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Aim: There is a few studies examining primary headaches and online gaming or smartphone addiction in line with causality. Material and Method: Children and adolescents, aged 11-18 years old, those diagnosed with primary headaches of tension-type headache or migrain were evaluated in terms of smartphone and online game addiction. Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and Online Game Addiction Scale (OGAS) was used. SPSS 17.0 program was used for statistical analyses. Results: Children and adolescents with or without primary headaches had similar online game and smart phone usage pattern. Conclusion: There is a need for further studies regarding primary headaches and its underlying factors in terms of online gaming or smart phone usage.

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to examine the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients hospitalized in Ankara City Hospital Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Inpatient Unit during the pandemic period. Material and Methods: Medical records of children and adolescents who were hospitalized in Ankara City Hospital Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Inpatient Unit between March 2021 and March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were evaluated in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, clinical diagnosis and treatment, duration of hospitalization, and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) scores at admission and discharge. Results: In our study, the mean age of 132 cases (86 girls, 46 boys) was found 15.1±1.8 years. The main diagnoses of the subjects were 30.3% (n=40) major depressive disorder, 25% (n=33) psychotic disorder, 14.4% (n=19) eating disorders, and the remaining 30.3% (n=40) were other disorders. Comorbidity was found in 63.6% (n=84) of the cases. The presence of eating disorders, comorbidity and antidepressant use were found significantly higher in females. There was a significant differences in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), psychotic disorder, eating disorder, conduct disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) between admission and discharge CGI-Severity (CGI-S) scores. In addition, there was a significant difference between admission and discharge CGI side effects scores only for BD. Conclusion: In our study, major depressive disorder, psychotic disorder, and eating disorder were the most common diagnoses of cases hospitalized in inpatient unit. There was a comorbidity accompanying two out of every three cases. There are few child and adolescent psychiatry services in our country, and studies on this subject are scarce. It is thought that our study will contribute to the literature on child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient units.

To evaluate the quality of life and anxiety level of school-age children with chronic cough, and changes with treatment.Patients aged between 6-18 years with a chronic cough were included in this study. A control group was designed, and the scale scores were compared with each other.The mean age of the 82 patients was 10.9 ± 3.8 years, 62 (75.6%) had at least one specific cough marker. Forty patients (48.8%) were diagnosed with asthma. At their first visit, the psychosocial health scores and the total scale scores (sum of physical and psychosocial total scores) were lower than the control group for both patients and parents. After the resolution of cough, their scores increased to the same level with the control group. It was also found that the level of anxiety was significantly higher than in the control group both before treatment and after the resolution period (p0.001 and =0.008, respectively).Asthma was the leading cause of chronic cough. Quality of life is impaired in children with chronic cough. Anxiety level in these patients increases and after symptoms improve, continues to be higher than that of healthy children.

Concerns about the psychiatric sequelae after COVID-19 infection have increased as the pandemic spreads worldwide. The increase in self-isolation during this pandemic period has also revealed the importance of feelings of loneliness. This study aimed to examine the relationship between baseline inflammation levels, internalizing symptoms, and feelings of loneliness in adolescent COVID-19 survivors in the long term.A total of 74 adolescents (41 girls, 55.4%, mean age 14.88) and their parents were included in the study. This cross-sectional study assessed internalizing symptoms via Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) and feelings of loneliness using the UCLA-loneliness scale. Baseline inflammatory markers at COVID-19 diagnosis were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors for depression in adolescents.The most common disorder was Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (25.7%), and 33.8% of the adolescents were in the clinical range in at least one internalizing domain. Baseline C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels correlated weakly with MDD scores. Loneliness scores correlated with all internalizing symptoms, strong association with MDD scores. Loneliness, anxiety, and parental anxiety were associated with an increased likelihood of MDD. Baseline CRP positivity did not predict MDD in adolescent COVID-19 survivors.This study indicates that anxiety, loneliness, and parental anxiety play an important role in adolescents' experience of depressive symptoms after COVID-19 infection. Thus, screening parental psychopathology and loneliness in COVID-19 survivors seems to be preventive for adolescent mental health problems.

INTRODUCTION[|]In this study, it is aimed to do a cross-sectional evaluation of treatment preferences in tic disorders in a clinical sample.[¤]METHODS[|]The hospital records of cases diagnosed with tic disorders who were admitted to our clinic between May 2013 and June 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. SPSS 17.0 program was used to evaluate the data. The level of significance was accepted as p

