Search

Graphite is a strategically scarce resource, and the preparation of high-purity graphite is the prerequisite and basis for the application of graphite. In order to determine the optimal purification technology parameters of an ultra-large flake graphite mine pneumatic separation ore with a fixed carbon content of 77.69%, a particle size of mainly 10 to 40 mesh, and main impurities of calcium carbonate, iron oxide and silica , two additional experiments of acid method and alkali method were added on the basis of alkali-acid method, to investigate the purification effect of different technological processes and acid leaching times on graphite raw materials, as well as to analyze the retention extent of different methods and alkali fusion temperature on graphite ultra-large flake structure. The results show that all three methods can increase the fixed carbon content of graphite to above 99%. However, compared with the acid method and the alkali method, the alkali-acid method can obtain high-purity graphite while also better protecting the graphite's ultra-large flake structure. The optimal fusion temperature is 400 °C, the optimal acid leaching time is 30% sulfuric acid thrice and 5% hydrofluoric acid once. After purification, the fixed carbon content of the product exceeds 99.97%.

Graphene coating is a new type of coating made by using the unique structural properties of graphene. It has broad application prospects of anticorrosive coatings, conductive coatings and heat-dissipating coatings. In order to study the development of graphene coating technology research, we use CiteSpace information visualization software, based on the literature of 8 813 articles in the research and application of graphene coatings in Web of Science database from 2010 to 2018. From the perspective of literature measurement, we apply the knowledge map to research the national, discipline and related hotspot analysis of graphene coating research, cited literatures and research frontier status. By comparing and analyzing the literature information on the field of graphene coating research and application at home and abroad, the research progresses and development trend of graphene coatings can be evaluated from the disciplinary distribution and research fronts. It is pointed out that the wear resistance of graphene coatings is the focus of the future research.

Summary This paper describes a new species of Bastiania, presents a new record and redescribes a known species of Tripyla. These nematodes are all in the order Triplonchida and were collected from Shanxi Province, North China. Bastiania sinensis sp. n. is characterised by having the female with a relatively slender body 1049-1295 μm long, dorsally arcuate after heat relaxation, with outer labial setae and cephalic setae in a single circle, an oval amphid, 7-8 laterodorsal cervical setae scattered in the pharyngeal region, orthometamenes and pseudocoelomocytes present, tail conoid with a mucron 1-2 μm long, two pairs of caudal setae present, a = 58.1-75.5, b = 4.0-4.6, c = 12.7-19.7, c′ = 4.1-7.8 and V = 61.1-67.7. Males were not found. Tripyla aquatica is recorded for the first time from China, and is redescribed. Tripyla setifera has been reported from China but without a detailed description – now provided. In addition, phylogenetic relationships among the species were analysed using data from the near full length small subunit (SSU) and D2-D3 segments of large subunit (LSU) of rRNA genes. Bastiania sinensis sp. n. is monophyletic with the Bastiania sequences available in GenBank, but is on an independent branch supporting its status as a separate species; T. aquatica and T. setifera are monophyletically clustered with known Tripyla species and grouped together with sequences from their respective species.

Summary Over a period of 15 years, Schistonchus was collected from sycones of Ficus subgenus Urostigma section Malvanthera in eastern Australia, and was found to occur widely. Here, Schistonchus macrophylla macrophylla is redescribed from F. macrophylla and F. superba, and a new subspecies, Schistonchus m. lightfooti subsp. n., from F. rubiginosa and F. superba. Schistonchus m. lightfooti subsp. n., is characterised by having a long post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) with thickened walls and a narrowly rounded or pointed distal tip, procorpus which is usually longer than the stylet length, pyriform metacorpus, trapezoid-shaped head capsule, papillae arranged as one large pair adcloacal, a large pair at mid-tail length, and a small pair near the tail tip, no caudal alae, and a spatulate tail tip in females; and was collected from Sydney in New South Wales (NSW) to southern Queensland. Schistonchus m. macrophylla is characterised by having a procorpus shorter than or equal to the stylet length, an ovoid metacorpus, rectangular-shaped head capsule, long PUS with thickened wall only at its distal tip, caudal alae, and papillae arranged as one pair precloacal, one small pair adcloacal, and a large pair at mid-tail length. It was collected in NSW.

