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Aim: To investigate hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence in the general population in China., Methods: A total of 148931 individuals were investigated by multistage random sampling in Eastern China. Data were collected on demographics and hepatitis B vaccination history, and serum was tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by ELISA., Results: A total of 11469 participants (7.70%, 95%CI: 7.57%-7.84%) were positive for HBsAg. HBsAg prevalence was 0.77% among children < 5 years old but increased progressively from adolescents (1.40%-2.55%) to adults (5.69%-11.22%). A decrease in HBsAg prevalence was strongly associated with vaccination and familial history of HBV among both children and adult groups. Meanwhile, HBsAg risk in adults was associated with invasive testing and sharing needles. The HBV immunization rate among participants aged < 20 years was 93.30% (95%CI: 93.01%-93.58%). Significant difference in HBsAg prevalence appeared between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants (3.59% vs 10.22%)., Conclusion: Although the national goal of HBsAg prevalence < 1% among children < 5 years old has been reached, immunization programs should be maintained to prevent resurgence.

Objective: To compare the antibody response induced by primary immunization with 5 µg and 10 µg hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant DNA techniques among the newborns., Methods: Healthy infants who had completed primary immunization with 5 µg hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant dexyribonucleic acid techniques in Saccharomyces (Hep-SC) or 10 µg hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant dexyribonucleic acid techniques in Hansenula polymorpha (HepB-HP) were included in the study. Kids under study were 7-12 months of age and had been on 0-1-6 schedule. Standardized questionnaire was used and blood samples were collected. The titer of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) was detected by Chemiluminescence Microparticle Imunoassay (CMIA). If anti-HBs happened to be under 10 mIU/ml, HBV DNA was further detected by nested-PCR to distinguish occult hepatitis B virus infection. Sero-conversion rate and titer of anti-HBs were compared between the two kinds of hepatitis B vaccines. Multivariate analysis was used to find the relationship between the kind of hepatitis B vaccine as well as the antibody response after debugging the other influencing factors including month-age, gender, birth-weight, premature birth and mother's HBsAg status., Results: 8947 infants vaccinated with 5 µg HepB-SC and 4576 infants vaccinated with 10 µg HepB-HP were investigated. In the 5 µg group, the rates of non-, low-, normal- and high-response were 1.88%, 15.18%, 61.42% and 21.52% respectively. In the 10 µg group, the corresponding rates were 0.15%, 2.16%, 29.42% and 68.26% respectively. The non-, low-, normal-response rates were all higher in 5 µg group than in 10 µg group (P<0.01), while the high-response rate was much higher in 10 µg group than in 5 µg group (P<0.01). The geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-HBs were 354.81 mIU/ml (95%CI: 338.84-363.08 mIU/ml) and 1778.28 mIU/ml (95%CI: 1698.24-1819.70 mIU/ml) in the 5 µg group and 10 µg group respectively. The GMC was statistically higher in the 10 µg group than in the 5 µg group (P<0.001). The sero-conversion rate and GMC were significantly different between the two groups even after debugging the other influencing factors., Conclusion: Better anti-HBs response could be achieved by primary immunization with 10 µg HepB-HP than with 5 µg HepB-SC among newborns.

Objective: To compare the antibody response between preterm and full-term infants after primary immunization of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB)., Methods: Infants who were aged 7 - 12 months and had completed primary immunization with 5 µg HepB made by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques in saccharomyces cerevisiae (HepB-SC) or 10 µg HepB made by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques in Hansenula polymorpha (HepB-HP) on 0-1-6 schedule were investigated in four provinces (municipality) including Beijing, Shandong, Jiangsu and Guangxi of China. Among them, all preterm infants were selected to form the preterm group and the 1:1 matching full-term infants with the same month-age, gender and residence were randomly selected to form the full-term group. Their HepB history was determined by immunization certificate and all of their parents were interviewed with standard questionnaire to get their birth information. Blood samples were obtained from all anticipants and were tested for Anti-HBs by chemiluminescence microparticle immuno-assay (CMIA)., Results: Total anticipants were 648 pairs of infants. The rates of non-response, low-response, normal-response and high-response after the primary immunization were 1.39%, 8.64%, 45.83% and 44.14% in the preterm group, respectively. The corresponding rates were 1.08%, 9.26%, 44.91% and 44.75% in the full-term group. The above four rates did not show significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). The geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of anti-HBs in the pre-term and full-term group were 755.14 and 799.47 mIU/ml respectively. There was no significantly difference in the GMCs between the two groups (P > 0.05). Results from multivariable conditional logistic analysis showed that preterm was not an influencing factor to the antibody response after HepB primary immunization among newborns even after debugging the other influencing factors., Conclusion: The antibody response after HepB primary immunization were similar among the preterm and full-term infants. The preterm newborns could be immunized under the same HepB immunization strategy.