Amac: Son yillarda Dikkat Eksikligi Hiperaktivite Bozuklugu (DEHB) ve obezite birlikteligi ile ilgili calismalar artmistir. Bu gozden gecirmede DEHB ve obezite arasindaki potansiyel iliskinin, literatur esliginde sistematik olarak incelenmesi amaclanmistir. Yontem: DSM-IV ya da DSM-5 olcutleri esas alinarak Ingilizce ve/veya Turkce olarak yazilmis, PUBMED veri tabaninda Ocak 1990-Aralik 2017 tarihleri arasinda yayimlanan, olgu sunumlari, sistematik derlemeler ile meta-analizler disinda kalan makalelerden tam metnine ulasilabilenler calismaya dahil edilmistir. Bulgular: Ampirik olarak elde edilen kanitlar, DEHB tanili olgularin beden agirliklarinin beklenenden daha agir oldugunu gostermektedir. Ayrica, gozden gecirilmis calismalarin tamamina yakini ozellikle obezite kliniklerinde tedavi goren obez hastalarin DEHB prevalansinin da beklenenden daha yuksek olabilecegini dusundurmektedir. DEHB ile obezite arasindaki potansiyel iliskinin altta yatan mekanizmalarina bakildiginda; DEHB, anormal yeme davranislari yoluyla obeziteye yol acabilir, obez hastalarda yeme bozuklugu ile iliskili durtusellik DEHB'ye katkida bulunabilir veya altta yatan ortak mekanizmalar (norobiyolojik islev bozukluklari vs) bu iki bozuklugun bir arada gorulmesine yol aciyor olabilir kanaati olusmaktadir. Sonuc: Obezite ile DEHB arasindaki olasi komorbiditeyi ve bu birlikteligin altinda yatan muhtemel mekanizmalari anlamak icin ampirik temelli calismalara ihtiyac vardir. Ileride yapilacak calismalar, her ikisi de morbidite riski yuksek tanilar olan DEHB ve obezite icin gerekli saglik politikalarinin duzenlenmesi ve bu olgularin yasam kalitelerinin artirilmasi acisindan yararli olacaktir.

Davranim bozuklugu dogru yontemlerle mudahaleler gerektiren, cocuk ya da ergenin sadece kendisini degil, yakin cevresini hatta yasadigi toplumu olumsuz etkileyebilen bir ruhsal bozukluktur. Bozuklugun cocukluk- ve ergenlik-baslangicli iki sekli bulunmaktadir. Iliskili risk ve koruyucu faktorler dikkate alinarak bozukluga yonelik tedavi yontemleri gelistirilmistir. Cocukluk-baslangicli davranim bozuklugunun tedavisinde cocuk-, anne-baba- ve okul-eksenli uygulamalar yer alirken, ergenlik-baslangicli olaninin tedavisinde bu yontemlere ek olarak kismi yatis programlari, kurumsal uygulamalar ve diger toplumsal unsurlar bulunur. Cocukluk-baslangicli davranim bozuklugunda sosyal ogrenme kuramini esas alan “aile-odakli” uygulamalar, ergenlik-baslangicli olaninda ergene yonelik “ihtiyaclar-, duyarlilik- ve risk-ilkesi” esas alinarak uygulanan “ergen-odakli” mudahaleler etkili yontemler olarak gorunmektedir. Kisa ve uzun vadeli etkinlik acisindan, ergen-okul- ya da toplum-odakli mudahaleleri es-zamanli kullanan “aile-odakli” yaklasimlar en etkin tedaviler olarak gorunmektedir (ergen-okul-bileseni de bulunan aile-odakli uygulamalar icin kisa donem etkinlik d=0.20-0.52; takiplerde d=0.01-0.95; toplum-bileseni bulunan aile-odakli uygulamalar icin kisa donem etkinlik d=0.25-0.62; takiplerde d=0.41-0.58). Yuksek riskli ve yasca ileri ergenler tedaviyle daha iyi ilerlemeler kat edebilirken, cinsel suclari bulunan ergenler digerlerine gore tedavilerden daha az fayda gormektedirler. Secilmis ergenlerde (suc isleme, sosyoekonomik duzey) diger yontemler kullanilabilir.

Objective: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is an important mental health disorder that is common in adolescence. In our study, it was aimed to evaluate depression severity, treatment methods and clinical features of adolescents who were followed up and treated with MDD diagnosis. Methods: Between January and December 2015, 350 adolescent patients between 12-18 years of age who consulted with child and adolescent psychiatry clinic and diagnosed by unipolar MDD according to DSM-5 was reviewed. The sociodemographic and clinical features of these cases were evaluated. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical evaluation. Results: MDD was diagnosed in 350 (7.5%) of 4,646 adolescents who applied to the outpatient clinic during the 1-year period. Girls were 75.4% of the sample. When the cases were classified in terms of severity of depression, it was found that 45.7% of the whole sample was mild, 44.3% was middle and 10% was severe MDD and the girls were higher in all groups. Pharmacotherapy was applied in 81.7% of the sample, 15.1% of psychotherapies, 3.1% of the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) alone were preferred in 87.4% of the cases. Somatoform disorder (dissociative and conversion disorder) and bereavement reaction were significant for the combined use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. At least one adverse event was detected in 8.8% of the cases. Discussion: Compatibly the literature, in adolescence MDD diagnosis was significantly more common in females in all severity groups. SSRIs monotherapy is mostly used as the first option in treatment. Our study will contribute to the related literature in terms of involving wide sampling, treatment and severity evaluation in adolescents with MDD; but generalization may not be appropriate because of the the study’s cross-sectional and situation determination nature

