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© 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Background: Rehabilitation interventions are rarely utilized as an alternative or adjunct therapy for focal dystonias. Reasons for limited utilization are unknown, but lack of conclusive evidence of effectiveness is likely a crucial factor. Methods and Findings: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the level of evidence for rehabilitation interventions in focal dystonias. Rehabilitation interventions were classified based upon the underlying theoretical basis of different approaches, and the strength of evidence for each category was evaluated to identify gaps in the field. Prospective studies using rehabilitation methods in cervical, hand, and foot dystonia were reviewed. The key elements of treatments tested were identified and studies were grouped into six categories based on the theoretical basis of the intervention: (1) movement practice, (2) training with constraint, (3) sensory reorganization, (4) normalization of muscle activity with external techniques, (5) neuromodulation with training, and (6) compensatory strategies. Quality of the body of evidence ranged from very low-to-low according to the grades of recommendation, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE). Despite inconclusive evidence for these rehabilitation approaches, data suggest that intensive movement practice and neuromodulation combined with motor training should be further explored. Conclusions: This systematic review presents a novel approach to classify studies of rehabilitation in focal dystonias based on the theoretical basis of intervention. The proposed classification system will move toward a unified theoretical understanding of rehabilitation interventions in dystonia. Moreover, it will help provide recommendations for clinical applications and future investigations.

The objective of the pilot study was to compare validity and reliability properties of Polar RS800CX (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) against simultaneously recorded electrocardiogram (ECG) measuring time- and frequency-based short-term heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, in dogs during stationary standing position. Five-minute recordings with less than 5% error rates from inter-beat interval (IBI) series obtained by Polar RS800CX and ECG, in 8 adult dogs, were used for HRV analysis. Polar data were statistically compared to the ECG data to assess for systematic differences in time- and frequency-based HRV parameters. Relative and absolute reliabilities were estimated by intraclass correlation coefficient, Spearman ρ, Bland and Altman analysis, standard error of measurement, and standard error of measurements in percentage. Paired t test was used to determine the statistical significance of differences between the measurement methods. Results: There were high correlation coefficients between HRV parameters obtained from Polar RS800CX and ECG. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.98-1.00, and Spearman ρ was 0.93-0.98. There were differences between the methods in 2 HRV parameters, the standard deviation of normal-to-normal IBIs (SDNN) (P = 0.035) and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal-to normal IBIs (RMSSD) (P = 0.034). Standard error of measurements was between 2.8-11.6% in ECG and between 2.6-11.8% in Polar, indicating rather high measurement error in 3 of the HRV parameters in both measurement methods. Close agreements and high correlation estimates in this pilot study indicated acceptable relative reliability in Polar RS800CX measuring time- and frequency-based HRV parameters in the group of dogs studied. However, the present pilot study revealed differences between Polar RS800CX and ECG in time-based standard deviation of normal-to-normal and square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal-to norm, Export Date: 23 September 2015

vådområder, økosystemer, global change, drivhusgasser

Purpose: To determine whether mice exposed to an extended low dose of gamma-irradiation during most of their prenatal period express increased frequencies-of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (fMPCE) and/or micronucleated normochromatic erythrocyt, Addresses: Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Uppsala Univ, EBC, Dept Ecotoxicol, Norbyvagen 18A, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. Uppsala Univ, EBC, Dept Conservat Biol & Genet, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Radiat Protect Inst, SSI, S-17116 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm

The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (fMPCE) was determined in samples from bone marrow, spleen and peripheral blood of rats exposed to low doses of X-rays, cyclophosphamide or vincristine. The fMPCE values were lower in the peripher, Addresses: Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Uppsala Univ, Dept Genet, Box 7003, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Uppsala Univ, Dept Genet, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, Dept Genet & Cellular Toxicol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

Purpose: To further characterize the radiation response of the scid mutation. Materials and methods: X-ray induced chromosomal aberrations and cell killing were analysed using various in vivo or in vitro cell systems. Results: Using low LET X-irradiation, Addresses: Van Buul PPW, Leiden State Univ, MGC, Dept Radiat Genet, Wassenaarseweg 72, NL-2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands. Leiden State Univ, MGC, Dept Radiat Genet, NL-2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands. Leiden State Univ, Chem Mutagenesis Sylvius Lab, NL-2333 AL L

Using flow cytometric automation of the mouse in vivo, micronucleus assay increases the sensitivity of the test. This is achieved through a very large increase in the number of cells scored, by a factor of 100 X, which in turn greatly reduces the sampling, Addresses: Grawe J, Univ Stockholm, Wallenberg Lab, Dept Genet & Cellular Toxicol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Stockholm, Wallenberg Lab, Dept Genet & Cellular Toxicol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Uppsala Univ, Dept Genet, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.

Erythrocytes from the spleen of CBA mice have been prepared for analyses by flow cytometry. About 80% of the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in the spleen originate from erythropoiesis in the spleen, while the remaining 20% come from the peripheral blood, Addresses: Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Uppsala Univ, Dept Genet, Box 7003, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Uppsala Univ, Dept Genet, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.

Ascorbic acid was given to CBA mice in drinking water (5%) a week before and during 35-day exposure to gamma-radiation from 137 Cs at a very low dose-rate (44 mGy/day). The frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (fMNCE) in peripheral blood was monitored by repeated sampling during the exposure. The analyses were made with flow cytometry giving a high resolution because of the large number of cells analysed, about 10(6) for each dose group and sampling occasion. Ascorbic acid in the drinking water did not modify the increase of fMNCE in the gamma-irradiated groups of mice, nor did ascorbic acid influence the fMNCE in the non-irradiated groups of mice.