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Background. This study was aimed at systematically evaluating the clinical effect and safety of Xiao’er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) in children and providing evidence-based references for clinical application. Methods. The databases like Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China Network Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, PubMed, EmBase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically investigated via searching clinical trials about Xiao’er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid in treating MPP from the establishment of these databases to Jun 8, 2020, the valid data from which were entered meta-analysis. The quality of evidence was assessed by GRADE criteria. Results. Totally, 15 trials and 1500 patients were involved in this review. It showed that clinical efficacy of trial group was more superior than control group at the outcome measures of cough disappearance time, lung rale disappearance time, fever subsidence time, total effective rate, lung X-ray infiltrates disappearing time, reduction of hospital stay, immunological indexes, and some other measures. And the differences between groups were statistically significant. There was no statistical difference in the adverse effects between two groups. Lung X-ray infiltrates disappearing time and cough disappearance time were separately high- and moderate-quality evidences while lung rale disappearance time and fever subsidence time were all low in accordance with GRADE criteria. Conclusions. In accordance with trials with low methodological quality, Xiao’er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid combined with azithromycin seems to be safe and superior to azithromycin alone for the treatment of MPP in children. However, further trials with rigorous methodology need to be implemented for these potential benefits.

We present a global optimization method, called the simulated annealing, to the ground state energies of excitons. The proposed method does not require the partial derivatives with respect to each variational parameter or solving an eigenequation, so the present method is simpler in software programming than the variational method, and overcomes the major difficulties. The ground state energies of ionized-donor-bound excitons (D+, X) have been calculated variationally for all values of effective electron-to-hole mass ratio σ. They are compared with those obtained by the variational method. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed method is simple, accurate, and has more advantages than the traditional methods in calculation.

We present the new predictor-corrector methods for systems of nonlinear differential equations, based on the method of exponential time differencing. We compare the present schemes with the explicit multistep exponential time differencing and Adams–Bashforth–Moulton method. The numerical results show that the schemes are more accurate and more efficient than Adams predictor-corrector method. The exponential time differencing method has been developed and perfected by the present studies.

In this paper we tried to analyse agricultural land use changes in Beijing metropolitan region on the basis of available statistics and mesh data from 1978 to 1997. and make clear their spatio-temporal structure and driving forces. According to a series of analyses through these data, we could conclude that spatio-temporal changes of agricultural land use including agricultural productivity have had some sectorial differences rather than concentric differences since the 1980s. The sectorial structure of cultivated land is closely related to the distribution of land conditions such as mountains, hills, lower hills and lowlands, so that distributional patterns of agricultural land use are essentially determined by land conditions as one of driving forces. As regards food crops cultivation, its sectorial structure is closely related to the complex of land conditions, urbanisation, industrialisation, policies, infrastructure and innovation as driving forces. Although the sectorial structure in terms of vegetables cultivation is also closely related to available land conditions and urbanisation, it is more important for their production to develop or not to develop alternative economic activities with the growth of urbanisation and socialistic market economy. On the other hand, the sectorial structure of fruits production is most closely related to the enlargement of profitability with the growth of urbanisation and socialistic market economy rather than available land conditions and alternative economic activities. Following our discussion, it seems to be conclude that sectorial differences of agricultural land use changes in Beijing metropolitan region have been generally presented since the 1980s. This sectorial structure has been closely related to the complex of some driving forces that were consisted of land conditions, agricultural policies including the progress of infrastructure and innovation, and the alternative economic activity such as village and township enterprises, and urbanisation such as the growth of internal migration and metropolitan markets. Combination of these driving forces in one sector is distinctly different from that in other sectors, so that it leads to sectorial differences of agricultural land use changes.

In this paper we tried to identify land use and cover changes in the northern part of Huabei (North China) plain with map analysis and make clear their characteristics. This study area is located at 115 to 117 degrees 30 minutes east longitude and 30 to 40 degrees north latitude, and about 40,000 square kilometres in size. This area includes two large cities of both Beijing and Tianjin. and the mountains and their foots, hills, alluvial fans, diluvial upland, alluvial lowland, and marshes are almost regularly distributed from the west to the east. Based on a series of our analysis and consideration, there were eight main trends in terms of land use and cover changes: the conversion of dry fields into urban land use and paddy fields, the conversion of wasteland into dry fields, grassland and broadleaved forest, the conversion of marshy land into dry fields, the other conversion and no conversion. The most dominant trend was no conversion among them, so that there were not land use and cover changes at all in Huabei plain without metropolitan and mountainous areas. While the conversion of dry fields into either urban land use or paddy fields was more dominant in and around metropolitan areas, the conversion of wasteland into dry fields, grassland and broadleaved forest in mountainous and hilly regions. These types of the conversion have been mainly affected with socio-economic and political conditions which consisted of the institution of landholding system, the practice of agricultural and economic policies, the arrangement of agricultural infrastructure, the reclamation and the improvement of farmland, the innovation of farming technology, the advancement of urbanisation and industrialisation, the increase of population and its internal migration, the changes of eating habits, the utilisation of natural resources, and the level of economic development. In concluding, we should note that the conversion of land use and cover can be explained with some factors in terms of policy, population, urbanisation, technology and resources.