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Peer reviewed: True, Psidium guajava L. (guava) is a small tree known for its fruit flavor that is cultivated almost around the globe in tropical areas. Its fruit is amazingly rich in antioxidants, vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber. In different parts of the world, this plant holds a special place with respect to fruit and nutritional items. Pharmacological research has shown that this plant has more potential than just a fruit source; it also has beneficial effects against a variety of chronic diseases due to its rich nutritional and phytochemical profile. The primary goal of this document is to provide an updated overview of Psidium guajava L. and its bioactive secondary metabolites, as well as their availability for further study, with a focus on the health benefits and potential industrial applications. There have been several studies conducted on Psidium guajava L. in relation to its use in the pharmaceutical industry. However, its clinical efficacy and applications are still debatable. Therefore, in this review a detailed study with respect to phytochemistry of the plant through modern instruments such as GC and LC-MS has been discussed. The biological activities of secondary metabolites isolated from this plant have been extensively discussed. In order to perform long-term clinical trials to learn more about their effectiveness as drugs and applications for various health benefits, a structure activity relationship has been established. Based on the literature, it is concluded that this plant has a wide variety of biopharmaceutical applications. As a whole, this article calls for long-term clinical trials to obtain a greater understanding of how it can be used to treat different diseases.

WOS: 000447281500005, Adiantum capillus-veneris L. is one of the best ferns that are used in traditional medicine for breaking kidney stones. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant activity of the different extracts of A. capillus-veneris using the phosphomolybdenum assay, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing power activity test (CUPRAC). Besides, the enzyme inhibition activities were determined against acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. Total and individual phenolic compounds were also determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to change between 354-441 mg GAE/g and 23-123 mg QE/g, respectively. The major phenolic compounds were benzoic acid, epicatechin, syringic acid and catechin. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant abilities compared to water extract. A. capillus-veneris extracts showed high enzyme inhibition activities except for butrylcholinesterase. The results indicated that the different extracts of A. capillus-veneris L. can be used as natural sources of antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors.

WOS: 000456314600013, Traditionally used botanical remedies have attracted much interest as pharmacological targets in the management and/or treatment of several diseases. Recently, they have been probed as tyrosinase inhibitors for the management of epidermal hyperpigmentation. This study aims to investigate into the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of methanol, ethyl acetate, and water extracts of three medicinal plants (Consolida orientalis (J. Gay) Schrodinger, Onosma isauricumBoiss. & Heldr. and Spartium junceumL.), fromTurkey. Methanolic extract of O. isauricum and S. junceum showed the highest phenolic (63.08 mgGAE/g extract) and flavonoid contents (45.55 mgRE/g extract). Additionally, O. isauricum methanolic extract exhibited the most powerful antioxidant capacity followed by methanolic extract of S. junceum (86.02 and 62.81 mgAAE/g extract, respectively). S. junceum extracts yielded the higher kojic acid equivalent values (21.42-23.04 mgKAE/g extract), confirming that these extracts were the most potent inhibitors of tyrosinase. S. junceum showed promising activity that warrant further studies and could be considered as a potent candidate for the development of phytoremedies for the management of epidermal hyperpigmentation. To the best of our knowledge, this study can be considered as the first report of on the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory action of C. orientalis, O. isauricum, and S. junceum from Turkey. (c) 2018 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000380098900032, PubMed ID: 27364042, The present study outlines a chemical characterization and further effects beneficial to health of edible Rumex scutatus and Pseudosempervivum sempervivum, in addition to presenting the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory effects and antimicrobial properties of different extracts. The phenolic compounds composition of the extracts was assessed by RP-HPLC-DAD, outlining benzoic acid and rutin as major constituents in P. sempervivum and rutin and hesperidin in R. scutatus. Moreover, further biological effects were tested on key enzymes involved in diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and skin melanogenesis revealing an important tyrosinase inhibitory effect of Pseudosempervivum water extract. Moreover, both species possessed antimicrobial properties towards bacteria and fungi relevant to public health. Accordingly, we find that R. scutatus and P. sempervivum can be considered as novel functional foods because they are rich sources of biologically active compounds that provide health benefits., Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation (BAP); Ministry of Education, Science and Technological development of the Republic of Serbia [173032], This study was supported by Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation (BAP) and The Ministry of Education, Science and Technological development of the Republic of Serbia (Projects no. 173032).