Objective:This study aimed to explore children of foreign nationalities admitting to the child psychiatry department of a training and research hospital, including their clinical features and interventions practiced.Method:Hospital records and chart fi les of foreign children who had applied to the Child Psychiatry Department of Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital between September 2016 and 2017, were retrospectively evaluated.Results:In total, the sample consisted of 283 foreign children with a median age of 7.9 years where 63.3% were male and more than half were Syrian (52.7%). Mean living duration in Turkey was 1.6 years. Child and adolescent psychiatry unit was their index application in the hospital for 34.6%; while 65.4% were refered from other medical branches in the hospital, most frequently child neurology (37.1%). Only 18.4% (n=25) of the sample were involved in any type of educational system while remainining 81.6% (n=231) were not attending school at the time of the study. Of all, 54.1% (n=153) of the cases met the criteria for any psychiatric diagnosis according to DSM- 5 classifi cation, with most frequent being mild intellectual dysfunction (29.7%, n=84). Evaluation with a request to obtain disability report was carried out in 62.5% (n=177) of the cases. Pharmacological treatment was either initiated or continued in 12% (n=34), with primarily recommended agents being antipsychotic drugs (4.9%, n=14).Discussion:Cases were mostly school-aged children and it was striking to determine that only one fi fth had been attending school at the time of the study. Approximately one in three index admissions to our hospital was to the child psychiatry department. Most of these applications were consulted by the child neurology department and main motive of application was to be evaluated for an eligibility to obtain disability reports from the health board of the institution.

Migraine is one of the most debilitating disorders with its chronic nature seen in childhood characterized by episodic bilateral or unilateral throbbing pain on the head that strikes at any time. It is divided into two categories as with or without aura and is diagnosed according to the 2013 International Headache Society criteria. This study aims to present the pictures depicted by adolescents aged 14–18 who were diagnosed with migraine with visual aura by Ankara Training and Research Hospital Child Neurology Department. They were told to draw their visual auras as a picture that they depict or as a draft via changing another picture. In this article, five adolescents with migraine and their pictures related to their visual aura were presented. The diagnosis of migraine with visual aura in patients under 18 years of age would be supported by picturing of their visual images. Thus, pediatric patients could better express themselves and the clinician would better manage the process both in diagnosis and follow-up of the migraine with aura.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the relation between psychiatric diagnoses and internet usage in a clinical sample of adolescents and determine the pattern of internet use. METHODS: Adolescents aged 13-17 years who admitted to a child-adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic for some emotional or behavioral problems were included. Psychopathologies were evaluated via clinicial interview and sociodemographic form and internet addiction scale were applied to be fulfilled. p

Yorgunluk yuksek-islevsel bilissel sureclerin kullanilmasini gerektiren islemlerin becerilmesinde azalmaya yol acan, havacilik guvenliginde anahtar rolu olan ve birikerek etki gosteren bir insan faktorudur. Kronik formu subjektiftir ve kendi cok farkettirmeden gelisebilir. Yorgunluga yol acan unsurlarin baslicalari uykusuzluk, islerin siralanisi, uzun is-sureai, jet-lag/sift-lag, asiri is-yuku, fiziksel ve ruhsal uygunsuzluktur. Yorgunluk duzeyini degerlendirmek icin objektif ve subjektif olcum yontemleri vardir. Subjektif teknikler kisinin uykusunu ya da yorgunlugunu kendi-raporlamasi esasina dayanirken objektif yontemler kisinin fiziksel ozelliklerini (beyin dalgasi, goz ile bakis, yuze ait ozellikler) ya da bunlarin disa vurumlarini (kas tonusu, bilek inaktivitesi, basin yonelimi) degerlendirerek, uzun ya da ongorulemeyen zorluklar iceren bir is-periyodunda uyaniklik ve performansin saglanmasina katki sunar. Yorgunlukla mucadele icin gelistirilen unsurlar temelde kisisel-raporlardan elde edilen verilere dayanir ve burada temel esas raporlardaki “guvenirlik” faktorudur.

BACKGROUND Genetic etiologies of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex, and the genetic factors identified so far are very diverse. In complex genetic diseases such as ASD, de novo or inherited chromosomal abnormalities are valuable findings for researchers with respect to identifying the underlying genetic risk factors. With gene mapping studies on these chromosomal abnormalities, dozens of genes have been associated with ASD and other neurodevelopmental genetic diseases. In the present study, we aimed to idenitfy the causative genetic factors in patients with ASD who have an apparently balanced chromosomal translocation in their karyotypes. METHODS For mapping the broken genes as a result of chromosomal translocations, we performed whole genome DNA sequencing. Chromosomal breakpoints and large DNA copy number variations (CNV) were determined after genome alignment. Identified CNVs and single nucleotide variations (SNV) were evaluated with VCF-BED intersect and Gemini tools, respectively. A targeted resequencing approach was performed on the JMJD1C gene in all of the ASD cohorts (220 patients). For molecular modeling, we used a homology modeling approach via the SWISS-MODEL. RESULTS We found that there was no contribution of the broken genes or regulator DNA sequences to ASD, whereas the SNVs on the JMJD1C, CNKSR2 and DDX11 genes were the most convincing genetic risk factors for underlying ASD phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Genetic etiologies of ASD should be analyzed comprehensively by taking into account of the all chromosomal structural abnormalities and de novo or inherited CNV/SNVs with all possible inheritance patterns.