Summary Ficophagus from collecting trips in eastern Australia, made over 15 years, are summarised and show that species of the genus occurred widely in sycones of Ficus, subgenus Urostigma, section Malvanthera. Two new species (based on morphological differences and molecular sequencing) are described: Ficophagus elizabethae sp. n. from Ficus macrophylla, F. rubiginosa and F. obliqua, and Ficophagus richardi sp. n. from Ficus obliqua; and a morphospecies, Ficophagus Morphospecies malandicus from Ficus obliqua. Ficophagus elizabethae sp. n. is characterised by having the excretory pore (EP) opening from the level of the junction of the conus and shaft of the stylet to that of the knobs, a relatively long procorpus (1.0-2.5 times length of stylet), female tail with an obliquely truncate tail with a hyaline area and a finely to broadly rounded tip which may be mucronate; post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) ca one vulval body diam. (VBD) in length; rose-thorn-shaped spicule with distinct rostrum and prominent condylus; and genital papillae arranged as largest pair adcloacal, second pair posterior to mid-tail length, and third small pair near tail tip; and was collected from Sydney in New South Wales, to Bundaberg in Queensland (QLD). Ficophagus richardi sp. n. is characterised by having the EP opening at the level of the junction of the stylet shaft and conus, a labial cap which is raised around the opening for the stylet; procorpus 0.8-1.7 times length of the stylet, PUS Ficophagus Morphospecies malandicus is characterised by having the EP opening anterior to the junction of the stylet conus and shaft, procorpus 0.9-2 times length of stylet, a short PUS usually Ficophagus nematodes from figs of the section Malvanthera in eastern Australia.

This paper describes two species of the genus of Tripyla from New Zealand and also provides a key to species based on the morphology of females in eight long-tailed (c < 5) species in the genus of Tripyla. Tripyla bioblitz sp. nov. is characterized by its more anterior vulva position (V = 43.7–45.4%), relatively short body length (1150–1410 μm) and long tail (c = 4.0–4.4) in the group. Tripyla filicaudata de Man, 1880 is recorded for the first time from New Zealand and from the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships among species were analyzed using data from the near full length small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit ribosomal (LSU) rRNA genes, and these analyses revealed that T. bioblitz sp. nov. is close to but distinct from T. filicaudata de Man, 1880.

Bursaphelenchus hildegardae Braasch et al., 2006 was collected from pine wood (Pinus radiata) growing in Kaingaroa Timberlands, and a bark beetle, Hylastes ater Paykull, 1800 in New Zealand. This is a new record for B. hildegardae, occuring in New Zealand, and the second report from the southern hemisphere in addition to Australia. In general, the New Zealand isolate of B. hildegardae corresponds well with the description of B. hildegardae given by Braasch et al. (2006) from Germany. The New Zealand isolate is characterized by having an adult body length of 807–1190 μm, medium a ratios (47.5–58.5 for female and 44.6–60.1 for male), b ratios of 9.8–14.5 (female) and 10.2–12.7 (male), c ratios of 18.8–25.2 (female) and 21.6–32.4 (male), c’ ratios of 4.0–4.4 (female) and 2.1–2.7 (male), and is characterised by having three incisures in the lateral fields, thorn-shaped spicules with a distinctly dorsally-bent thin hook-like condylus, and a dorso-ventally visible terminal bursa. In addition, molecular phylogeny using near full length small subunit (SSU), D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and 2) of the ribosomal rDNA supports the identification. A key to Bursaphelenchus species in the eggersi-group is given.

The current nematode classification comprises three primarily marine basal Chromadorean orders: the Microlaimida Leduc et al., 2018; Desmodorida De Coninck, 1965; and Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933. The phylogenetic placement of several taxa within these orders, however, is unclear due to the paucity of taxonomically informative morphological characters for high-level classification and is yet to be tested by molecular phylogenetic analyses due to the absence of molecular sequences. Here, we describe Molgolaimus kaikouraensis sp. nov. and Aponema pseudotorosum sp. nov. from the continental slope of New Zealand and investigate phylogenetic relationships of these species and that of the rare desmodorid genera Onepunema and Pseudonchus, using SSU phylogenetic analyses for the first time. Whilst our analyses provided support for the current classification of Aponema within the family Microlaimidae and of Pseudonchus within the Desmodorida, we could not confirm relationships of Onepunema. We found no support for the placement of Molgolaimus with either the Desmodorida or Microlaimidae/Microlaimida as in the current and previous classifications. Instead, Molgolaimus was classified with the Chromadorida with moderate and strong support in maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, respectively. Congruence analysis suggests that in some cases at least, the structure of the female reproductive system is a more taxonomically informative trait for marine nematode classification than the male reproductive system or cuticle.