WOS: 000350563400006, The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the gills and gonads of Vimba vimba in terms of fatty acid composition, esterase activity, and esterase band patterns by native-PAGE method. In this context, C16:0 and C18:1n-9 were the most abundant fatty acids in the TLs, NLs, and the PLs fractions of both tissues. EPA (C20:5n-3) and DHA (C22:6n-3) levels were higher in the gills than in the gonads. MUFAs were the main fatty acid groups in the TLs, NLs, and PLs of both tissues. Gills had higher n-3/n-6 ratios when compared with the gonads, with the exception of the PLs. TLs of the gonads had the highest AI and TI values. A concentration of 1 mM Na-taurocholate increased the esterase activity of the gonads. Other chemicals having inhibition and surface active effects resulted in decreases in the esterase activities at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mM. In total, nine esterase bands were determined in both tissues. Four bands were shared by both the gills and gonads of V.vimba. These shared bands could be responsible for the similar esterase activities in both tissues. Gills and gonads of V. vimba have substantial amounts of fatty acids and esterase isozymes. More detailed studies are required to understand their industrial and nutritional uses.

WOS: 000425561900004 Oleander (Nerium oleander L., fain: Apocynaceae) is an evergreen shrub. Although it is known to be poisonous to humans, a large number of utilizations in folk medicine have been reported against diabetes, rheumatic pain and skin diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the cholinesterase inhibitory activities of oleander flower extracts and to isolate the active components responsible for the activity. The antidiabetic and skin care effects were also determined on some key enzymes (alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, tyrosinase). The flower extracts obtained with aqueous, polar and apolar organic solvents were evaluated for their phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities. The enzyme inhibitory activities (cholinesterase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and tyrosinase) were examined by microtiter plate assays. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride, respectively. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by NMR and MS experiments. In the present study, cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the EtOH extract of the olaender flowers was investigated and beta-sitosterol and oleanolic acid were isolated as the active components. The less polar extracts (n-hexane) exerted better cholinesterase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities than those of the more polar extracts (R-H2O, EtOAc) which had better alpha-glucosidase and tyrosinase activities. The highest antioxidant capacity values were obtained from EtOAc and EtOH extracts. The EtOH extract was found to contain the highest levels of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The results suggest that the flowers of oleander could be a potential source for high value phytochemicals for developing novel drug leads.

WOS: 000409436300011, Fish are a unique dietary source beneficial to human health. These valuable effects originate from omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the fish oil. In this study, fatty acid composition of the muscle lipids of Salmo trutta macrostigma (wild brown trout) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (cultured rainbow trout) in Gezende Dam Lake were determined by gas chromatographic technique. In both species, palmitic acid (16.26-18.94%), oleic acid (17.88-20.49%) and DHA (14.08-18.49%) were identified as major saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), respectively. Wild fish contained significantly more linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, total omega 3 fatty acids and has higher omega 3/omega 6 ratio than cultured fish. In conclusion, wild brown trout may have a higher nutritional value considering total omega 3 fatty acids (35.52-27.43%) and omega 3/omega 6 ratio (3.84-1.56) compared to cultured rainbow trout., Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation (BAP), This research was supported by Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation (BAP). The authors wish to acknowledge their support of this project.

WOS: 000409436300011, Fish are a unique dietary source beneficial to human health. These valuable effects originate from omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the fish oil. In this study, fatty acid composition of the muscle lipids of Salmo trutta macrostigma (wild brown trout) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (cultured rainbow trout) in Gezende Dam Lake were determined by gas chromatographic technique. In both species, palmitic acid (16.26-18.94%), oleic acid (17.88-20.49%) and DHA (14.08-18.49%) were identified as major saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), respectively. Wild fish contained significantly more linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, total omega 3 fatty acids and has higher omega 3/omega 6 ratio than cultured fish. In conclusion, wild brown trout may have a higher nutritional value considering total omega 3 fatty acids (35.52-27.43%) and omega 3/omega 6 ratio (3.84-1.56) compared to cultured rainbow trout., Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation (BAP), This research was supported by Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation (BAP). The authors wish to acknowledge their support of this project.