Objective Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder frequently seen in childhood with deficits in many areas of functioning. Although the etiology of SLD is known to be multifactorial, research findings are limited. In this study, we aimed to compare the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in children with SLD to healthy children to find out whether BDNF has a role in the pathophysiology of SLD. Method The study included 30 children between the ages of 7-12, diagnosed with SLD and 30 age and gender matched healthy controls. The groups were tested on the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview Schedule for School-age Children-Now and Lifetime Form (K-SADS-PL), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-revised form (WISC-R), the Teacher Information Form (TIF) and the Specific Learning Difficulty Battery (SLDB). Results No difference the serum BDNF levels in children with SLD and the healthy controls. BDNF levels did not correlate with the WISC-R scores and reading rate in the SLD group. Conclusion An association was not determined between SLD and and serum BDNF levels. Our study was the first to investigate this relationship and provided preliminary data on this topic. There is a need for further studies with large patient groups of phenotypic homogeneity.

Information on psychological problems and affecting factors in children hospitalized with the suspicion or diagnosis of COVID-19 is limited. We aimed to screen the psychiatric symptoms of children hospitalized with COVID-19 in Ankara City Children`s Hospital and evaluate the caregivers` depression, anxiety, stress, and resilience levels during hospitalization.Among the children and adolescents hospitalized in Ankara City Children`s Hospital between 1 May 2020 and 31 May 2020 due to the diagnosis of COVID-19, those who agreed to participate in the study were included. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS- 21) scale, and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) were used to determine the symptoms.The mean age of study group (n = 49) was 8.7 ± 5.0 years, 59.2% (n = 29) were girls. The mean children`s SDQ-externalizing problems scores were higher in the COVID-19 positive mothers group than the COVID-19 negative mothers` group. The SDQ-total score was positively and strongly correlated with the DASS total score, DASS-depression score, and DASS-anxiety score. BRS scale scores were negatively correlated with the SDQtotal, externalizing, and DASS-21scale scores.COVID-19 positivity in mothers could be associated with externalizing problems in children. The high resilience of caregivers of inpatients seems to be related to less psychopathology in children. During hospitalization, caregivers` psychological evaluation and psychosocial support may be important for preventive child mental health.

