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This paper introduces a phenomenon in which individuals are unwilling to change their current state after period of directed choices. We call it status quo bias. Status quo bias is an influential theory in behavioral economics, where people's reluctance to risk common sense in the face of unknown choices is explained by a combination of loss aversion and regret theory, causing the choices to look better than its alternatives. We choose to utilize examples of Coca-Cola company and European organ donation as the basis of our study to concentrate on the deeper influence of status quo bias on some degree of significance to the individuals or companies concerned who are affected by it as the study method. Meanwhile, the reason we choose to study this topic is that it is a classic and important basic theory in behavioral economics, and it has an unshakable position in the current industrial structure and economic development environment of most enterprises, and it is also widely use in daily life. We also analyze the pros and cons in terms of losses and gains, and we demonstrate through examples that gains do outweigh losses when following the status quo bias. From the application of this paper, we can conclude the following points: the study of the theory of status quo bias can help us better understand the behavior of micro-actors in the market and improve the theories about consumer behavior and other related areas in the direction of economics; decision makers can respond to people's tendency of status quo bias in practical areas such as marketing industry, administrative fields or public policies and so on. To sum up, it is significant to grasp well in both the comprehension and interpretation of everyday decision-making behavior of status quo and its application in various practice areas.

With the improvement of the Chinese capital market in terms of regulation system and overall maturity, the significance of the ESG concept to the capital market has been rising accordingly, becoming an important source of corporate signals. In this context, ESG value investment has gradually received attention from academia and the market and a lot of discussions have been conducted on ESG and corporate value, but there are still many differences in the research on the relationship and mechanism of the two. The academic argument of ESG governance's function has been reflected in the capital market that most Chinese listed companies neglected ESG governance, and less than a quarter of them have made the disclosure on this basis. Hence, In context to this background, this paper explores the correlation between ESG performance and enterprise value as well as explains the mechanism of this effect by constructing a multiple linear regression model with sample companies from the A-share capital market. It is found that ESG performance is significantly and positively correlated with enterprise value, for every 1% increase in ESG performance, enterprise value will increase by 7.2% on average. This correlation also has been proved by this paper that can be explained by the contribution of better economic performance and a financing environment led by good ESG performance.

Manipulation of the internal architecture is essential for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of metal-based coatings, which can address the electromagnetic pollution in large-size, complex geometries, and harsh environments. In this work, oriented segregated structure with conductive networks embedded in magnetic matrix was achieved in Fe-based amorphous coatings via Ni–Cu–P functionalization of (Fe0.76Si0.09B0.1P0.05)99Nb1 amorphous powder precursors and then thermal spraying them onto aluminum (Al) substrate. Benefiting from the unique magnetic-electric structure, the coating@Al composite delivered prominent EMI shielding performance. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of modified coating@Al composite is ~41 dB at 8–12 GHz, doubling the value of Al substrate and is 15 dB greater than that of Ni–Cu–P-free coating@Al composite. Microstructure analysis showed that the introduced Ni−Cu−P insertions forcefully suppress the serious oxidation of the magnetic precursors during thermal spraying and form a dense conductive network in the magnetic matrix. Electron holography observation and electromagnetism simulation clarified that the modified coating can effectively trap and attenuate the incident radiations because of the electric loss from Ni−Cu−P conductive network, magnetic loss from Fe-based amorphous coating, and the electromagnetic interactions in the oriented segregated architectures. Moreover, the optimized thermal isolation and mechanical properties brought by structural improvement enable the coating to shield complex parts in thermal shock and mechanical loading environments. Our work gives an insight on the design strategies for metal-based EMI shielding materials and enriches the fundamental understanding of EMI shielding mechanisms.

The objective of the project is to analyze, based on existing economic models of attention and experimental data, the impact of limited attention on the choice behavior of the mode of transportation. This project is based on two research questions: 1) Faced with different available modes of transportation, what are the factors that determine the set of options considered relevant by individuals? 2) How do these same individuals allocate their limited attention to the different dimensions of the choice (e.g., price, travel time...)?