Objective: To evaluate the kinesis of cellular immunity in adults who were vaccinated with yeast recombinant hepatitis B(rHB) vaccine and the correlation between cellular and humoral immune responses induced by the vaccine., Methods: Eight adults were vaccinated with rHB vaccine according to 0, 1,2 month schedule. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) were collected at the 3, 8, 21, 34 and 65 days after the first dose. The high purity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells obtained by sorting from PBMCs were restimulated with recombinant hepatitis B surface antigens (rHBsAg) or peptides. The spot forming cell (SFC) of IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4 of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)., Results: The characteristics of IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4 of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells appeared different after immunization with rHB vaccine. IFN-gamma of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells could be detected early with stable SFC, while the IL-2 and IL-4 of CD4+ T cells appeared late but increased after the second and third dose of vaccination. The positive rate of IL-4 of CD4+ T cells were significantly correlated with the positive rate of anti-HBs, while the SFCs of IL-4 and IL-2 of CD4+ T cells were also significantly related to the titers of anti-FIBs., Conclusion: IFN-gamma could be detected early after rHB vaccination in adults, and the positive rates of IL-4 and IL-2 were correlated with that of anti-HBs.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of hepatitis B viruse (HBV) vaccination and its influencing factors among children in rural area of Jiangsu province., Methods: Twenty-five hundred and twenty-two children born after 1998 in rural area were selected as the study population using multistage cluster sampling method. HBsAg and anti-HBs were detected by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) and radio-immunoassay (RIA), respectively. Anti-HBs negative children were boosted using different hepatitis B vaccines and the efficacy was compared. Factors causing HBV infection in HBsAg positive children were also investigated., Results: HBsAg positive rates in 1-7 year olds were 0.28%-1.28%, and the anti-HBs positive rates decreased from 76.7% to 45.5%. The HBsAg positive rate in children not timely vaccinated was significantly higher than those with HBV vaccine injection within 24 hours after birth (1.4% vs. 0.5%, P = 0.031). More than 90% of the anti-HBs negative children had protective level of anti-HBs after boosted with HBV vaccine., Conclusion: HBsAg positive rate in children born after 1998 in rural area of Jiangsu province decreased significantly, with an average of 0.8%. The reason for HBsAg carriage in children might be attributed to mother-to-infant transmission or not timely HBV vaccination.

Objective: To investigate the association of polymorphisms of CDT1 and GMNN gene, two important genes participating in DNA replication, with the risk of sporadic breast cancer., Methods: Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) and the primer-introduced restriction analysis (PIRA)-PCR assay to genotype the CDT1 838G/A and GMNN 387C/A polymorphisms in a case-control study of 427 breast cancer cases and 477 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population., Results: No significant association of the CDT1 838G/A and GMNN 387C/A polymorphisms with the risk of breast cancer was found (adjusted OR:1.16, 95% CI:0.88-1.54 for CDT1 GA+AA genotypes and adjusted OR:0.90, 95% CI:0.67-1.21 for GMNN CA+AA genotypes). However, in the stratified analyses, a significant association of CDT1 GA+AA genotypes with breast cancer risk among subjects with family history of cancer was found (adjusted OR:2.21, 95% CI:1.20-4.09)., Conclusion: These findings suggest that the CDT1 838G/A and GMNN 387C/A polymorphisms may not play a major role in the etiology of breast cancer, but CDT1 variant may have a potential role only in genetically susceptible women.