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A two-channel real-time intelligent electroencephalography (EEG) measurement system with electrical and optical stimulations is presented for seizure detection and suppression. Based on software control through a wireless interface, this system provides closed- and open-loop feedback control with programmable waveform for electrical and optical stimulations. Matlab graphical user interface is used to monitor the intracranial EEG, perform the algorithm for seizure detection, and adjust the required intensity, frequency, duty cycle, and duration of electrical and optical stimulations. The whole hardware device is embedded on a printed circuit board with the size of 27.3 mm $\times23.6$ mm. C57BL/6 mice with Thy1-ChR2-YFP gene transfer and drug-induced seizure are used to demonstrate epileptic seizure suppression according to electrical and optogenetic stimulation in the proposed wireless EEG measurement system.

In this paper, a high-efficiency rectifier and a low temperature coefficient (TC) bandgap voltage reference (BGR) in energy-harvesting circuits are presented. The audio signal generated from smartphone is used to verify the energy-harvesting circuits that are composed of a full-wave low-voltage active rectifier, a low-dropout (LDO) regulator, and a current-mode BGR circuit. An active diode and a proposed AVC are presented to enhance the rectifier efficiency. The rectifier output voltage is regulated by an LDO close to a stable 1.2-V supply voltage in a 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ 1P6M Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process. A curvature-compensation technique is proposed to improve the TC of the BGR, and the best TC of 15.33 ppm/°C between the temperature range of −10 °C and 120 °C is measured. The measured rectifier achieves the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 87.2% under $1.77~V_{\mathrm {pp}}$ ac input signal with 2- $\text{k}\Omega $ output load resistance. The measured results demonstrate the better characteristic of the rectifier and BGR than that of previous works using the low-power structure.

This work presents a portable wireless urine detection system which consists of an electrochemical readout application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and a biosensor composed of 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and carbon nanotube (ABTS-CNT) for the detection of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). The ASIC includes a potentiostat, a digital circuitry and a power management circuit which can perform electrochemistry techniques with a dual-channel screen-printing carbon electrode (SPCE). Electrochemical experiments on the proposed biosensor (SPCE|ABTS-CNT|Nafion) have revealed promising sensing characteristics for creatinine and human serum albumin detection. Practical urine tests has demonstrated the capability of the proposed urine detection system for UACR detection with both the power-efficient readout ASIC and the ABTS-CNT biosensor. A user-friendly prototype has also been designed which can be useful for either personal health administrationor homecare.

An artificial intelligence wireless stimulating system-on-chip (AIWSSoC) is proposed in this study. The AIWSSoC integrates two EEG monitoring channels, wireless interface and charging, a UART interface, an epilepsy detection algorithm, a power management circuit, an electrical stimulation circuit, and an optogenetic stimulation controller into a chip. Moreover, the AIWSSoC functions as a seizure suppressor with an off-chip device. Animal experimental result verifies the function of recording and different types of electrical stimulations.

This paper presents an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for electrochemistry acquisition with a high power-efficient current readout circuit. The proposed ASIC includes a current-sensing voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based continuous-time delta-sigma modulator (CTDSM), a decimation filter, an UART package generator and low-dropout regulators. The proposed VCO-based CTDSM features direct connection to the electrochemical sensor without pre-amplifier, which can directly quantize the reaction current signal to achieve a better power efficiency. Second order noise shaping is achieved by using an additional capacitor as a passive integrator and a dual-VCO structure as an integrator in phase domain. The digital circuitry mainly functions as a decimation filter and an UART package generator. The proposed ASIC implemented in TSMC 0.18\ \mu\mathrm{m}$ CMOS process can achieve 73 dB dynamic range (DR) and power efficiency of 0.73 while consuming only $73.9\ \mu\mathrm{W}$ . The total chip area is 2.25 mm2.

In this paper, a cross-domain integration system composed of a gene transfer technique with a pre-clinical trial, an on-chip circuit design, an off-chip hardware with peripheral unit integration, and a custom software is presented. Opsin protein-gene transfer is successfully conducted to demonstrate that gene transfer treatment with optical stimulation has several benefits compared with electrical treatment. The proposed wireless programmable stimulating system on chip (WPSSoC) is composed of two sensing channels combined with a decimation filter to acquire intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), an epilepsy detection unit (EDU), a stimulator with a waveform controller, and an ultra-low-power embedded transceiver. The equivalent sample rate of sensed data is 375 samples/s with 16-bit output data. The performance of intermodulation distortion with a third order (IMD3) is approximately 68 dB. The EDU extracts approximate entropy (ApEn) and spectrum bins for the classifier. The stimulator with controller features on the waveform-adjustable function to provide 0-510 μA of electrical stimulation and 0-50 mW of optical stimulation. The proposed transceiver is implemented with a 2.45 GHz on-off keying (OOK) carrier frequency. Transmitter and receiver front-ends perform at 50.6 and 12.7 pJ/bit of energy per bit, respectively. Power consumption and area of WPSSoC are about 1 mW and 13.67 mm2 in a 0.18 μm process, respectively. Circuits of each part are integrated in a 4.3 cm × 2 cm printed circuit board. The shrunk device is verified with Thy1-ChR2-YFP gene transfer in C57BL/6 mice by using a custom software which is used to provide commands and monitor iEEG.