In this study, some transitional metal carbides (Ti3C2, Ni3C, Mo2C, Cr3C2 and NbC) were prepared to enhance the hydrogen storage behaviors of magnesium-based materials. The carbides with a weight ratio of 5 wt% were introduced into magnesium hydride (MgH2) by mechanical ball milling, and the microstructure, phase composition and hydrogen storage properties of the composites were studied in detail. The phase compositions of Ni3C, Mo2C, Cr3C2 and NbC in the ball-milled composites have not changed during hydrogen absorption and desorption cycles. However, Ti3C2 decompose into multivalent Ti during hydrogenation process. All of these metal carbides can enhance the hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of MgH2. Among them, Ti3C2 shows the best catalytic effect on dehydrogenation kinetic properties of MgH2, followed by the Ni3C, NbC, Mo2C and Cr3C2.

In this study, some transition metal sulfides (TiS2, NbS2, MoS2, MnS, CoS2 and CuS) are used as catalyst to enhance the hydrogen storage behaviors of MgH2. The MgH2-sulfide composites with different sulfides addition are prepared by ball-milling. The phase composition and hydrogen storage properties are studied in detail. The results confirm that all these sulfides can significantly increase the hydrogen desorption and absorption kinetics of MgH2. The MgH2–TiS2 has the best hydrogenation and dehydrogenation kinetics, followed by the MgH2–NbS2, MgH2–MnS, MgH2–MoS2, MgH2–CoS2, MgH2–CuS and MgH2. Also, the onset dehydrogenation temperature of the MgH2–TiS2 is about 204 °C, which is lower about 126 °C than that of the MgH2. The dehydrogenation activation energy can be reduced to 50.8 kJ mol−1 when doping TiS2 in MgH2. The beneficial catalytic effects of the sulfides can be ascribed to the in-situ formation of MgS, TiH2, NbH, Mo, Mn, Mg2CoH5 and MgCu2 phases.

The CO molecular ionization and Coulomb explosion are systematically investigated utilizing a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer. It is found that the main dissociation channels of hi...

Industrial emission has been proved to be an important source of atmospheric PM

In the present study, the NiS2 was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. Then the MgH2-x wt% NiS2 (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10) composites were prepared by mechanical ball-milling and their hydrogen storage properties were studied. Results indicate that the doped NiS2 changes into MgS and Mg2NiH4 during the heating process. Increasing NiS2 content significantly improves the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation kinetics of the composites. The onset dehydrogenation temperature is observed to shift downward from 330 °C for the ball-milled MgH2 to 210 °C for the MgH2-10 wt% NiS2 composite. Also, the MgH2-5 wt% NiS2 sample can absorb more than 5.1 wt% H2 within 1 h at 100 °C, while the ball-milled MgH2 can hardly absorb H2 at the same temperature. The enhanced hydrogen sorption kinetics is mainly attributed to the catalytic effect of in-situ formed MgS and Mg2NiH4 phases. In addition, the composites exhibit good cyclic performance, and the phase composition, microstructure, and reversible hydrogen storage capacity have almost no change during hydrogenation cycles.

The clean heating renovation has been executed for improving particulate matter (PM) pollution in northern China since 2017. This study determined particle size distributions of nitrated phenols (NPs) in personal exposure samples and their associations with biomarkers in saliva and urine from homemakers in rural households of the Fenwei Plain, China. Remarkable reductions of 28.6-66.3% and 52.2-82.4% on PMs and total quantified NPs, respectively, were found with the substitutions of raw coal chunk and biomass by advanced clean coal. 4-Nitroguaiacol (4NG) showed the largest reductions of 81.2% among individual NP. In addition, the clean coal efficiently reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 8-hydrox-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine and saliva by 12-72%. Furthermore, significant positive correlations between urinary 8-OHdG with most of NPs in all particle sizes, urinary IL-6 with 4NG for particles with

A vehicular emission study was conducted in the longest inner-city tunnel in Xi'an, northwestern China in four time periods (I: 07:30-10:30, II: 11:00-14:00, III: 16:30-19:30, and IV: 20:00-23:00 LST). A sum of 40 PAHs, including parent (p-PAHs), alkylated (a-PAHs), and oxygenated (o-PAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM

