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Purpose Bulimia nervosa (BN)is characterized by recurrent binge-eating episodes and inappropriate compensatory behaviors. This study investigated alterations in resting-state surface-based neural activity in BN patients and explored correlations between brain activity and eating behavior. Methods A total of 26 BN patients and 28 healthy controls were enrolled. Indirect measurement of cerebral cortical activity and functional connectivity (FC) analyses were performed in Surfstat. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was used to capture the commonalities within the behavioral questionnaires from the BN group. Results Compared with the healthy control group, the BN group showed decreased surface-based two-dimensional regional homogeneityin the right superior parietal lobule (SPL). Additionally, the BN group showed decreased FC between the right SPL and the bilateral lingual gyrus and increased FC between the right SPL and the left caudate nucleus and right putamen. In the FC-behaviorassociation analysis, the second principal component (PC2) was negatively correlated with FC between the right SPL and the left caudate nucleus. The third principal component (PC3) was negatively correlated with FC between the right SPL and the left lingual gyrus and positively correlated with FC between the right SPL and the right lingual gyrus. Conclusion We revealed that the right SPL undergoes reorganization with respect to specific brain regions at the whole-brain level in BN. In addition, our results suggest a correlation between brain reorganization and maladaptive eating behavior. These findings may provide useful information to better understand the neural mechanisms of BN. Level of evidence Level V, descriptive study.

Aim The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of objective and subjective psychosis-like experiences (PLEs) in non-help-seeking college students and to explore their differential contributions to suicidal ideation. Methods First-year college students were recruited and surveyed with the Chinese version of the 16-item Prodromal Questionnaire (CPQ-16), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI). The Structured Interview of Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS) was conducted in individuals with a CPQ-16 score of 9 or higher. Results Data were available for 8367 students. Three hundred and seventy of them scored 9 or higher on the CPQ-16, suggesting potential PLEs (4.42%). Among them, 194 agreed to the SIPS screening. The PLEs were confirmed in 103 individuals who scored 1-5 on any positive symptom scales of the SIPS (objective PLEs, oPLEs). For the remaining 91 individuals, their PLEs were not confirmed by the SIPS and thus were categorized as individuals with subjective PLEs (sPLEs). In univariate logistic regression, oPLEs was associated with a two times risk of suicidal ideation compared to sPLEs (OR = 1.971, p = .029). In multivariate logistic regression when non-PLE status was set as a reference, oPLEs significantly predicted suicidal ideation (OR = 3.441, p = .011), while the sPLEs (OR = 2.277, p = .091) was no longer a significant predictor after controlling for PHQ-9, GAD-7 and CPQ-SF scores. Conclusions OPLEs and sPLEs have differential contributions to suicidal ideation. OPLEs seems to be associated with a higher risk of suicidal ideation and is independent of other psychopathology.

Background The undergraduate program of psychiatry has been widely established in recent years to improve the education and recruitment of psychiatrists in China. We aim to investigate the career choice of medical students majoring in psychiatry in China and the influential factors. Method This multicenter study was conducted in 26 medical schools in China from May to October of 2019. Participants included 4610 medical students majoring in psychiatry and 3857 medical students majoring in clinical medicine. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the influential factors of students’ choices of psychiatry at matriculation and as a career. Results 44.08% of psychiatry majored students gave psychiatry as a first choice at matriculation, and 56.67% of them would choose psychiatry as a career, which was in sharp contrast to the proportion of clinical medicine majored students who would choose psychiatry as a career (0.69%). Personal interest (59.61%), suggestions from family members (27.96%), and experiencing mental problems (23.19%) were main reasons for choosing psychiatry major at matriculation. Personal interest (odds ratio [OR] = 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.87–2.40), experiencing a psychiatry clerkship (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.28–3.08), being female (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.30–1.68), experiencing mental problems (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.28–1.56), and suggestions from family members (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.08–1.46) correlated positively with students’ choice of psychiatry as career. Students who lacked psychiatry knowledge (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29–0.85) or chose psychiatry because of lower admission scores (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.63–0.97) were less likely to choose psychiatry as a career. Conclusion More than half of psychiatry majored medical school students planned to choose psychiatry as their career, whereas very few students in the clinic medicine major would make this choice. Increasing students’ interest in psychiatry, strengthening psychiatry clerkships, and popularizing psychiatric knowledge are modifiable factors to increase the psychiatry career intention. The extent to which medical students’ attitudes toward psychiatry can be changed through medical school education and greater exposure to psychiatry will need further investigation.