Amaç: Ergenlik dönemindeki intihar girişimi, tüm dünyada yaygın bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. İntihar davranışı için biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal olmak üzere pek çok risk faktörü bulunmaktadır. Ergen intiharlarında, intiharla ilişkili davranışlarla ebeveyne güvensiz bağlanmanın ilişkisi çeşitli çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Ülkemizde ergenlerde bağlanma ve intihar girişimi arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen az sayıda araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, intihar davranışı olan ve olmayan ergenlerde anneye bağlanma ve intihar davranışıyla ilişkili diğer faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: İntihar girişimi nedeniyle bir eğitim araştırma hastanesine başvuran 49 ergen çalışma grubu olarak, intihar girişim öyküsü bulunmayan 47 sağlıklı ergen ise kontrol grubu olarak çalışmaya alındı. Tüm katılımcılara sosyodemografik veri formu, Çocuklar için Depresyon Ölçeği (ÇGÖ), Ebeveyn ve Arkadaşlara Bağlanma Envanteri- Kısa Formu (EABE-KF), İntihar Davranışı Ölçeği (İDÖ), Güçler ve Güçlükler Anketi-Ergen Formu (GGA) verildi ve Okul Çağı Çocukları için Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi- Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Şekli uygulandı. Bulgular: İntihar girişimi grubunda %81.6 oranında psikopatoloji saptandı. İntihar girişiminde bulunan grubun, GGA akran sorunları alt ölçeği dışındaki tüm alt ölçeklerinin (duygusal, davranışsal, hiperaktivite, dışavurum ve içeatım) puan ortalamaları, ÇDÖ puan ortalamaları, İDÖ toplam puan, İDÖ-1, İDÖ-2 ve İDÖ-4 puan ortalamaları sağlıklı kontrollerden istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksekken, EABÖ anne bağlanma ölçek ortancası anlamlı düzeyde daha düşüktü. İDÖ toplam, İDÖ-1 ve İDÖ-2 ve İDÖ-4 puanları ile ÇDÖ puanı ve GGA toplam puanı ve tüm alt ölçek puanları arasında pozitif korelasyon, EABÖ anne bağlanma alt ölçeği puanı ile ise negatif korelasyon saptandı. Lojistik regresyon analizinde, EABÖ anne bağlanma ölçek puanları İDÖ toplam ve İDÖ-4 puanlarını yordamakta idi.Tartışma: İntihar grubunda anneye bağlanma puanlarının düşük olması güvensiz bağlanmanın intihar davranışı için önemli bir risk faktörü olabileceği şeklindeki yazınla uyumludur. İntihar girişimi olan ergenlerde anneye bağlanma, intiharın ciddiyeti ve gelecekteki intihar niyetini yordamaktadır. Ebeveyn-ergen bağlanmasını iyileştirecek yaklaşımlar, intiharın önlenmesi açısından önemli rol oynayabilir. Bu alanda ileri çalışmalara gereksinim bulunmaktadır., Objective: Adolescent suicide attempt is a common public health problem all over the world. There are many biological, psychological and social risk factors for suicidal behavior. In adolescent suicides, the relationship between suicidal behaviors and insecure attachment to parents has been shown in various studies. In our country, there are few studies examining the relationship between attachment and suicide attempt in adolescents. In this study, we aimed to investigate other factors related to mother attachment and suicidal behavior in adolescents with and without suicidal behavior.Methods: Of 49 adolescents who admitted to a training and research hospital for suicide attempt were included in the study group and 47 healthy adolescents whose no history of suicide attempt were included. All participants were applied a sociodemographic data form, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Inventory of Parents and Peer Attachment-Short Form (IPPA-SF), Suicidal Behavior Scale (SBS), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Adolescent Form (SDQ-A) and Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime (K-SADS).Results: Psychopathology was found in 81.6% of the suicide attempts group. The mean scores of all the subscales (emotional, behavioral, hyperactivity, expression and introductory) of the group attempting suicide except the GGA peer problems subscale, the mean scores of CDI, the total score of SBS and SBS-1, SBS-2 and SBS-4 subscale scores were significantly higher and the median IPPA-SF scale was significantly lower than that of the healthy control group. There was a positive correlation between total score of SBS, SBS-1, SBS-2, SBS-4, CDI, SDQ total score and its all subscale scores whereas a negative correlation was found with IPPA-SF maternal attachment subscale score. In the logistic regression analysis, the IPPA-SF mother attachment scale scores was predicted by SBS total score and SBS-4 subscale score.Discussion: The low attachment scores to the mother in the suicide group are consistent with the literature that insecure attachment may be an important risk factor for suicidal behavior. In adolescents with suicide attempts, attachment to the mother predicts the seriousness of suicide and the intention of future suicide. Approaches to improve parent-adolescent attachment may play an important role in preventing suicide. Further studies are needed in this field.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to determine serum oxytocin, vasopressin levels and examine parent characteristics in children diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD). METHODS: Thirty four children diagnosed with SAD and 34 mothers were compared with a healthy control group (21 control children and their mothers) in this case–control study. Assessment performed via State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R). Serum samples collected for detection of oxytocin and vasopressin levels. RESULTS: The distribution range of vasopressin levels were found statistically higher in control group than SAD group (p = 0,002). Additionally results showed no statistically significant differences according to the mean levels of serum oxytocin and vasopressin between groups. The scores of STAI-C, SASC-R and democratic attitudes/egalitarianism subscales of PARI were found significantly higher in children with SAD. Similarly we reported that mean scores of SCL-90 scale, LSAS and SCL-90 subscales were higher in mothers of patients group. CONCLUSIONS: Although significantly lower distribution range of vasopressin levels was found in SAD patients, mean oxytocin and vasopressin levels were not associated with SAD etiology. Additionally psychopathologies particularly anxious behaviour in mothers may contribute SAD development in early period of childhood.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children and the pathophysiology remains obscure. Some studies show that lipid imbalances are associated with ADHD etiology. We studied the association of serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels in ADHD. We examined 88 children aged 8-12 years who were diagnosed with ADHD and 88 healthy children. The exclusion criteria were as follows: obesity, any psychotropic use in the last 3 months, presence of a chronic disease and/or malignancy, history of medically treated lipid metabolism disease in family members, intelligence quotient (IQ) 70, and comorbidities, with the exception of oppositional defiant disorder. The sample was evaluated using a semi-structured clinical assessment interview and Conners' rating scales. Despite controlling for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) variables, the total cholesterol and LDL levels were significantly higher in the ADHD group than the levels of healthy controls, whereas the TG and HDL cholesterol levels were similar among groups. Conners' rating scales, reflecting symptom severity, and total cholesterol, TG, HDL, and LDL levels of the ADHD group were not correlated. The study results support the difference in serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles of children with ADHD compared with healthy controls. This difference is thought to be related with changes in oxidant/antioxidant balance states in ADHD.

Amac: Ergenler arasinda akran zorbaligi evrensel bir sorundur. Calismada klinik orneklemde ergenlerde akran zorbaliginin demografik degiskenler, siber zorbalik, siber magduriyet ve ofke ifade tarzlariyla iliskisinin incelenmesi amaclanmistir. Gerec ve Yontemler: Cocuk psikiyatri poliklinigine basvuran 61 ergen calismaya alindi. Sosyodemografik form, Surekli Ofke ve Ofke Tarz Olcegi, Akran Zorbaligi Belirleme Olcegi-Ergen Formu, Siber Zorbalik Olcegi ve Siber Magduriyet Olcekleri kullanildi. Ergenlerde psikopatoloji varligi DSM-5 olcutleri esas alinarak yapilan klinik degerlendirme ile belirlendi. Bulgular: Calismaya katilan 61 ergenin %57.4’u kizdi. Yas ortancasi 15 yildi (min=11, maks= 18 yil). Ergenlerin %27.9’u magdur, %45.9’u hem zorba hem magdur ve %4.9’u zorba olarak tanimlandi. Diger siniflandirmayla ergenlerin %78.7’sinin zorba/magdur dongusunde olduklari saptandi. En sik gorulen zorbalik turu; sozel zorbalik (%37.7), en sik gorulen magduriyet turu ise fiziksel magduriyetti (%60.7). Protez varligi magdur grubunda anlamli duzeyde yuksek bulundu (p=0.041). Zorbaligin orta ergenlikte anlamli duzeyde yuksek (p=0.026), zorbalarin akademik basarisinin daha kotu oldugu bulundu (p=0.008). Magdurlarin babalarinin anlamli olarak dusuk duzeyde egitim almis olduklari saptandi (p=0.036). Hem zorba hem magdur grupta; siber zorbalik, Surekli Ofke ve Ofke Tarz Olcegi ofke disa alt olcegi ve ofke ice alt olcegi puanlari, zorbaliga karismayan grubun puanlarina gore anlamli duzeyde yuksek bulundu (sirasiyla; z=- 3.167, p=0.003; z=-3.735, p=

