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In order to solve the problem that it is difficult to accurately detect the geological factors causing disasters, the seismic channel wave exploration technology is used to detect the geological factors such as the thickness of coal seam and faults in 11061 working face of Yi’an Mining Industry. Through the analysis of the dispersion curve, we select the appropriate channel wave frequency, carry out short-time Fourier transform on the channel wave train, extract the traveling time of the channel wave in the frequency domain and carry out CT imaging, obtain the isoline map of the channel wave speed, fit the wave speed with the actual exposed thickness of the coal seam, and then obtain the isopach map of the coal seam; through the analysis of the channel wave ray distribution map, it is determined that there are no faults within the working face with a drop greater than 1/2 coal thickness. Through the mining verification, the actual mining situation is basically consistent with the exploration results. The mine optimizes the local outburst prevention measures according to the exploration results, and there is no abnormal gas emission during the mining process; the monthly production plan is adjusted according to the thickness change of the coal seam to ensure the stability of the production.

We study the role of reporting systems in the context of bank runs. In our model, a bank receives an early but imprecise estimate of its investment performance, and its financial reporting system generates a report. We find that, from a financial-stability standpoint, the optimal reporting system requires full disclosure when the bank's early estimate is below a certain threshold, but no disclosure otherwise. Importantly, such optimal reporting threshold should be tailored to the bank's exposure to bank-run risk. In particular, the threshold is nonmonotonic and U-shaped in the bank-run risk. We also relate our results to current accounting standards and discuss their implications for policy-making and empirical research. JEL Classifications: G21; G28; M41; M48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this monograph, I advocate and illustrate an emerging stream of accounting literature that deploys economic models to study issues of accounting disclosure by banking institutions. To motivate the focus on a specific industry (banking), I identify two banking specificities: first, banks are fragile to the risk of runs due to their economic roles in liquidity creation, and second, banks are heavily regulated due to a desire to protect uninformed and dispersed depositors. More importantly, I show that considering these banking specificities, accounting disclosure by banks can play a prominent role in influencing the stability and the efficiency of the banking system. I present workhorse models that can be adapted as building blocks to capture the roles of accounting disclosure in the banking industry. I also draw on recent studies to illustrate specific accounting applications of the workhorse models and discuss their potential to generate implications that inform policy debates and empirical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how provisioning models interact with bank regulation to affect banks' risk‐taking behavior. We study an accuracy versus timeliness trade‐off between an incurred loss model (IL) and an expected loss model (EL) such as current expected credit loss model or International Financial Reporting Standards 9. Relative to IL, even though EL improves efficiency by prompting earlier corrective action in bad times, it induces banks to originate either safer or riskier loans. Trading off ex post benefits versus ex ante real effects, we show that more timely information under EL enhances efficiency either when banks are insufficiently capitalized or when regulatory intervention is likely to be effective. Conversely, when banks are moderately capitalized and regulatory intervention is sufficiently costly, switching to EL impairs efficiency. From a policy perspective, our analysis highlights the roles that regulatory capital and the effectiveness of regulatory intervention play in determining the economic consequences of provisioning models. EL spurs credit supply and improves financial stability in economies where intervening in banks' operations is relatively frictionless and/or regulators can tailor regulatory capital to incorporate information about credit losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a model to study how auditing standards affect audit quality. We posit that both auditors' incentives and expertise are relevant for audit effectiveness. Auditing standards are useful in mitigating the auditors' possible misalignment of interest with investors. However, auditing standards also restrict auditors' exercise of professional judgment, which, in turn, leads to compliance mentality and reduces auditors' incentives to become competent in the first place. We identify the conditions under which stricter auditing standards increase or decrease audit quality. Moreover, stricter auditing standards always increase audit fees, but can benefit auditors at firms' expense. The model also generates many testable empirical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines banks' choice between fair-value and historical-cost accounting when reported accounting information is used in capital requirement regulation. We center our analysis on a key difference between fair-value and historical-cost accounting: the frequency with which asset value changes are reported. We show that the elasticity of banks' loan returns to aggregate lending is a critical determinant of the interaction between capital adequacy requirements and accounting choices. If lending returns are inelastic, then higher capital requirements reduce fair-value usage. By contrast, higher capital requirements encourage fair value if capital requirements are low and lending returns are sufficiently elastic. In equilibrium, banks may elect different accounting choices, and we find that mandating uniform adoption of historical cost (fair value) is desirable when capital requirements are loose (tight). Our study offers many other implications about fundamental links between accounting and prudential choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study firms' investment in internal controls to reduce accounting manipulation. We first show that peer managers' manipulation decisions are strategic complements: one manager manipulates more if he believes that reports of peer firms are more likely to be manipulated. As a result, one firm's investment in internal controls has a positive externality on peer firms. It reduces its own manager's manipulation, which, in turn, mitigates the manipulation pressure on managers at peer firms. Firms do not internalize this positive externality and, thus, underinvest in their internal controls over financial reporting. The problem of underinvestment provides one justification for regulatory intervention in firms' internal controls choices. JEL Classifications: G18; M41; M48; K22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the social value of accounting objectivity in maintaining financial stability. Building on an early influential accounting study by Ijiri and Jaedicke (1966), we operationalize two informational properties, accuracy (free of collective bias) and objectivity (degree of consensus), in a correlated information structure and embed them into a model of runs on financial institutions. We show that when compared with the accuracy property, the objectivity property exhibits an advantage in mitigating inefficient panic-based runs. In fact, it is possible that improving objectivity discourages such runs, whereas improving accuracy encourages them. Our model also sheds light on the design of optimal accounting systems to enhance objectivity. We find that to generate a more objective accounting report, accounting systems should be designed to be less vulnerable to intentional managerial intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal changes in soil microbial communities along an annual precipitation were investigated by using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis from samples collected in summer and winter in 2009 from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Total PLFA concentration, which is indicative of microbial biomass, was high in summer and low in winter suggest that seasonal changes have significant effects on soil microbial biomass, mainly affected by precipitation other than temperature. What's more, bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and actinomycetes biomass was significant high in summer than that in winter suggest that precipitation had various effects on soil microbial communities in different seasons. In different soil depths, precipitation had different effects on microbial communities. Precipitation had significantly positively correction with bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and actinomycetes biomass in four soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40 cm) in summer. But in winter, precipitation had a long-term effect on soil microbial communities, and it was only strongly positive with the bacteria and fungi-PLFAs in the 0-10 cm soil surface, and not significantly correlation with precipitation in 10-40 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]