WOS: 000323423000012, Fatty acid profiles of total, neutral, and polar lipids in the liver, muscle, and intestine of female individuals of Vimba vimba (L., 1758) were determined by gas chromatography. C16:0, C16: 1 n-7, C18:1 n-7, and C18:1 n-9 were the most abundant fatty acids in total and neutral lipids in all tissues investigated. In addition to these acids, C20:4 n-6 (arachidonic acid) and C22:6 n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) were the other fatty acids having high percentages in the polar lipid fraction of the tissues. The highest and lowest n-3 to n-6 ratios, which are a good indicator of the quality of fish oils, were determined in the muscle (1.68) and liver (0.68) in the polar lipid fraction, respectively. It was determined that the species had low levels of the n-3 forms of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the investigated tissues. For a better understanding of fatty acid metabolism of V. vimba, more detailed studies are required in terms of feeding experiments.

WOS: 000417368400013, The study focused on evaluating of antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds and enzyme inhibition activity of methanolic extract Medicago rigidula. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using different assays including 2,2-diphenyl-1-pikrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and total antioxidant capacity (phosphomolybdenum) test. Total phenolic and flavonoit contents were also determined. Enzyme inhibition activities were examined against anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Phenolic content of M. rigidula included catechin, cinnamic, chlorogenic, gallic and syringic acids. Free radical scavenging activity of methanol extract was 20.30% at 1 mg/mL concentration. In phosphomolybdenum and FRAP tests were found 167.27 mg AAE/g and 67.01 mg TE/g, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined as 79.61 mg GAE/g and 27.38 mu g QE/g, respectively. The results showed that M. rigidula has a good source of antioxidants and enzyme inhibition capacity. Thus, it can be used as raw material in food and pharmaceutical industry.

WOS: 000343766300070, In this study, fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid content of some yogurts in Turkey were determined. Total 50 yogurt samples belonging to 16 different national yogurt brands were analyzed by using GC. These samples categorized as whole yogurts, light yogurts, probiotic yogurts and fruity yogurts. Generally, palmitic acid (28.840-30.160 %), oleic acid (26.003-27.533 %) and stearic acid (11.413-12.077 %) were major fatty acids. Total conjugated linoleic acid percentages varied between 0.790 and 0.862 %. The results have shown that fatty acids compositions of yogurts have a desirable characteristic for healthy diet when their levels of conjugated linoleic acid contents are considered., Selcuk University, Scientific Research Foundation (BAP), The authors acknowledged the financial support by Selcuk University, Scientific Research Foundation (BAP).

WOS: 000328062800002, Daphne (Thymealaceae) species have been widely used in traditional Anatolian medicine. The antioxidant capacity and fatty acid composition of two Daphne taxa (D.oleoides subsp. oleoides and D.serica) were studied. The antioxidant properties of four solvent extracts of Daphne species were assessed using different chemical assays including phosphomolybdate assay, free radical-scavenging assay, -carotene/linoleic acid test system, ferric and cupric reducing power. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts also were determined. Ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts obtained from the Daphne species possess strong antioxidant potential. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the studied oils were the highest level in the fatty acid components. Essential fatty acids accounted for 27.46-45.31% of total fatty acids. These results indicated that the extracts of studied Daphne taxa can be exploited as a source of natural antioxidants and essential fatty acids in pharmacological and food industry.

WOS: 000317536900038, PubMed: 23357566, The methanol and aqueous extracts of three endemic Centaurea species (C. polypodiifolia var. pseudobehen, C pyrrhoblephara and C antalyense) were investigated for their antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were evaluated by in vitro models including, phosphomolybdenum assay, free radical scavenging assays (DPPH and ABTS), beta-carotene/linoleic acid test system, metal chelating assay, FRAP assay, ferric and cupric reducing power. Cholinesterase inhibitory activities were examined using Ellman's calorimetric method. Total phenol, flavonoid, and saponin contents were also measured. Among the six Centaurea extracts evaluated, the highest antioxidant abilities were obtained from C polypodiifolia var. pseudobehen. Methanolic extracts from C polypodiifolia var. pseudobehen and C antalyense had a noticeable inhibition towards AChE and BChE. These findings suggest that Centaurea species could be an anticholinesterase agent and antioxidant resource in some industries, such as food, pharmacology, and cosmetics. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation (BAP); [11401066], This study was supported financially as a project (11401066). The authors thank Selcuk University Scientific Research Foundation (BAP) for providing financial support for this study. The authors also want to thank Dr. Harun Simsek for proofreading the present manuscript.