This study aimed to identify neuroimaging predictors to predict the response of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) based on indices of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).Fifty patients with OCD were enrolled and allocated to either high or low responder groups after CBT using a 50 % response rate as the delineator. The pre-treatment amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional ALFF (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and degree centrality (DC) in each cerebrum region, defined by automated anatomical labeling atlas, were extracted. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and logistic regression were used to select features and establish models.The combination of multilevel rs-fMRI indices achieved the best performance, with a cross-validation area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.900. In this combined model, an increase of interquartile range (IQR) in fALFF of right inferior orbital frontal gyrus (IOFG), and ReHo of left hippocampus and superior occipital gyrus (SOG) corresponded to a 26.52 %, 38.67 % and 24.38 % increase in the possibility to be high responders of CBT, respectively. ALFF of left thalamus and ReHo of left putamen were negatively associated with the response to CBT, with a 14.30 % and 19.91 % decrease per IQR increase of the index value.The combination of ALFF, fALFF and ReHo achieved a better predictive performance than separate index. Pre-treatment ALFF of the left thalamus, fALFF of the right IOFG, ReHo of the left hippocampus, SOG and putamen can be used as predictors of CBT response.

As an important part of the national economy, small enterprises are now facing the problem of financing difficulties, so a scientific and reasonable credit rating method for small enterprises is very important. This paper proposes a credit rating model of small enterprises based on optimal discriminant ability; the credit score gap of small enterprises within the same credit rating is the smallest, and the credit score gap of small enterprises between different credit ratings is the largest, which is the dividing principle of credit rating of small enterprises based on the optimal discriminant ability. Based on this principle, a nonlinear optimization model for credit rating division of small enterprises is built, and the approximate solution of the model is solved by a recursive algorithm with strong reproducibility and clear structure. The small enterprise credit rating division not only satisfies the principle that the higher the credit grade, the lower the default loss rate, but also satisfies the principle that the credit group of small enterprises matches the credit grade, with credit data of 3111 small enterprises from a commercial bank for empirical analysis. The innovation of this study is the maximum ratio of the sum of the dispersions of credit scores between different credit ratings and the sum of the dispersions of credit scores within the same credit rating as the objective function, as well as the default loss rate of the next credit grade strictly larger than the default loss rate of the previous credit grade as the inequality constraint; a nonlinear credit rating optimal partition model is constructed. It ensures that the small enterprises with small credit score gap are of the same credit grade, while the small enterprises with large credit score gap are of different credit grades, overcoming the disadvantages of the existing research that only considers the small enterprises with large credit score gap and ignores the small enterprises with small credit score gap. The empirical results show that the credit rating of small enterprises in this study not only matches the reasonable default loss rate but also matches the credit status of small enterprises. The test and comparative analysis with the existing research based on customer number distribution, K-means clustering, and default pyramid division show that the credit rating model in this study is reasonable and the distribution of credit score interval is more stable.

Background: The abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants has continued to increase, leading to new challenges to human health. However, the effects of the abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants on brain functional networks are unclear. The aim of the current study was to use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), a technique that is used to study the brain’s intrinsic functional organization, to characterize the brain functional architecture influenced by amphetamine-type stimulant abuse. Methods: The present study recruited seventeen male amphetamine-type stimulant abusers (ATSAs) and twenty-two healthy male controls. We used degree centrality (DC) and seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses to identify brain functional architecture differences between ATSAs and healthy controls (HCs). Results: The ATSA group showed a decreased DC, especially in a large cluster including the right anterior, middle, and posterior insula. Furthermore, seed-based RSFC analyses revealed decreased functional connectivity in a network composed of the right posterior insula, medial prefrontal cortex, visual and sensorimotor cortices as well as in a network composed of the right middle insula and visual cortices in the ATSA group. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that the resting-state brain functional architecture is disrupted in amphetamine-type stimulant abusers from a network perspective.