One new Sabatieria Rouville, 1903 and one new Hopperia Vitiello, 1969 species are described from Conway Trough off the east coast of New Zealand’s South Island based on light and scanning electron microscope observations and SSU and D2-D3 of LSU molecular sequences. Additional morphological observations and molecular sequence data are also provided for Vasostoma hexodontium Rosli, Leduc & Probert, 2014. Sabatieria articulata sp. nov. belongs to the Praedatrix group and differs from all other species of the genus in having jointed spicules. Hopperia novazelandica sp. nov. is characterized by a relatively stout body, cephalic setae 0.2–0.3 corresponding body diameter long, amphideal fovea with 3.0 turns in males and 2.2–2.5 turns in females, buccal cavity with three teeth, spicules 2.3–2.5 cloacal body diameters long, presence of 19 precloacal supplements, and conico-cylindrical tail with swollen tip and terminal setae. Scanning electron microscopy observations show that the outer cuticle surface of V. hexodontium is smooth and that the inner labial papillae are slightly larger than the outer labial papillae. The SSU consensus tree could not resolve relationships among most Comesomatidae Filipjev, 1918 species and genera included in our analysis. Analyses based on D2-D3 of LSU sequences suggest that Sabatieria, Hopperia, and Dorylaimopsis are not monophyletic; instead, species/genera from the same region tended to cluster together, suggesting that features that characterize the genera Hopperia and Dorylaimopsis, such as a buccal cavity with teeth and an expanded posterior portion, have evolved multiple times independently, possibly from a Sabatieria-like ancestor. This hypothesis, however, will have to be tested using more comprehensive molecular datasets.

The Kermadec Trench is the world’s fifth deepest trench and extends from approximately 26 to 36°S near the northeastern tip of New Zealand’s North Island. Here, we describe a new species of Aegialoalaimus, a nematode genus with unusual buccal cavity and pharynx morphology, from a site at 9540 metres water depth in Kermadec Trench, and provide the first SSU and D2–D3 of LSU sequences for Aegialoalaimus, Manganonema, Metasphaerolaimus constrictus and Daptonema amphorum. Aegialoalaimus tereticauda n. sp. is characterised by body length 755–864 µm, cephalic sensilla papilliform (< 1 µm long), excretory pore located slightly anterior to posterior bulb in males and slightly anterior to nerve ring in females, arcuate spicules 18–22 µm long, gubernaculum present, precloacal supplements absent, and cylindrical tail 58–64 µm long with rounded tip. Relationships between Aegialoalaimus and Chromadorean orders could not be elucidated based on our SSU analysis; no link could be found with the Plectida, where the Aegialoalaimidae is currently placed, or with the Isolamiida or Cylindrolaimus (Areaolaimida), which share a similar and unusual buccal and pharynx morphology. Our SSU phylogenetic analysis confirms the placement of Manganonema within the Xyalidae, although relationships with other xyalid genera remain unclear. The Sphaerolaimidae formed a clade together with the Monhysteridae, which contradicts the current classification where the Sphaerolaimidae and Xyalidae are classified together into the superfamily Sphaerolaimoidea and the Monhysteridae into the Monhysteroidea. Although limited research has been conducted on the nematode diversity in Kermadec Trench to date, the available data show that half of all invertebrate species known from the trench are nematodes, which highlights the importance of conducting further taxonomic research on this group in hadal environments.

We provide a review of the enoplid suborder Trefusiina Siddiqi, 1983, based on morphological considerations and analyses of new and published 18S rDNA sequences. We also describe Halanonchus scintillatulus Leduc sp. nov. from the Hauraki Gulf, northern New Zealand, as well as females of Trefusialaimus idrisi Leduc, 2013 from the continental slope of New Zealand. We show for the first time that the structure of the female reproductive system of Trefusialaimus Riemann, 1974 consists of two opposed and outstretched ovaries, an unusual feature for the Enoplida. The Trefusiina did not form a monophyletic group in the 18S rDNA phylogeny due to the placement of Lauratonema Gerlach, 1953 and Trefusialaimus sequences well away from the main Trefusiina clade. However, due to generally weak Maximum Likelihood support values, we refrain from changing the classification of these taxa until more comprehensive analyses can be conducted. Our phylogenetic analysis supports the inclusion of the Trischistomatidae Andrássy, 2007 within the Trefusiina, meaning that all of the enoplid suborders now include at least some terrestrial/freshwater representatives. The Trefusiina currently comprises five families, 14 genera and 92 valid species.

Summary Spirinia parasitifera is a common nematode species recorded from coastal habitats of the White, North and Barents Seas, the Northwest Atlantic, the Maldives and Australia, and exhibits a high degree of variability in some morphological characters. For these reasons it has been suggested that S. parasitifera is a species complex comprised of several distinct but potentially cryptic species. However, no study has yet combined molecular and morphological approaches to verify this assertion. Here, we describe S. antipodea n. sp., a species morphologically very similar to S. parasitifera, from the coast of New Zealand. Spirinia antipodea n. sp. differs from the original description of S. parasitifera as well as subsequent descriptions by other authors in at least one body dimension, but no single trait differs consistently between the New Zealand specimens and all descriptions of S. parasitifera. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the new species is distinct from other species of the genus, including S. parasitifera specimens sampled near the type locality. The S. antipodea n. sp. SSU sequence differed from other Spirinia sequence by 2.1-5.3%, whilst D2-D3 of LSU sequences differed by 12.5-18.9%. The consensus SSU tree also recovered three distinct S. parasitifera clades, which provides support for the existence of a species complex. Because it is not possible to determine whether the variability in morphological characters observed among descriptions of S. parasitifera is intra- or interspecific, and therefore to determine which trait can reliably be used to differentiate between S. antipodea n. sp. and S. parasitifera, the new species is best differentiated from S. parasitifera and other closely related species based on SSU sequences rather than morphological characters.