Objective: There are studies showing that there is a significant relationship between ADHD and obesity. However the number of studies conducted on this topic is limited in our country. It is aimed to evaluate obesity frequency, distribution of psychiatric comorbidity and food addiction in children and adolescents with ADHD who applied to our outpatient clinic. Methods: Our sample size was planned to represent Ankara city and power analysis revealed that a sample of 369 individuals would be sufficient for the representation. Our sample consisted of 400 children aged between 8-16 years who applied to our clinic between June 15, 2016 and June 15, 2017 and diagnosed as ADHD. All cases were administered a semi-structured clinical assessment interview (K-SADS-PL) and a sociodemographic data form. Body mass index (BMI) of all subjects was calculated. The Conners Parent Rating Scale, The Conners Teacher Rating Scale and the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) were used. According to age and sex, weight percentiles between 85-94 percentiles was defined as overweight, ≥95 percentile was defined as obese. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis, p

DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) is the most seen microdeletion syndrome and its prevalance varies from 1/4000 to 1/6000. Over embriogenesis, a deletion of an approximately 3 Mb frame from 22q11.2 results in this syndrome and its clinical features varies from congenital heart and gross vessels anomalies, hypocalcemia, respiratory problems, leucomotor or urogenitale system anomalies, hearing loss, to developmental delay. Alongside different clinical features and phenotypes, these patients should be followed up on psychiatric symptoms and disorders such as speech delay, specific learning difficulties (SLD), mental retardation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, anxiety, depression and even schizophrenia and other pcychotic disorders. This case, diagnosed with partial DGS and followed by immunology, cardiology, endocrinology and neurology departments, admitted to our clinic on account of his difficulties in learning and inattention. The patient was diagnosed with ADHD and SLD, then pharmacotherapy and individual educational programme were planned. The insufficient expression of the catecolamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene located in the 22q11.2 gene could very well play a role in both the etiology of ADHD and SLD. There is still no clear causative relation between these, so there is a need to clarify this with further studies. As seen in our case, the patients with DGS and having some inattention or learning difficulties are needed to be examined by the child psychiatrists. Treatment protocols related to these patients' symptoms would be evaluated with a multidisciplinary attitude.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS-III, Sanflippo syndrome) is one of the lysosomal storage diseases characterized by four different enzymes playing a role in catabolism of heparan sulfate substance. Type IIIB (Sanflippo B), one of them, is characterized by alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) enzyme deficiency and results in accumulation and storage of heparan sulfate in central nervous system, and then emerges itself with developmental deficiency, coarse facial features, delay in speech, mental retardation, hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggressive and disruptive behaviors, difficulty in establishing social relations, aimless hand movements, inadequate eye contact, and sleep disturbances. There are a few studies related to the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of these patients. In this case, atomoxetine treatment added was shown to be effective, safe and tolerable, because risperidone treatment that the patient took was not effective in hyperactivity symptoms. A 12-year-old girl, diagnosed with MPS type IIIB (NAGLU deficiency; OMIM# 252920) when she was 5 years old, was admitted to our clinic with symptoms of hyperactivity, short span of attention, aggressive behavior, and quasi-autistic symptoms such as aimless hand movement, with risperidone use at 1.5 mg/day for approximately 1 year. After clinical and psychometric examinations, she was diagnosed with “mild mental retardation” and “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder”. Atomoxetine was added at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day to her risperidone treatment and its dosage was gradually increased up until to 1.4 mg/kg/day. Over the follow-up period, her attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were ameliorated, reported by both her teachers and her parents via rating scales of ADHD. Her hyperactivity and irritability levels were noticed as decreased and improved over evaluation process throughout clinical interviews. Through atomoxetine treatment process, there was not any adverse effect. Int J Clin Pediatr. 2016;5(1):15-18 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/ijcp237w

Objectives: In this study, the relationship between preschool age group children’s language development and depression/anxiety symptoms of their mothers was investigated. Methods: Children aged 13-75 months and their mothers were included. Denver-II test and Beck Depression and anxiety scales were utilized. SPSS 17.0 program was used and p < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Of the 58 patients, 74.1% were male, with the mean age of 53.3 months. The mean maternal age was 31.5 years. The mean education level was 8.3 years for mothers. According to the Denver-II of language development, 53.4% of the cases were found to be "delayed" whereas 46.6% of all were “normal”, with significantly lower in “delayed” children (47.4 vs. 60 months; t (56) = -3.431, p = 0.001). Delayed language was significantly associated with lower mothers’ education level (7.4 vs. 9.3 years; t (56) = -2.466, p = 0.017). The median score of depression scale was significantly higher in the delayed language (18 vs. 13; z = -2.218, p = 0.027). Positive correlation was found between the mothers’ education and the language development (r = .324, p = 0.013). The anxiety symptom levels of the mothers were not associated with language development (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The level of education of mother seems to affect language development. There is a relationship between the depressive symptoms of the mother and the delay in language development. It seems important that the mothers of the cases whose children had language development to be directed to psychiatric evaluation.