Logical control method is used for the position control of pneumatic clutch actuator of Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) trucks. The control input is the PWM duty ratio of 4 pneumatic valves, and the feedback signals are tracking displacement and velocity. By building the clutch model using software AMESim and then combined with MATLAB/Simulink through co-simulation, the control logic is calibrated. Finally, the well-tuned control law is used for experimental tests. Through the engagement and disengagement control under different conditions, the feasibility of the actuator control strategy is verified.

No study has examined the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on moderate-severe major depressive disorders (MDD) in China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CBT, antidepressants alone (MED), combined CBT and antidepressants (COMB) and standard treatment (ST; i.e., receiving psycho-educational intervention and/or medication treatment determined by treating psychiatrists) on depressive symptoms and social functioning in Chinese patients with moderate-severe MDD.A total of 180 patients diagnosed with MDD according to ICD-10 were randomly allocated to one of the four treatment regimens for a period of 6 months. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (C-QIDS-SR). Remission threshold was defined as a C-QIDS-SR total score of5. Social functioning was evaluated with the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS). All outcome measures were evaluated at entry, and at 3- and 6-months follow-up.At the 6-months assessment, the remission rates in the whole sample (n=96), the MED, the CBT, the COMB and the ST groups were 54.2%, 48%, 75%, 53.5% and 50%, respectively. Following the treatment periods, there was no significant difference in any of the study outcomes between the four groups. However, the CBT showed the greatest effect in the HAMD total score with the effect size=0.94, whereas the ST has only a moderate effect size in the WSAS total score (effect size=0.47).The findings support the feasibility and effectiveness of CBT as a psychosocial intervention for Chinese patients with moderate-severe MDD. We also found that single treatment using MED or CBT performed equally well as the combined CBT-antidepressant treatment in controlling the remission. The study provided important knowledge to inform the mental health care planning in China.

The present study explored the conversion rate in individuals with Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS) and potential predictor for transition in China. Sixty-three participants were identified as APS were followed up six months later. The results showed that 17% of individuals with APS converted to psychosis. The converters exhibited poorer emotional experience and expression than the non-converters at baseline. A further binary logistic regression analysis showed that emotional experience could predict the transition (Wald = 4.18, p = 0.041, 95% CI = 1.04~6.82). The current study suggested an important role of emotional processing in the prediction of the development of full-blown psychosis.

The present study explored the conversion rate in individuals with Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS) and potential predictor for transition in mainland China. Sixty-three participants identified as APS were followed up 6 months later. The results showed that 17% of individuals with APS converted to full-blown psychosis. The converters exhibited significantly poorer emotional experience and expression than the non-converters at baseline. A further binary logistic regression analysis showed that emotional experience could predict the transition (Wald = 4.18, p = 0.041, 95% CI = 1.04~6.82). The present study suggests an important role of emotional processing in the prediction of the development of full-blown psychosis.

In this paper, we make a theoretical analysis for the two-mass feeder. The dynamic model of the two-mass feeder is established. According to the analysis of vibration equations, the reasons that lead to forward and backward swing of the feeder are found. We collect a large number of experimental data in order to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis, and give the corresponding improvements. The results provide a strong scientific basis for the examiner and the improvement of structural design, making the design become more rational.

The reaction of heteroaroyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl azide was investigated and a series of potential bioactive compounds, 1-glucopyranosyl-4-heterocyclic-5-heteroaryl-1,2,3-triazoles, were obtained in good yields. Both the reaction rate and the yield were strongly affected by the heteroaryl and heterocyclic groups. In order to improve their water solubility, the deprotection of 1-glucopyranosyl-4-heterocyclic-5-heteroaryl-1,2,3-triazole was carried out. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:242–247, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10023