A new species of the predatory nematode genus Sphaerolaimus is described from the continental shelf off northeastern New Zealand, and an updated list of valid Sphaerolaimus species is provided. Sphaerolaimus haurakiensis n. sp. is characterised by eight longitudinal rows of 10–16 μm long somatic setae becoming gradually sparser posteriorly, six outer labial papillae and four 6–7 μm long cephalic setae in a single circle, amphideal fovea located at level of posterior buccal cavity, arcuate spicules 1.1 cloacal body diameters long, gubernaculum with curved apophyses almost parallel to the spicules, and vulva located at 55% of body length from anterior. S. haurakiensis n. sp. is the only valid species of this common, globally distributed genus recorded to date from the New Zealand Economic Zone, but several other species are likely to be present. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the small subunit (SSU) 18S rDNA gene indicate that the new species is closely related to S. uncinat...

During a nematological survey of the family Tripylidae, two new and two known species of the genusTripyla, namelyT. paraffinissp. n.,T. parafilicaudatasp. n.,T. glomeransandT. setifera, were identified and described from soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of forest trees in northern Iran. Three populations ofT. paraffinissp. n., found in different locations, are described and morphometric data of the type and other populations provided.Tripyla paraffinissp. n. is characterised by its body length of 1.21-1.89 mm, dorsal tooth wedge-shaped and triangular, short outer labial and cephalic sensilla, tail bent ventrad and gradually tapering to the end, horn-shaped spicules bearing a distinct constriction in the middle, and presence of 16-20 ventromedian supplementary papillae.Tripyla parafilicaudatasp. n. is described and illustrated from four different locations. It is characterised by females with a body length of 1.48-1.95 mm, dorsal tooth hook-shaped, vaginal wall with a downward pointing tooth-like projection in the middle, long outer labial and setiform cephalic sensilla, long tail, sausage-shaped spermatozoa, males with horn-shaped spicules and 11-17 ventromedian supplementary papillae.Tripyla glomeransandT. setiferaare new records for the Iranian nematofauna. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the partial 18S and D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA fromT. paraffinissp. n. andT. parafilicaudatasp. n. and other species in the genus clearly support the proposal ofT. paraffinissp. n. andT. parafilicaudatasp. n. as new species, as well as indicating thatTripylashares a more recent common ancestor withTobrilus,Tripylella,Prismatolaimus,Diphtherophoraand two trichodorids,TrichodorusandParatrichodorus. The Tripylidae is placed in a main clade within the Triplonchida.

The family Cyatholaimidae Filipjev, 1918 is a relatively diverse group of mainly marine nematodes which has been shown to be monophyletic by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. There are, however, no morphological synapomorphies for any of the four subfamilies that currently comprise the Cyatholaimidae. The two types of cuticle pore and pore-like structures often observed in cyatholaimids may be of taxonomic significance, but the terminology used is inconsistent, and their description is often too limited to provide sufficient information for comparisons. Here, we describe two new cyatholaimid species, Paracanthonchus miltommatus sp. n. and Metacyatholaimus delicatus sp. n., from intertidal and upper continental slope sediments of New Zealand, and investigate the distribution and morphology of cuticle pore and pore-like structures in these two new species using light and scanning electron microscopy. We also investigate phylogenetic relationships within the Cyatholaimidae using SSU and D2-D3 of LSU rDNA sequences. The first type of cuticle structure, first termed pore complex by Wright & Hope (Can J Zool 46:1005–1011, 1968), consists of circular structures usually arranged in sublateral, subventral and subdorsal longitudinal rows, with a slit-like pore and ring-like development of dense material in the middle cuticle layer and typically associated with an underlying cell. The second, less studied type, for which we propose the term lateral pore-like structure, consists of structures arranged along the mediolateral lines in one or more longitudinal rows or sometimes irregularly, usually with a central, non-cuticularised dome, and a round or elliptical cuticularised opening supported by unmodified or modified punctations at anterior and posterior extremities. The function of the lateral pore-like structures remains unclear but their morphology is inconsistent with their descriptions as pores or modified punctations by some authors. The limited information available suggests that the number, distribution, and morphology of pore complexes and lateral pore-like structures could provide taxonomically useful information for defining cyatholaimid genera such as Longicyatholaimus Micoletzky, 1924 and Marylynnia (Hopper, 1972). Our SSU-based molecular phylogenetic analysis retrieved two monophyletic clades with low support, which approximately correspond to the subfamilies Paracanthonchinae and Cyatholaiminae; however, we found that Praeacanthonchus, which is currently classified with the Cyatholaiminae based on the structure of the gubernaculum, may be better placed in the subfamily Paracanthonchinae. This finding suggests that the gubernaculum structure may not be a meaningful character for defining cyatholaimid subfamilies or genera. Features of the cuticle, some of which are already used for defining genera such as Metacyatholaimus Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1942, may better represent phylogenetic relationships within the family, and should, therefore, be described more comprehensively in the future.