Background Epilepsy is an important disorder that is sometimes accompanied by inattention problems. This study explored the features of seizures in children with epilepsy, with or without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Between January 2017 and January 2018, data records of children with epilepsy aged 5-18 years admitted to hospital were retrospectively collected. SPSS 17.0 was used for analyses and P Results Of 301 patients with epilepsy, 32 of them had ADHD. Median age at diagnosis of epilepsy in the epilepsy + ADHD group was lower than in the epilepsy alone group (6 vs 8 years; z = -2.989, P = 0.003). The two groups were similar in terms of duration of epilepsy, seizure types and features of complicated versus non-complicated epilepsy, number of anti-epileptic drugs (AED) used (for all, P > 0.05). The epilepsy + ADHD group had a significantly higher prevalence of intellectual disability (31.3% vs 12.6%; χ2 (1) = 7.9, P = 0.014) and specific learning disorder (12.5% vs 1.9%; χ2 (1) = 11.1, P = 0.009) than the epilepsy alone group (χ2 (1) = 11.1, P = 0.009). ADHD medication use was identified in 68.8% of children in the epilepsy + ADHD group. Conclusion Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder was identified in 11.8% of 5-18-year-old children (32/301) with epilepsy in a 1 year period. ADHD is more frequent in children with epilepsy in childhood (5-11 years of age). Epilepsy diagnosis is more frequent in younger children with ADHD. Children with epilepsy and ADHD, also have a significantly higher prevalence of intellectual disability and specific learning disorder. Younger children diagnosed with epilepsy should be carefully monitored for ADHD.

Since conduct disorder is a mental disturbance deteriorating not only children or adolescents’ functioning but both their close environment and even the whole society they live in, it is crucially important to be treated with effective interventions. There is mainly child, family and school-oriented interventions for childhood-onset conduct disorder and treatments of adolescent-onset conduct disorder include community and institutional practices in addition to adolescent, family and school-oriented interventions. Approaches to childhood-onset conduct disorder based on social learning theory, and interventions of adolescent-onset conduct disorder built on “needs, responsivity and risk principles” seem to be effective treatment modalities. Family-oriented approaches using concurrently either adolescent school-oriented interventions or society-oriented programs appear to be the most effective treatments for short-term and long-term outcomes. Adolescents with high risk and advanced age seem to have better progress with interventions whereas sexual offenders are less likely to benefit from treatment than the other conduct pathologies., Davranım bozukluğu doğru yöntemlerle müdahaleler gerektiren, çocuk ya da ergenin sadece kendisini değil, yakın çevresini hatta yaşadığı toplumu olumsuz etkileyebilen bir ruhsal bozukluktur. Çocukluk-başlangıçlı davranım bozukluğunun tedavisinde çocuk, anne-baba ve okul eksenli uygulamalar yer alırken, ergenlik-başlangıçlı olanının tedavisinde bu yöntemlere ek olarak kısmi yatış programları, kurumsal uygulamalar ve diğer toplumsal unsurlar bulunur. Çocukluk-başlangıçlı davranım bozukluğunda sosyal öğrenme kuramını esas alan “aile odaklı” uygulamalar, ergenlik-başlangıçlı olanında ergene yönelik “ihtiyaçlar, duyarlılık ve risk ilkesi” esas alınarak uygulanan “ergen odaklı” müdahaleler etkili yöntemler olarak görünmektedir. Kısa ve uzun vadeli etkinlik açısından, ergen, okul ya da toplum odaklı müdahaleleri eş-zamanlı kullanan “aile odaklı” yaklaşımlar en etkin tedaviler olarak görünmektedir. Yüksek riskli ve yaşça ileri ergenler tedaviyle daha iyi ilerlemeler sağlarken, cinsel suçları bulunan ergenler diğerlerine göre tedavilerden daha az fayda görmektedirler.

Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in adolescence, however, the etiology has not been described. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one potential factor that may be involved in the etiology of ADHD. The goal of this study was to evaluate NPY levels in children with ADHD and compare the findings to healthy controls. Methods Forty-eight ADHD patients and 40 healthy controls were included in this study. The age range of ADHD patients was 6 to 16 years. All patients were diagnosed according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Results The NPY levels of children with ADHD were compared to healthy controls but were not significantly different (t (86)= -0.887, p= 0.378). NPY levels were similar (F= 0.191, p= 0.826) between ADHD presentations, and included 8 children with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (14.3%), 14 children with predominantly inattentive type (30.4%), and 26 children with a combined type (55.4%). There was also no difference between ADHD patients using medical treatment, ADHD patients not using medical treatment, and control subjects in terms of NPY levels (F= 0.572, p= 0.566). There was a significant positive correlation between age and NPY levels in the ADHD group (r= 0.349, p= 0.015). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the NPY levels of ADHD subjects were not different than those of controls. Future studies with homogeneous phenotypes and a larger sample population are needed.