This research focuses on the energy absorption abilities of a four-spoke aluminum steering wheel armature using finite element methods. Finite element model verification was completed with experimental impact testing investigating impacts between a rigid plate and a four-spoke steering wheel. An acceptable correlation between the experimental testing observations and numerical simulation results was observed which suggests that information obtained from finite element simulations can be used to assess the energy absorbing abilities of the armature and of its regions during the impact. Information on the strain energy absorbed by the various regions of the armature can only be determined using numerical methods, experimental procedures can only provide information for the entire an-nature during the collision. To gain further insight into the energy absorption capabilities of different parts of the armature, highly detailed finite element models were developed and 25 numerical simulations were conducted under different impact conditions (investigating variations in the column angle and wheel angle). The simulations have shown that the steering wheel armature absorbs more energy under a high column angle and the rim region absorbs more energy compared with all other steering wheel regions. These observations provide an understanding into the characteristics of energy management in crash situations for the steering wheel armature. Language: en

The synthesis of fluoroheterocyclic ketene aminals was investigated. Fluorobenzyl ketene dithioacetals 1c reacted with nitric acid in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to give compound 2c. 1 reacted with diamines to afford 3–4. C-fluorobenzylation of 3–4 give the corresponding 5–8.

A series of potential bioactive compounds, 1-glucosyl-4-heterocyclyl-5-(p-substituted-phenyl)-1,2,3-triazoles , were synthesized. Highly stereoselective products were obtained in good yield. Primary activity screening showed that this type of N-glucosylic compound possessed antitumour and antiviral activities.

Heterocyclic ketene aminals 1 or 2 reacted with N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride 3 in the presence of sodium hydride to afford N-sulfanilyl heterocyclic ketene aminals 4 or 5 regiospecifically.

The stereoselective synthesis of O-galactosides of benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals was investigated. The benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals 1–4 reacted with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl- α - d -galactopyranosyl bromide ( 5 ) in the presence of calcium hydride to give O-galactosides of benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals 6–9 with the Z-configuration. In comparison, 1–2 reacted with 5 in the presence of mercuric cyanide to give O-galactosides of benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals 10–11 with the E-configuration. Satisfactory results have been obtained in terms of both stereoselectivity and yield, and the β -anomers are the sole products.

The purpose of the bank's credit risk rating is to reveal the credit risk level of the different banks. Based on rating index system of bank credit risk, the paper firstly uses the differential weighting method of the variation coefficient in order to determine objective weight effect sizes, then establishes calculation model of bank credit risk comprehensive scores, lastly uses optimum partition method to establish rating model of bank credit risk. The empirical results of rating model show that composite score of credit risk can be divided into five credit ratings and can not be divided into nine credit ratings. The contributions of this paper are to establish rating model of bank credit risk based on differential weighting method and optimum partition method and to solve the rating problem of credit risk of commercial banks.

Because farmer loans have some features including a small amount loan, incomplete financial information, and large mobility, establishing a credit risk evaluation model that reflects characteristics of farmer loans has great significance for risk management of commercial banks. This paper uses projection pursuit model to nonlinearly transform multiple evaluation indicators into a single indicator of credit risk, establishes measure model of credit risk for farmer loans. Moreover, the greater squared value of projection weights, the greater impact on credit risk for farmer loans. So this paper makes use of squared value of projection weights to obtain effect sizes of risk factors. The results show that the skills of lenders and their families have the largest effect on credit risk for farmer loans.

The synthesis and reactions of glycopyranosyl heterocyclic ketene aminals were investigated. Under mild conditions, the benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals 3 or 4 underwent O-glycosylation with tetra- O -acetyl- α - d -glucopyranosyl bromide (1) using mercuric cyanide or silver trifluoromethanesulfonate as catalyst in acetonitrile to give O-glycopyranosyl heterocyclic ketene aminals 5–7 and 8–11 , respectively. The β-anomers were the sole products. By the O-glycosylation of heterocyclic ketene aminals with 1 , the O-attack of heterocyclic ketene aminals was carried out for the first time. Some of 5–11 in the synthesis of oligosaccharides 14 and 15 can provide a valuable leaving group at the anomeric position of the glycopyranosyl ring. Compounds 6c or 10c may be potentially useful as glycosyl donors in the synthesis of oligosaccharides.