Cavity-free lasing generation from gas constituents has been studied in the past decade since it promises great potentials in remote sensing and optical diagnostics techniques. Here we report on experimental investigations of temporal characteristics of H-atom lasing emission at 656 nm by examining the dependences of its durations and delays on the pump-laser-pulse energies. An indirect measurement was also performed to test the delays of the lasing pulse for varying H-atom concentrations. The results show that the lasing pulse exhibits considerable superfluorescence signatures. Analysis based on experimental parameters by using deductive expressions of superfluorescence theory shows good agreement to this conjecture. Our investigations on fundamentals could pave the way to a better understanding of the lasing generation and further applications of lasing-based optical diagnostics.

DNA sequencing technology is one of the important tools in modern life science research, and with the development of science and technology, sequencing technology is constantly changing. High-throughput sequencing technology is known as the second generation sequencing technology. Compared with Sanger sequencing technology, high-throughput sequencing technology has the characteristics of high throughput, fast speed and low cost. In this paper, the researcher briefly introduced the emergence and development of DNA sequencing technology, and expounded the application of high-throughput sequencing in epigenetic research from the aspects of DNA methylation and histone modification.

Solid fuel combustion for domestic heating in northern China in the wintertime is of great environmental and health concern. This study assesses personal exposure to particulate matter with different aerodynamic diameters and multiple gaseous pollutants from 123 rural residents in Yuncheng, the Fenwei Plain. The subjects are divided into groups based on the unique energy source applied, including biomass, coal, and electricity/no heating activities. The health effects of the exposures are expressed with four urinary biomarkers. The personal exposure levels to three different aerodynamic particle sizes (i.e., PM

YOLO v3 is widely used in industry because of its high detection accuracy and speed, but there is a problem that it can only output accurate position coordinates and cannot predict the localization uncertainty of bbox. To solve this problem, an improved YOLO v3 algorithm is proposed. By increasing the output of position parameters and predicting localization uncertainty of bbox with Gaussian modeling to remove the boxes with high bbox uncertainty in the detection process. A new Localization loss function is designed on the basis of increasing the output of bbox coordinates. Batch Normalization layer and Convolution layer are combined to reduce the use of video memory space and improve network performance. The experimental results show that the mAP50 of the improved YOLO v3 algorithm in the helmet wearing test set is improved by 7.99%.

In the context of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), strict lockdown policies were implemented to control nonessential human activities in Xi’an, northwest China, which greatly limited the spread of the pandemic and affected air quality. Compared with pre-lockdown, the air quality index and concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO during the lockdown reduced, but the reductions were not very significant. NO2 levels exhibited the largest decrease (52%) during lockdown, owing to the remarkable decreased motor vehicle emissions. The highest K+ and lowest Ca2+ concentrations in PM2.5 samples could be attributed to the increase in household biomass fuel consumption in suburbs and rural areas around Xi’an and the decrease in human physical activities in Xi’an (e.g., human travel, vehicle emissions, construction activities), respectively, during the lockdown period. Secondary chemical reactions in the atmosphere increased in the lockdown period, as evidenced by the increased O3 level (increased by 160%) and OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 (increased by 26%), compared with pre-lockdown levels. The results, based on a natural experiment in this study, can be used as a reference for studying the formation and source of air pollution in Xi’an and provide evidence for establishing future long-term air pollution control policies.

Pre-diffusion grain boundary strategy was proposed to fabricate die-upset Nd-Fe-B magnets with excellent magnetic properties. Microstructure modification of die-upset magnets played a key role in determining the magnetic properties. The effective coercivity enhancement of die-upset magnets through pre-diffusion process was enhanced from 0.076 T/wt%Pr to 0.114 T/wt%Pr with a slight remanence loss. Driven by heat, the Pr–Cu eutectic alloys were diffused into melt-spun ribbons with weakened exchange couple of matrix phase, which led to enhanced coercivity. The uniform distribution of intergranular phase was obtained in die-upset magnet with pre-diffusion process and the remanence reduction was limited with a high squareness factor. Microstructure analysis confirmed that the pre-diffusion process suppressed the longitudinal/lateral ratio of platelet-shaped grains and grain growth in die-upset process. Simultaneously, the pre-diffusion process facilitated the formation of continuous and uniform grain boundaries (GBs). The grain size was distributed over a narrow range of value with similar local critical nucleation field, which resulted in the improved squareness. The thick and continuous intergranular phase strengthened the magnetic isolation between neighboring Nd2Fe14B phases and offered more “pinning” sites for domain wall shift. The modified structure hindered the nucleation and spread of reverse domains in a low magnetic field in favor of the coercivity enhancement. The view-direct time-dependent behavior of reverse magnetic domains indicated that the coercivity mechanism for die-upset magnet was a combination of “pinning” effect and nucleation model.