Objective: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic disease affecting both the child and the family system. The mental state of the family can be affected with the burden brought on by the disease, and family functioning can become problematic. Coping abilities and strategies are important in determining the psychological adjustment in difficult situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychiatric symptoms, parental attitudes and coping strategies in mothers of children with CF and to examine the relationship of psychiatric symptoms with parental attitudes and coping skills. Material and Methods: The study included the mothers of 35 children with CF and of 40 children with acute medical problems and no chronic diseases. The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, the COPE inventory, the Parent Attitude Research Instrument and the sociodemographic information form were used in the evaluation of the subjects. Results: All scores on the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised were higher than the control group in mothers of children with CF. Additionally; these mothers had higher scores on dependency and strictness/authoritarianism on the Parent Attitude Research Instrument. In the COPE inventory; focus on and venting of emotions, denial, religious coping and acceptance subscale scores were higher, whereas humor, use of instrumental social support and planning subscale scores were lower in mothers of children with CF. When mothers of children with CF were categorized according to the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised Global Severity Index with a cut-off score of “1”; mothers with scores higher than 1 suggesting psychopathology had higher scores for rejection of the homemaking role and marital conflict and coping strategies such as mental disengagement, denial, use of emotional social support, and ways of maladaptive composites. Conclusion: Coping abilities, marital relationship and mental health are negatively affected in mothers of children with CF. There is a need for further studies and developing programs that will improve the coping skills and provide psychosocial support for mothers of children with CF in our country.

Although genetic factors have been thought to be main cause for gender dysphoria, its etiology is still not clearly understood. Klinefelter syndrome is the most seen sex chromosomal disorder. In the literature, there are fewer case reports in connection with Klinefelter syndrome and gender dysphoria. Herein, we report a 16-year-old adolescent patient displaying gender dysphoria features, who has revealed Klinefelter syndrome after genetic examination, and has been treated with testosterone hormone, and his gender dysphoria symptoms have disappeared. In our case, chromosomal anomaly and lower levels of androgen could play a role in the etiopathogenesis of gender dysphori. Bringing Klinefelter syndrome disorder to mind in gender dysphoria cases, even it is a rare disorder, could positively affect the course of the treatment as was in our case. The relation between psychiatric symptoms, which can be seen in gender dysphoria, and testosterone does not known exactly. Further studies, which are randomized-controlled ones, can help to better understand the subject.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently occurring neuropsychiatric disorder in childhood with an etiology that is not fully understood. A number of reviews that have addressed the neurobiology of ADHD have focused on imaging and genetics. Relatively little attention has been given to factors/mechanisms involved in the brain dysfunction. We suggest that changes in cellular immunity may be involved. Neopterin is a good indicator of cellular immunity, and we evaluated serum levels of neopterin in patients with ADHD. The study group consisted of 49 patients with ADHD. An age- and gender-matched control group was composed of 31 healthy subjects. Venous blood samples were collected, and the levels of neopterin were measured. The levels of neopterin were significantly higher in ADHD than in the comparison subjects. Cellular immunity may have a role in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background Anxiety disorders are common in children and adolescents, and they can significantly impair quality of life. Genetic, neurobiological, neurochemical, and psychological factors are believed to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Recent evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders may be associated with oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated whether there are associations between children with anxiety disorders and total oxidant/antioxidant status. Methods The experimental group consisted of 40 patients (children and adolescents) with anxiety disorders. An age- and gender-matched control group composed of 35 healthy subjects was also assessed. Venous blood samples were collected and total antioxidative status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined. Results Both the TOS and the OSI of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. There were no significant differences in TAS between the experimental and control groups. Limitations The main limitation of our study was the small sample size. Conclusions This study suggests that oxidative balance is impaired in children with anxiety disorders. Oxidative stress may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of anxiety disorders, and TOS may be a useful diagnostic tool in this context.

Summary We aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern of use, parental sources of information and adverse effects of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in children with epilepsy. Parents of children with epilepsy ( n =305; mean age: 8.3±4.3 years) were interviewed with structured open and close-ended questionnaire. Patients were divided in two groups, CAM and non-CAM and compared using statistical tests. The use of CAM was detected in 22.6% of the patients ( n =69). Prayer was the most commonly used therapy in 91.3% of children ( n =63). Gender ( p =0.032, [OR]: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.287–0.945) and resistance to antiepileptic drugs ( p =0.005, [OR]: 3.4, 95%CI: 1.459–8.148) were found to be associated with CAM use. Parental use of CAMs to treat their children with epilepsy is not common in the Eastern Blacksea Region of Turkey. The research findings have demonstrated that patients' parents trust in their doctors. However, male sex and the presence of resistance of anti epileptics are potentially CAM predictors.