMAQL-ATAFSA (AGMAQL-ATA) exhibits robustness, efficiency, and engineering practicality. Compared to previous research methods and algorithms, the final layout quality improved overall: equipment layout effectiveness increased by over 4.0%, pipe optimization efficiency improved by over 40.4%, and collaborative layout effectiveness enhanced by over 2.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cylindrical shell structures have excellent structural properties and load-bearing capacities in fields such as aerospace, marine engineering, and nuclear power. However, under high-pressure conditions, cylindrical shells are prone to cracking due to impact, corrosion, and fatigue, leading to a reduction in structural strength or failure. This paper proposes a static modeling method for damaged liquid-filled cylindrical shells based on the extended finite element method (XFEM). It investigated the impact of different initial crack angles on the crack propagation path and failure process of liquid-filled cylindrical shells, overcoming the difficulties of accurately simulating stress concentration at crack tips and discontinuities in the propagation path encountered in traditional finite element methods. Additionally, based on fluid-structure interaction theory, a dynamic model for damaged liquid-filled cylindrical shells was established, analyzing the changes in pressure and flow state of the fluid during crack propagation. Experimental results showed that although the initial crack angle had a slight effect on the crack propagation path, the crack ultimately extended along both sides of the main axis of the cylindrical shell. When the initial crack angle was 0°, the crack propagation path was more likely to form a through-crack, with the highest penetration rate, whereas when the initial crack angle was 75°, the crack propagation speed was slower. After fluid entered the cylindrical shell, it spurted along the crack propagation path, forming a wave crest at the initial ejection position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trim optimization is an available approach for the energy saving and emission reduction of a ship. As a ship sails on the water, the draft and trim undergo constant changes due to the consumption of fuel oil and other consumables. As a result, the selection of the initial trim is important if ballasting or shifting liquid among the tanks is not considered during a voyage. According to the characteristics of ship navigation and maneuvering, a practical trim optimization method is proposed to identify the Optimal Trim over a Whole Voyage (OTWV) which makes the fuel consumption of the voyage minimum. The calculations of speed vs. draft and trim surfaces are created according to hull resistance data generated by CFD, model tests, or real ship measurements, and these surfaces are used to calculate the OTWV. Ultimately, a trim and Main Engine (ME) power joint optimization method is developed based on the OTWV to make the total fuel consumption minimum for a voyage with a fixed length and travel time. A 307000 DWT VLCC is taken as an example to validate the practicality and effect of the two proposed optimization methods. The trim optimization example indicates that the OTWV could save up to 1.2% of the total fuel consumption compared to the Optimal Trim at Initial Draft (OTID). The trim and ME power joint optimization results show that the proposed method could steadily find the optimal trim and ME power combination, and the OTWV could save up to 1.0% fuel consumption compared to the OTID in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a reproductive system disease that occurs in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. However, its etiology is unclear. Melatonin (MT) has been identified as a therapeutic agent for EC; however, its exact mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we determined that GATA‐binding protein 2 (GATA2) is expressed at low levels in EC and regulated by MT. MT upregulates the expression of GATA2 through MT receptor 1A (MTNR1A), whereas GATA2 can promote the expression of MTNR1A by binding to its promoter region. In addition, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that MT inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of EC cells by upregulating GATA2 expression. The protein kinase B (AKT) pathway was also affected. In conclusion, these findings suggest that MT and GATA2 play significant roles in EC development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GALNT4 belongs to a family of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, which catalyze the transfer of GalNAc to Serine or Threonine residues in the initial step of mucin-type O-linked protein glycosylation. This glycosylation type is the most complex post-translational modification of proteins, playing important roles during cellular differentiation and in pathological disorders. Most of the breast cancer subtypes are estrogen receptor positive, and hence, the estrogen pathway represents a key regulatory network. We investigated the expression of GalNAc-T4 in a panel of mammary epithelial cell lines and found its expression is associated with the estrogen status of the cells. FOXA1, a key transcription factor, functions to promote estrogen responsive gene expression by acting as a cofactor to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), but all the aspects of this regulatory mechanism are not fully explored. This study found that knockdown of GALNT4 expression in human breast cancer cells attenuated the protein expression of ERα, FOXA1, and Cyclin D1. Further, our immunoprecipitation assays depicted the possibility of FOXA1 to undergo O-GalNAc modifications with a decrease of GalNAc residues in the GALNT4 knockdown cells and also impairment in the FOXA1-ERα association. Rescuing GALNT4 expression could restore the interaction as well as the glycosylation of FOXA1. Together, these findings suggest a key role for GalNAc-T4 in the estrogen pathway through FOXA1 glycosylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: O -linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine ( O -GlcNAc) modification is a post-translational modification in which a single O -GlcNAc is added to serine or threonine residues in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in a variety of physiological processes., Objectives: In the present study, the role of O -GlcNAcylation in embryo implantation was evaluated. Furthermore, whether O -GlcNAcylation is involved in orchestrating glucose metabolism to influence endometrial cell physiological functions was investigated., Methods: Different endometrial tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry. Pregnant mouse models were established to verify molecular expression. O -GlcNAc transferase and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) knockdown were used to detect embryo implantation efficiency in vitro and in vivo . Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect protein expression and stability. Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to verify the binding transcription factor. Glycolysis was detected using bioenergy analyzer, and metabolites were analyzed using isotope 13C-labeled LC-MS. Metabolic-related genes were determined using RNA sequencing., Results: Activation of endometrial hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) caused elevated O -GlcNAcylation during the window of implantation, affecting endometrial cell function and embryo implantation. Specifically, elevated O -GlcNAcylation increased glucose uptake via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) leading to glucose metabolic flow into the pentose phosphate pathways and HBP, which regulate the metabolic reprogramming of endometrial cells. Furthermore, O -GlcNAcylation mediated the intracellular transport of glycerol to support and compensate for glycolysis through regulation of AQP3. Unexpectedly, elevated AQP3 also increased glucose uptake via GLUT1. These processes maintained higher metabolic requirements for endometrial physiology. Furthermore, the transcription factor SP1 specifically bound to the AQP3 promoter region, and O -GlcNAcylation of SP1 increased its stability and transcriptional regulation of AQP3 which is associated with O -GlcNAcylation of SP1., Conclusion: Overall, O -GlcNAcylation regulated glucose metabolism in endometrial cells, and AQP3-mediated compensation provides new insights into the communication between glycolysis and O -GlcNAcylation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University.)