The effect of the morphology of the melt-spun powders on the compressive and bending strength of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets has been investigated. The results suggest that the refinement of the melt-spun powders can effectively reduce the mechanical anisotropy of the hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets in two directions parallel and perpendicular to c-axis without sacrificing the magnetic properties. The observation for microstructure shows that the refinement of the melt-spun powders reduced the shape anisotropy of the particles and improved the mechanical properties of the hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets perpendicular to c-axis, thereby improving the mechanical anisotropy of the hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets.

Nano-crystalline and micron-crystalline Nd-Fe-B powders were employed to hydrogenation-disproportionation-desorption-recombination (HDDR) process to investigate the structural factors of deformation ability in HDDR powders. It was found that the deformation ability and magnetic properties of the final die-upset magnet were optimized significantly by nano-crystalline powders. Structure investigation shows that the variations in coercivity and deformation ability were attributed to the Nd-rich phase distribution in HDDR powders. Meanwhile, enhancement of remanence and squareness indicated the uniform distribution of Nd-rich phase and the narrow grain size distribution by using nano-sized crystalline powders were in favor of c-axis alignment of 2:14:1 phase.

Stress-induced alignment of Nd2Fe14B nanograins along (001) planes represents a practical process with which to create uniaxial high-anisotropy Nd Fe B magnetic materials. The residual non-oriented coarse-grain defect at ribbons’ surfaces not only deteriorates the [001]-oriented structure but also facilitates the low-field nucleation of reversed magnetic domains. Although the local structural defect has proved to be controllable via doping refractory ceramic nanomaterials, the natures of coarse-grain suppression and corresponding magnetic configuration variation remain poorly known. Herein, we comprehensively discuss the correlation between structures and magnetic configurations to address the role of WC dopants in the kinetics of stress-induced deformation system. The statistical data suggest that the reinforced stress caused by WC nanoparticles effectively suppresses the size of Nd2Fe14B grains and induces their anisotropic growth. Simultaneously, the evolved (006) polar figures further confirm that the crystallographic orientation of interfacial Nd2Fe14B grains is also improved by reinforced stress. The analysis for magnetic configurations around dopants confirms that the coarse-grain inhibited structure reduces the low-field nucleation probability of reversed magnetic domains. Relying on their combined effect, the coercivity is increased by about 12%. These observations are further verified by the micromagnetic simulation computations. All these above findings may enrich the knowledge of stress-induced deformation mechanism and deepen the fundamental understanding of the correlation between structure and magnetic features.

Hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets co-doped with and without Tb-Fe addition are prepared to study the effect of Tb-Fe particles on the magnetic properties and thermal stability. With the addition of 2 wt. % Tb-Fe particles, the coercivity increases by 28.7%, while the remanence decreases by only 3.6%. It is observed that Tb atoms are diffused from the Tb-Fe particles to neighboring Nd-Fe-B melt-spun ribbons, in which Nd atoms in 2:14:1 grains are partially substituted by Tb atoms. The formation of local high-anisotropy (Nd, Tb)2Fe14B regions promotes the locally magnetically hardening, suppressing the nucleation of reversed magnetic domains at the low-anisotropy surface magnetic “defects”. This can be employed to explain the coercivity enhancement of diffusion-processed hot-deformed magnets. In addition, the thermal stability of the magnet is improved due to the higher Curie temperature of (Nd, Tb)2Fe14B grain.