Coprosma macrocarpa, known as the large-seeded coprosma or coastal karamu, is a shrub endemic to New Zealand. To our knowledge, no reports of plant parasitic nematodes associated with C. macrocarpa have been reported. Here we report the detection and identification of the nematode, Litylenchus coprosma, extracted from C. macrocarpa in Otata Island.

Benthimermithid nematodes are parasites of invertebrates currently classified within their own order. Relationships between the Benthimermithida and other nematode orders, however, remain unclear due to their relatively simple morphology, their rarity, and paucity of molecular sequence data. Here, we combine molecular sequences obtained from Trophomera cf. marionensis in the Kermadec Trench with existing Trophomera sequences to determine the phylogenetic position of benthimermithids. Our SSU analyses showed Trophomera to be most closely-related to the order Plectida, subclass Chromadorea. Trophomera sequences formed a well-supported monophyletic clade placed within the Plectida, however relationships with other taxa within the order could not be resolved. Based on the result of these analyses, we propose that the family Benthimermithidae be moved to the order Plectida, however, future research on the classification of the family should focus on the benthimermithid genera Bathynema and Adenodelphis, for which no molecular sequences are yet available. We could not confirm a relationship between Trophomera and the family Camacolaimidae, which are both characterised by the presence of a stylet or stylet-like structure in the buccal cavity. Stylets are a common feature of parasitic nematodes, and its presence in a free-living benthimermithid ancestor perhaps similar to present-day camacolaimids could have facilitated a transition to a parasitic lifestyle. Our SSU phylogenetic analyses show that some features of benthimermithids, including the trophosome and a parasitic life cycle where the adults mate outside the host, have evolved independently in different groups of parasitic nematodes.

Acanthopharynx dormitata sp. n. and Desmodora bilacinia sp. n. are described from intertidal sediments of Wellington, North Island of New Zealand. Acanthopharynx dormitata sp. n. is characterised by a cephalic capsule with a crown of 14 setae (four cephalic and ten subcephalic setae) and 24 additional subcephalic setae arranged in eight longitudinal rows, unispiral amphidial fovea, buccal cavity with crown of denticles, and males with nine precloacal and two postcloacal supplements. Desmodora bilacinia sp. n. is characterised by eight subcephalic setae on the cephalic capsule, unispiral amphidial fovea, males with two precloacal supplements consisting of thin, rounded cuticular extensions and two rows of thick subventral setae extending from precloacal supplements to near tail tip, and non-annulated tail tip with perforations covering anterior third to two-thirds. The present study brings the total number of valid Acanthopharynx and Desmodora species to 13 and 35, respectively, and provides the first record of the genus Acanthopharynx in the New Zealand region. Preliminary analyses of phylogenetic relationships within the Desmodorinae and closely related Spiriniinae using SSU and D2-D3 of LSU molecular sequences indicate that both subfamilies are paraphyletic. Our results provide limited support for the monophyly of Acanthopharynx and Desmodora, for which two and six sequences, respectively, were included in the analyses. Acanthopharynx formed a basal clade to the Desmodorinae/Spiriniinae; however, in the SSU tree this basal clade also included D. communis and Zalonema sp. sequences. Further research is required to confirm the status and relationships of genera within the Desmodorinae and Spiriniinae.

Odontophora is a globally distributed marine nematode genus common in intertidal and subtidal sediments. Odontophora is one of the most diverse genus of the family Axonolaimidae with over 30 valid species described to date; however, the last revision of the genus was made over four decades ago. In addition, limited molecular sequence data are available for the Axonolaimidae and relationships among axonolaimid genera have not yet been investigated using molecular tools. Here, an updated list of species and a key for the identification of all 34 valid species is provided, and preliminary analyses of phylogenetic relationships within the Axonolaimidae are conducted using SSU and D2-D3 of LSU molecular sequences. Odontophora atrox sp. n. is described from intertidal sediments of Wellington, North Island of New Zealand, and is characterised by cephalic setae 1.1-1.5 corresponding body diam. long, 12 subcephalic setae, eight of which are slightly shorter and four of which are markedly shorter than the cephalic setae, excretory pore located slightly posterior to the amphids, and nerve ring located at two-thirds to three-quarters of pharynx length from anterior. Males are characterised by weakly arcuate spicules and tapering gubernacular apophyses, 9-10 small tubular precloacal supplements, cloacal aperture flanked by two sets of heavily cuticularised and eversible spines, and two elongated laterodorsal setae near the tail tip. Preliminary analyses of phylogenetic relationships within the Axonolaimidae provide some support for the monophyly of Odontophora, but drawing more solid inferences about relationships within the Axonolaimidae will require more molecular sequence data of accurately (and verifiably) identified species.

