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Industrial activity away from plate boundaries can induce earthquakes and has evolved into a global issue. Much of the induced seismicity in the United States' midcontinent is attributed to a direct pressure increase from deep wastewater disposal. This mechanism is not applicable where deep basement faults are hydraulically isolated from shallow injection aquifers, leading to a debate about the mechanisms for induced seismicity. Here, we compile industrial, seismic, geodetic, and geological data within the Delaware Basin, western Texas, and calculate stress and pressure changes at seismogenic depth using a coupled poroelastic model. We show that the widespread deep seismicity is mainly driven by shallow wastewater injection through the transmission of poroelastic stresses assuming that unfractured shales are hydraulic barriers over decadal time scales. A zone of seismic quiescence to the north, where injection-induced stress changes would promote seismicity, suggests a regional tectonic control on the occurrence of induced earthquakes. Comparing the poroelastic responses from injection and extraction operations, we find that the basement stress is most sensitive to shallow reservoir hydrogeological parameters, particularly hydraulic diffusivity. These results demonstrate that intraplate seismicity can be caused by shallow human activities that poroelastically perturb stresses at hydraulically isolated seismogenic depths, with impacts on seismicity that are preconditioned by regional tectonics.

Induced seismicity linked to geothermal resource exploitation, hydraulic fracturing, and wastewater disposal is evolving into a global issue because of the increasing energy demand. Moderate to large induced earthquakes, causing widespread hazards, are often related to fluid injection into deep permeable formations that are hydraulically connected to the underlying crystalline basement. Using injection data combined with a physics-based linear poroelastic model and rate-and-state friction law, we compute the changes in crustal stress and seismicity rate in Oklahoma. This model can be used to assess earthquake potential on specific fault segments. The regional magnitude-time distribution of the observed magnitude (M) 3+ earthquakes during 2008-2017 is reproducible and is the same for the 2 optimal, conjugate fault orientations suggested for Oklahoma. At the regional scale, the timing of predicted seismicity rate, as opposed to its pattern and amplitude, is insensitive to hydrogeological and nucleation parameters in Oklahoma. Poroelastic stress changes alone have a small effect on the seismic hazard. However, their addition to pore-pressure changes can increase the seismicity rate by 6-fold and 2-fold for central and western Oklahoma, respectively. The injection-rate reduction in 2016 mitigates the exceedance probability of M5.0 by 22% in western Oklahoma, while that of central Oklahoma remains unchanged. A hypothetical injection shut-in in April 2017 causes the earthquake probability to approach its background level by ∼2025. We conclude that stress perturbation on prestressed faults due to pore-pressure diffusion, enhanced by poroelastic effects, is the primary driver of the induced earthquakes in Oklahoma.

Pore pressure in aquifers confined below a cryosphere will increase as Mars cools and the cryosphere thickens. Increased pore pressure decreases the effective stress and hence promotes seismicity. We calculate the rate of pore pressure change from cooling of Mars's interior and the modulation of pore pressure from solar and Phobos tides and barometric loading. Using the time-varying pressure and tidal stresses, we compute Coulomb stress changes and the expected seismicity rate from a rate-and-state friction model. Seismicity rate will vary by several tens of percent to 2 orders of magnitude if the mean pore pressure is within 0.2 and 0.01 MPa of lithostatic, respectively. Seismic events promoted by high pore pressure may be tremor-like. Documenting (or not) tidally modulated shallow seismicity would provide evidence for (or against) water-filled confined aquifers, that pore pressure is high, and that the state of stress is close to failure—with implications for processes that can deliver water to the Martian surface.

Wastewater injection over the past decade has increased seismicity in the central USA, in some cases accompanied by detectable surface uplift. Here, we use this uplift to constrain subsurface properties and pore pressure evolution. We apply an advanced multitemporal interferometric algorithm to 35 synthetic aperture radar images acquired by ALOS satellite over four years before the 2012 earthquake sequence in east Texas, where large volumes of wastewater are disposed at depths of ∼800 m and ∼1800 m. To solve for the hydraulic diffusivity of the injection layers, we jointly inverted the injected volume and uplift data, considering a poroelastic layered half space. We find diffusivity values of 0.3±0.1 m 2 /s and 0.7±0.15 m 2 /s for shallow and deep injection layers, respectively, which combined with seismically-derived bulk moduli yields permeability values of 5.5±2.6×10 −14 m 2 and 1.9±0.25×10 −13 m 2 for these layers, consistent with permeability range reported for Rodessa formation and well test values. Hydraulic conductivity determines the evolution of pore pressure and thus the origin and location of induced seismicity. This study highlights the value of geodetic observations to constrain key hydrogeological properties of injection layers and to monitor the evolution of the subsurface pressure change.

SnO2 nanorods were grown on two kinds of seed layers formed from SnCl2·2H2O and SnO2 nanoparticles precursors, respectively, and used as one-dimensional electron transport materials to fabricate perovskite solar cell (PSCs). Effects of the seed layers on morphology, structure, optical properties of SnO2 nanorods and perovskite films, charge transfer at SnO2/perovskite interfaces as well as device performance were investigated by utilizing field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy(UV-vis), steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and volt-ampere characteristic curves (J-V). The results show that more dense seed layers can be formed from SnO2 nanoparticles and SnO2 nanorods films formed from SnO2 nanoparticles are more smooth and uniform relative to those grown from SnCl2·2H2O. The perovskite films deposited on the former show better crystallization quality and higher light absorption. The maximum efficiency of the device based on the SnO2 nanorods is 12.93%. This work demonstrates that SnO2 nanoparticles are a kind of excellent seed layer material for growing SnO2 nanorods films, and lays foundation for the preparation of high-performance perovskite solar cells based on one-dimensional electron transport materials.

This paper investigates the anti-icing effect of hydrophobic coating, which has similar characteristics with a superhydrophobic surface. First, the factors affecting the wettability of water droplets on a solid surface were theoretically analyzed. Using hydrolytic condensation reaction, low-surface-energy materials were prepared based on a modified vulcanized silicone resin. Different sizes of silica particles were added in a fluorinated silicone resin to prepare the superhydrophobic coatings, considering the fractal theory. In the coating test characterization phase, the microstructure of the particles-doped coating surface and the contact angle of water droplets on different coating surfaces were investigated and analyzed. To visually analyze the effect of coating anti-icing property, icing tests were carried out in an icing wind tunnel after coating the test pieces by different coatings. The results show that the surface of the hydrophobic coating mixed with particles of different sizes forms a composite microstructure, which has a better roughness. The contact angle test result shows that the contact angle of water droplets on the fluorinated silicone resin-coated surface is 10° higher than that on the ordinary silicone resin-coated surface, and increases by nearly 20° in the coating with different particle sizes compared with the uniformly sized particles coating, thus achieving a superhydrophobic surface effect. The different coated test pieces were set in an icing wind tunnel to test their anti-icing abilities, and the results indicate that the superhydrophobic coating with a fractal structure after being cured does not only have a lower icing weight, which is reduced by 35.6% and 25.9% at the wind speed of 5 m·s-1 and 15 m·s-1, respectively, compared with the uncoated surface, but also has longer anti-icing effect than the uniformly rough surface. Therefore, the designed superhydrophobic coating has an outstanding anti-icing ability. In conclusion, the designed superhydrophobic coating achieves a superhydrophobic surface and has a better anti-icing performance, as confirmed through a series of performance tests.