This study aimed to examine verbal and visual-spatial working memory (WM) dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. We compared 60 patients with schizophrenia with 57 healthy controls (matched for age, educational level, and IQ) on three WM tasks. Patients with schizophrenia performed significantly more poorly than healthy controls on verbal, visual, and spatial WM tests. Moreover, WM deficits were inversely associated with both the positive and negative symptoms of the patients. Taken together, these findings suggest that there are pervasive WM impairments in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, clinical features may play a significant role in the expression of WM deficits.

How to utilize the limited risk information to measure the project risk is an urgent problem to be solved when commercial banks do not have the ability to master all specific information of the project. This paper uses five risk elements including government risk, industry risk, policy risk, investment risk and credit risk to reflect the project risk, and constructs measure model of the project risk when the commercial banks can not fully grasp the project information. The characteristic of this paper is to use combination weighting based on G1 and Maximizing Deviation method to measure the important degree of risk elements, further to solve measure problem of business project risks in the case of the limited project information. The results show that the important degree of the project risk is listed in descending order: government risk, investment risk, credit risk, policy risk, industry risk.

α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl phosphates 8a-b∼12a-b were obtained in high yield and high stereoselectivity from α-L-rhamnopyranosyl trifluoroacetate 2a-b and phosphoric acid diesters in the presence of a Lewis acid.

Psychological models of depression in schizophrenia have proposed that cognitive structures (e.g., self-esteem, dysfunctional beliefs) may have a role in the development and maintenance of depression. However, it has not been clear what the characteristics of these cognitive structures were in people with schizophrenia and whether they have an independent association with depression, especially in those from a Chinese cultural background. The present investigation examined 133 people with schizophrenia and 50 healthy controls and indicated that compared to the controls people with schizophrenia showed lower self-esteem, higher levels of dysfunctional beliefs and negative coping styles. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that only low frustration tolerance, problem solving and self-blame were found to be the independent correlates of depression in schizophrenia. Results are discussed with the view of clinical implications of cognitive formulation and therapy for schizophrenia in China.

α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl phosphates 8a-b∼12a-b were obtained in high yield and high stereoselectivity from α-L-rhamnopyranosyl trifluoroacetate 2a-b and phosphoric acid diesters in the presence of a Lewis acid.

The stereoselective synthesis of O-galactosides of benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals was investigated. The benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals 1–4 reacted with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl- α - d -galactopyranosyl bromide ( 5 ) in the presence of calcium hydride to give O-galactosides of benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals 6–9 with the Z-configuration. In comparison, 1–2 reacted with 5 in the presence of mercuric cyanide to give O-galactosides of benzoyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals 10–11 with the E-configuration. Satisfactory results have been obtained in terms of both stereoselectivity and yield, and the β -anomers are the sole products.

Heterocyclic ketene aminals 1 or 2 reacted with N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride 3 in the presence of sodium hydride to afford N-sulfanilyl heterocyclic ketene aminals 4 or 5 regiospecifically.

A series of potential bioactive compounds, 1-glucosyl-4-heterocyclyl-5-(p-substituted-phenyl)-1,2,3-triazoles , were synthesized. Highly stereoselective products were obtained in good yield. Primary activity screening showed that this type of N-glucosylic compound possessed antitumour and antiviral activities.

The reaction of heteroaroyl-substituted heterocyclic ketene aminals with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl azide was investigated and a series of potential bioactive compounds, 1-glucopyranosyl-4-heterocyclic-5-heteroaryl-1,2,3-triazoles, were obtained in good yields. Both the reaction rate and the yield were strongly affected by the heteroaryl and heterocyclic groups. In order to improve their water solubility, the deprotection of 1-glucopyranosyl-4-heterocyclic-5-heteroaryl-1,2,3-triazole was carried out. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:242–247, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10023

Cabohydrates reacting with acetone in the presence of molecular sieve and p—toluene sulfonic acid provided a simple, convenient, high yield and good selective process for preparation of isopropylidene carbohydrates.

An alternate method for the synthesis of alkyl-β-D-glucopyranosides using 2,3,4,6-terta-O-acetyl-1-O-trifluoroacetyl-α-D-glucopyranose with alcohols or phenols in the presence of Lewis acid at low temperature was reported. β-anomers were the sole product or predominated.