The placement of the rare deep-sea nematode order Rhaptothyreida remains unclear due to the unique morphology of this group, an unknown life cycle with morphologically distinct juvenile stages which may or may not be parasitic, and lack of molecular sequences. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic placement and status of the Rhaptothyreida based on SSU and D2-D3 of LSU rDNA sequences of Rhaptothyerus typicus specimens obtained from the continental slope of New Zealand. Molecular sequences of three adults and a late stage juvenile were identical, confirming that they belong to the same species despite pronounced morphological differences. We observed the presence of the rare nucleotide transition A → G and transversion G → Y in the loops of Hairpin 35 and 48 regions, which is consistent with the placement of R. typicus within the order Enoplida. Rhaptothyreus typicus was consistently recovered as a long branch clade in SSU and D2-D3 of LSU analyses, which can have a destabilising effect on tree topology. After Gblocks were used to remove sites of questionable alignment, R. typicus was placed in a clade comprising Trissonchulus, Dolicholaimus and Ironus sequences (family Ironidae, order Enoplida) in both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood SSU topologies. Depending on which alignment algorithm was used, analyses of LSU sequences focusing on enoplid taxa either suggested a relationship between R. typicus and Halalaimus (family Oxystominidae) or did not identify any clear relationships. Overall, our results provide strong evidence for placing R. typicus and the family Rhaptothyreidae within the order Enoplida, although further work is required to clarify relationships between rhaptothyreids and other enoplid taxa. A parasitic lifestyle could explain the unique morphology of this group, their highly divergent SSU and LSU rDNA molecular sequences, and the marked morphological differences between late juveniles and adults. Further molecular investigations targeting both free-living and parasitic early juvenile life stages in potential deep-sea hosts are needed to better understand the evolution of this unusual nematode taxon.

The phylogenetic position of Paramicrolaimidae Lorenzen, 1981, a rare group of marine free-living nematodes, has been the subject of debate due to the unique morphology of the buccal cavity, an unusual combination of other morphological traits, and lack of molecular sequences. Here, Paramicrolaimus hohonucola sp. nov. is described from the continental slope of New Zealand, and the position of the family Paramicrolaimidae is investigated based on analyses of the small subunit (SSU) and D2-D3 region of large subunit (LSU) rDNA genes. This is the first record of Paramicrolaimidae from the Southwest Pacific, and the deepest record of the family to date (347-1514 m depth). Observations using scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a transverse mouth opening formed by the fusion of the two ventrosublateral lip lobes and enlarged dorsal lip lobe, resulting in partial dorsoventral symmetry, which is an unusual feature within the phylum. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a close relationship between the Paramicrolaimidae and the family Selachinematidae Cobb, 1915 (order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933). The Paramicrolaimidae lack cuticle punctations, a key morphological trait of all families currently classified within the Chromadorida; however, in the absence of any clear morphological affinities with other chromadorean orders, we propose that Paramicrolaimidae be placed within Chromadorida based on evidence for a close relationship with Selachinematidae as shown by SSU and LSU phylogenies. Our SSU phylogeny supports the results of previously published analyses showing a close relationship between Molgolaimus Ditlevsen, 1921 and the Microlaimidae Micoletzky, 1922. We therefore propose that Molgolaimus be removed from Desmodoroidea where it is currently classified and instead placed within Microlaimoidea. We also propose that the family Molgolaimidae Jensen, 1978 be reinstated and moved to accommodate Molgolaimus within Microlaimoidea. As in previous SSU phylogenies, our analyses provide no evidence for a close relationship between Desmodoroidea and Microlaimoidea, which currently comprise Desmodorida. Based on this molecular evidence, the clear morphological differences between Microlaimoidea and the closely related Chromadorida, and the lack of a synapomorphy linking Desmodoroidea and Microlaimoidea, we propose the order Microlaimida ord. nov. to accommodate the superfamily Microlaimoidea.

Litylenchus coprosma is reported for the first time from Coprosma robusta at two locations in Wellington, New Zealand. Nematodes were isolated from the leaves with angular yellow patches limited by veins and identified as L. coprosma based on morphology and sequence analysis of the SSU and LSU regions of rDNA.

The genus Tripylella Brzeski and Winiszewska-Ślipinska, 1993 currently contains four accepted species. Here, a new species is described. Morphologically, Tripylella subintermedia sp. nov. is charac...