Background The health effects of heavy solid fuel use in winter in rural China are of concern. The effects of air pollution resulting from domestic solid fuel combustion in rural households on rural homemakers’ biomarkers were revealed in this study. Methods In total, 75 female homemakers from rural areas of Guanzhong Basin, the Fenwei Plain, People’s Republic of China, were randomly selected and divided into three groups (biomass users, coal users, and nonusers of solid fuel user [control group]). The differences in biological indicators, including 8-hydrox-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in urine samples as well as blood pressure (BP, including systolic BP [SBP] and diastolic BP [DBP]) and heart rate (HR) among the groups in winter and summer were investigated using statistical analysis. Results IL-6, 8-OHdG, HR, SBP, and DBP were significantly higher in winter than in summer (P 2.5 pollution in this area and adverse effects on inflammatory biomarkers in these rural homemakers and induced DNA damage related to oxidative stress.

Stainless steels with high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are promising structural materials for the next generation of aerospace and some niche industries. In this work, we pre-formed a gradient nanostructured (GNS) surface layer on 316L stainless steel by surface mechanical rolling treatment (SMRT) and subsequently annealed it at 700 °C. Tensile tests showed that the strength-ductility synergy was enhanced in the annealed-SMRT sample, while the grain size and hardness in the GNS layer retained rather stable. In addition, a remarkable Cr-enrichment was found in the GNS surface layer after annealing, resulting in a significantly enhanced corrosion resistance. The underlying mechanisms on the microstructure, composition and phases evolutions, as well as their effects on deformation and corrosion behavior, were analyzed in the annealed-SMRT sample. This work provides insights on developing a simple thermomechanical approach to produce stainless steels with enhanced mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

This is an extension from a selected paper from JSAI2019. User Identity Linkage (UIL) aims to detect the same individual or entity across different Online Social Networks, which is a crucial step for information diffusion among isolated networks and information transfer between different domains. While many pair-wise user linking methods have been proposed on this important topic, the community information naturally exists in the network is often discarded during process. In this paper, we proposed a novel embedding-based approach that considers and utilizes both individual similarity and community similarity by jointly optimizing them in a single loss function. Experiments conducted on real datasets obtained from Foursquare and Twitter illustrate that the proposed method outperforms other commonly used baselines in UIL, which only consider the individual similarity between users or entities.

Low-melting eutectic diffusion has emerged as a practical approach to enhance the coercivity of hot-deformed Nd–Fe–B magnets. Herein, we report a high-efficient stress-induced eutectic diffusion method to develop high-coercivity hot-deformed Nd–Fe–B magnets. In this method, fast Pr–Cu eutectic diffusion is accomplished with the hot-pressed and hot-deformed processes simultaneously. The coercivity of diffusion-processed magnets is substantially increased by about 33% with a slight remanence loss. The applied stress effectively controls the distribution of Pr–Cu eutectic and relieves the remanence loss. Microstructure analysis confirms that the Pr–Cu concentration gradient constructed in hot-pressed precursors effectively suppresses the near-surface grain growth during the hot-deformation process and reduces the lateral/longitudinal ratio of platelet-shaped grains. The formation of thick and continuous Pr-rich grain boundaries weakens the exchange coupling between neighboring grains, offering more “pinning” sites for domain wall displacement. Partially Pr-substitution improves the locally magnetically “hardening” of 2:14:1 main phases. The optimized structural and magnetic characterizations hinder the nucleation and propagation of reversed magnetic domains at low magnetic fields, which is beneficial to coercivity enhancement. These findings clarify the characteristics of the stress-induced diffusion method and give a new insight into the structural modulation for Nd–Fe–B materials.

The microstructure of ribbons interface was optimized by doping the hexagonal boron nitride nanoplatelets (h-BNNP) in hot-deformed magnets. The remanence increased markedly and reached to a maximum value of 14.06 kGs. The coercivity and the energy product exhibited similar variation trends to the remanence, showing maxima of 16.92 kOe and 49 MGOe, respectively. Microscopy observations revealed that surface grains of ribbons tended to align with the interior grains due to the uniform local compressive stress induced by h-BNNP with relatively large flat surface, resulting in hot-deformed magnets with microscopically homogeneous structure and improved texture.