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Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl. Et de Toni is the pathogen that causes grape downy mildew, which is an airborne disease that severely affects grape yield and causes huge economic losses. The usage of effective control methods can reduce the damage to plants induced by grape downy mildew. Biocontrol has been widely used to control plant diseases due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, to date, only a few comprehensive reviews on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew have been reported. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of P. viticola and its infection cycle, followed by a detailed overview of current biocontrol agents, including bacteria and fungi that could be used to control grape downy mildew, and their control effects. Furthermore, potential control mechanisms of biocontrol agents against grape downy mildew are discussed. Lastly, suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew are provided. This review provides the basis for the application of grape downy mildew biocontrol.

Objective: In order to analyze the risk of pesticide residues in D. officinale, a method for rapid determination of 56 pesticide residues in D. officinale by a kind of ultrafiltration purification column（MPFC-QuEChERS） combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（UHPLC-MS/MS）was developed. Methods: The samples were extracted with acetonitrile contained 0.1% formic acid, salted out, shaken, centrifuged, and single-step purified by a MPFC-QuEChERS purification column. Mass spectrometer was operated in the positive and negative ion mode using select reaction monitoring for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results: The result showed that, the 56 kinds of pesticides showed good linearity when they were in 1.0~250.0 μg/L （R2＞0.99）. The limits of detection （LOD） was 1~5 μg/kg. Three levels of 1, 2 and 10 times of LOQ were added to the sample, the average recovery of each substance in D. officinale was 75.1% to 107.0%, of which the RSDs were 2.7%~18.9%. Conclusion: This method was used to detect pesticide residues in 20 batches of D. officinale. The results showed that 6 kinds of pesticides were detected in 5 samples with the contents ranging from 0.066 7 mg/kg to 1.872 mg/kg. The method is simple, fast and efficient, and could be used for rapid screening and analysis of pesticide residues in D. officinale.

Focusing on investigating the brake squeal problem of a disc brake at 3 000 Hz. To this end, the noise of this frequency is reproduced on the bench, the laser Doppler vibration measurement technology is used to obtain the operational deflection shape（ODS） at this frequency. Finite element analysis（FEA） model is established and modified according to the experimental modal. The complex eigenvalue analysis is adopted to retrieve the complex eigenvalues and mode shapes.The correlation analysis is used to confirm that the complex eigenvalue results are valid for the actual noise ODS results.Afterwards, analysis of the components contribution and the components modal contribution of this unstable mode are used to provide corresponding structural optimization plan, and a bench test has been carried out to verify the effectiveness of this method.

Biocontrol is a complex process, in which a variety of physiological and biochemical characteristics are altered. The cAMP signalling pathway is an important signal transduction pathway in biocontrol fungi and consists of several key components. The G-protein system contains G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), heterotrimeric G-proteins, adenylate cyclase (AC), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and downstream transcription factors (TFs). The cAMP signalling pathway can regulate fungal growth, development, differentiation, sporulation, morphology, secondary metabolite production, environmental stress tolerance, and the biocontrol of pathogens. However, few reviews of the cAMP signalling pathway in comprehensive biocontrol processes have been reported. This work reviews and discusses the functions and applications of genes encoding each component in the cAMP signalling pathway from biocontrol fungi, including the G-protein system components, AC, PKA, and TFs, in biocontrol behaviour. Finally, future suggestions are provided for constructing a complete cAMP signalling pathway in biocontrol fungi containing all the components and downstream effectors involved in biocontrol behavior. This review provides useful information for the understanding the biocontrol mechanism of biocontrol fungi by utilising the cAMP signalling pathway.

In this manuscript, we report on a theoretical study of the atomic structures, cross sections, and photoelectron angular distribution parameters following the atomic photoionization under extreme conditions. To achieve this goal, a relativistic approach using the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian within the framework of relativistic configuration interaction, taking advantage of independent particle basis wave functions, is proposed. To describe the interaction of charged particles in the ideal and non-ideal plasmas, the Debye potential and the pseudopotential are implemented, the latter being derived from a progressive resolution of the Bogolyubov chain equations. Both bound and continuous state wave functions, essential for a comprehensive understanding of quantum systems, are determined from the modified local central potential, which is obtained in a self-consistent manner to represent the electronic shielding effect on the nuclear potential. The photoionization processes are evaluated using the relativistic distorted wave approach, which is consistent with the principles of relativistic Dirac theory and thus provides an accurate description of the dynamics. As a test desk, the present method is applied to the evaluation of the energies, ionization potentials, wave functions, cross sections, and photoelectron angular distribution parameters, using the single photon ionization of the Li-like Fe XXIV ions as the basis for analysis. Our results demonstrate that the plasma environment effect not only decreases the ionization potentials and increases the cross sections but also affects the photoelectron angular distribution parameters across different shells, leading to a more balanced and symmetrical photoelectron distribution pattern. A detailed comparison is made between our results, and the available well-established theoretical predictions and experimental data of the unshielded case in the literature shows a good agreement. The present work provides novel insights and theoretical models that not only help us to better understand the fundamental properties of the complex systems but are also beneficial for innovative applications in the study of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmopara viticola (Berk.et Curtis) Berl. Et de Toni is the pathogen that causes grape downy mildew, which is an airborne disease that severely affects grape yield and causes huge economic losses. The usage of effective control methods can reduce the damage to plants induced by grape downy mildew. Biocontrol has been widely used to control plant diseases due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, to date, only a few comprehensive reviews on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew have been reported. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of P. viticola and its infection cycle, followed by a detailed overview of current biocontrol agents, including bacteria and fungi that could be used to control grape downy mildew, and their control effects. Furthermore, potential control mechanisms of biocontrol agents against grape downy mildew are discussed. Lastly, suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of grape downy mildew are provided. This review provides the basis for the application of grape downy mildew biocontrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pink bollworms severely affect the production of cotton. The method currently used for pink bollworm control is the planting of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) protein-expressing transgenic cotton. However, pink bollworms can develop strong resistance to Bt proteins in transgenic cotton because of the large planting area and long planting time of this crop, which severely affects the control of pink bollworms. Intestinal microorganisms play very important roles in insect growth, development and Bt resistance. However, the effect of intestinal microorganisms on pink bollworm Bt resistance is still unclear. The current study aimed to analyze the effect of intestinal microorganisms on the Bt resistance of pink bollworms. Intestinal microorganisms associated with Bt resistance were initially screened through Illumina MiSeq sequencing and analysis. The results showed that feeding with a mixture of gentamicin, Cry1Ac and an artificial diet could significantly increase the mortality of pink bollworm larvae compared with feeding with of a mixture of Cry1Ac and an artificial diet or an artificial diet alone. The microbial diversity, community structure and composition of the pink bollworm larval intestine were significantly influenced by feeding with a mixture of gentamicin, Cry1Ac and an artificial diet. Several intestinal bacteria with significantly altered abundances after treatment with gentamicin were preliminarily screened as potential resources for addressing Bt toxicity. This study provides useful strategies for addressing the Bt resistance of pink bollworms.