CMP is commonly recognized to be the most effective technique of achieving global planarization. SiO2 and CeO2 abrasives are the most commonly used in CMP slurries due to their good polish performance. To consider respectiveSubscript text advantages and synergistic effect, preparation of SiO2/CeO2 composite nanoparticles with core/shell structure have become a hot topic in CMP field. We introduced the preparation technology of SiO2/CeO2 and their applications in CMP in recent years.

Tripylina puxianensis n. sp. is described and illustrated from Shanxi province, China. It is characterized by having a triangular dorsal tooth, pointing towards the ventral side, anterior to two sub-ventral teeth, with dorsal and sub-ventral teeth similar in shape and size; one ventromedian seta in the cervical region; vulva with protruding lips, absence of post-uterine sac; and a pair of setae on the tail; male not found; female body length 1048–1331 μm, a = 25.5–33.8, b = 5.5–6.2, c = 14.4–23.1, c' = 2.1–3.5 and V = 56.1–68.5%. The phylogenetic relationships among species in the genus Tripylina were analyzed using data from the SSU (small subunit) and D2/D3 expansion segments of the LSU (large subunit) rDNA. These analyses confirmed that T. puxianensis n. sp. is different from other members of the genus for which sequences are available.

Zeatylenchus pittosporum is reported for the first time from Pittosporum crassifolium at Auckland, New Zealand. Nematodes were isolated from the leaves with brown or yellow chlorotic spots and identified as Z. pittosporum based on morphology, SSU and LSU of rDNA sequences analysis.

M eloidogyne minor Karssen et al . 2004 was collected from perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) growing in a sports ground in Christchurch, New Zealand. This is a new record for M. minor, the first report of this nematode occurring in New Zealand, and the second report from the southern hemisphere (after Chile). In general, the New Zealand isolate of M. minor corresponds well to the descriptions of M. minor given by Karssen et al . (2004) . The New Zealand isolate is characterized by having a female with dorsally curved stylet, 13–14 μm long, with transversely ovoid knobs slightly sloping backwards from shaft; rounded perineal pattern; and male with stylet 16–19 μm long, large transversely ovoid knobs sloping slightly backwards from shaft; head region not set off, labial disc elevated, lateral lips prominent; and second stage juvenile 370–390 μm long, with hemizonid posterior but adjacent to excretory pore; tail 53–63 μm long; and a distinct hyaline tail terminus 14–18 μm long. In addition, molecular phylogeny using near full length small subunit (SSU), D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and 2), and the intergenic spacer (IGS2) of the ribosomal rDNA supports the identification.

Diploscapter formicidae sp. n. was collected from the ant Prolasius advenus and its nests in native beech forests of the South Island, New Zealand. This is a new host record for the nematode genus and the first report of an ant associate from the southern hemisphere. Diploscapter formicidae sp. n. appears to be native to New Zealand. No males were found from collections from 16 nests, in agreement with previously published data on the other members of this genus, suggesting that males are absent or very rare. The adult females have bilateral symmetry of the head, characteristic dorsal and ventral projections of the putative cheilostom with paired hook-like structures or hamuli, expansive membranous lateral lip flaps or laciniae, gymnostom and stegostom with parallel walls, a swollen procorpus, large terminal bulb with a strong valve, paired ovaries with medial vulva, and a short conoid tail with slender pointed or spicate tip. Scanning electron micrographs of the structure of the head confirmed that the lateral laciniae with finger-like tines or filopodia are moveable (alternately covering and exposing the mouth). These lateral lip flaps are located posterior to the stoma, but anterior to the pore-like amphidial openings. The anterior margin of the cheilostom possesses apomorphic lateral bell-shaped projections and the hamuli are broader and less pointed than other species that have been examined. Molecular phylogeny of near full-length small subunit, D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit rRNA gene and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) gene showed that D. formicidae sp. n. is monophyletic with the Diploscapter species and isolates available in GenBank, but is on an independent trajectory supporting separate species status.

A new genus and species of anguinid nematode, Zeatylenchus pittosporum gen. n., sp. n., was recovered from leaves of Pittosporum tenuifolium from Hahei, Coromandel Region, North Island, New Zealand. The genus is characterised by having slender males and females, excretory pore opening near the lips and level with the knobs of the retracted stylet, pharynx with a weak non-muscular median bulb, pharyngeal glands overlapping the intestine, females with a single gonad with a quadricolumella and post-uterine sac; and males with slender arcuate spicules and the bursa arising ca 30% of distance to the tail tip. Its feeding does not induce galls, only foliar chlorosis. The species has particular characters, including a short, robust stylet with conus forming ca 40% of stylet length and small rounded compact knobs, and tail offset dorsally with a pointed tip. Molecular phylogeny of near full length small subunit, D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit and internal transcribed spacer rRNA genes support the description of Zeatylenchus pittosporum gen. n., sp. n. as a new genus and species.

Limited molecular sequence data are available for selachinematid nematodes, with little or no data from the Southern Hemisphere or habitats beyond the subtidal zone. Here, we provide molecular sequence data for the small subunit (SSU) 18S rDNA gene and D2-D3 region of large subunit (LSU) 28S rDNA gene of three new (Cheironchus haurakiensis n. sp., Halichoanolaimus anisospermus n. sp., and Bendiella longicauda n. sp.) and two known selachinematid species (Pseudocheironchus ingluviosus Leduc, 2013 and Synonchiella rotundicauda Leduc, 2013) from shelf and upper slope environments off northeastern New Zealand. Cheironchus haurakiensis n. sp. is characterised by having a multispiral amphideal fovea with five turns, lateroventral mandibles with central arm curved distally and bearing 4-5 pointed projections, and each palm bearing 4-5 pointed projections, ten precloacal supplements in a 1 + 9 arrangement, spicules 78 µm long, and blunt conical tail with thickened cuticle. Halichoanolaimus anisospermus n. sp. is characterised by having an amphideal fovea with 5-6 turns, anterior portion of buccal cavity with cuticularised rhabdions terminating in three sets of seven pairs of teeth (denticles), with the central pair of each set positioned above the other six, dimorphism in size of sperm cells between anterior and posterior testes, gubernaculum consisting of two detached lateral pieces (crurae) tapering distally, three small precloacal supplements consisting of slightly thickened and raised cuticle, and a conicocylindrical tail with conical portion 32-38% of total tail length. Bendiella longicauda n. sp. is characterised by having two dorsosublateral rows of pores from midbody to level of cloaca, amphideal fovea with 4.5 turns, posterior rhabdions with numerous small denticles, spicules 2.1 cloacal body diameters long, a conicocylindrical tail 13.3 cloacal body diameters long and with conical portion 8% of tail length. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses for the family Selachinematidae do not provide evidence of clustering according to depth (intertidal/subtidal vs shelf/upper slope) or geographical location (New Zealand vs Northern Hemisphere). The number of available Selachinematidae sequences, however, remains limited and comprehensive analyses based on larger number of sequences will be necessary to provide more solid conclusions.

A new genus and species of anguinid nematode, Litylenchus coprosma gen. n., sp. n., was recovered from leaves of Coprosma repens A. Rich. from an amenity planting in Wellington, New Zealand. The genus is characterised by having slender males and slender or semi-obese females, pharynx with a weak non-muscular median bulb, a terminal bulb containing the pharyngeal glands, female with a single gonad having a quadricolumella and post-uterine sac; male with arcuate spicules and the bursa arising 1-2 anal body diam. anterior to the cloacal aperture and extending nearly to the tail tip, and does not induce galls, only foliar chlorosis. The species is characterised by having a short, robust stylet with conus forming ca 40% of stylet length and three well developed rounded knobs, secretory/excretory pore opening posterior to the nerve ring, terminal bulb abutting the intestine, and tail tip of variable form. Molecular phylogeny of near full length small subunit, D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit and internal transcribed spacer rRNA genes support the description of L. coprosma gen. n., sp. n. as a new genus and species.

We have made an extensive study of New Zealand representatives of nematodes from the family Tripylidae de Man, 1876. Based on SSU DNA sequence data and phylogenetic analysis, the genera Tripylina Brzeski, 1964 and Trischistoma Cobb, 1913 are not closely related to Tripyla Bastian, 1865, the type genus of the family Tripylidae de Man 1876. The genus Tripylina is sister to Trischistoma and Trefusia de Man, 1893 and is more closely related to Enoplida than to Triplonchida. Our phylogenetic results indicate that Tripylina should be placed in Enoplida.

The above-ground nematode fauna of Pinus and native conifers in south-eastern Australia was surveyed from the Kuitpo Forest (and nearby Rocky Creek) and The South-East Region of South Australia; th...

From 2003 to 2006, 17 papers describing 39 new species were published in Zootaxa by 38 authors from 13 countries. A bibliographic analysis of these papers and a list of the new taxa of Nematoda are presented in this paper.

Summary Laimaphelenchus heidelbergi sp. nov. is described from wood of the exotic pine, Pinus radiata, from Heidelberg Park, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. This is the third record of Laimaphelenchus from Australia. The new species is characterised by having a unique tail structure, with a single tubercle with many tiny projections visible only with scanning electron microscopy, and the male has a spicule with two small protrusions on the ventral side about 2 µm from the distal end. The diagnosis of the genus is emended.

Of 104 papers on nematodes published in Zootaxa from 2007 to 2012, seventy five, by 136 authors from 27 countries, described eight new genera and 155 new species. A bibliographic analysis of these papers and a list of new genera and species are presented in this paper.

Tripylina zhejiangensis n. sp. is described and illustrated from Zhejiang province, eastern China. It has a robust body, smooth cuticle with numerous pores, two small subventral teeth in the posterior part of the large triangular dorsal tooth, one ventral-median seta in the cervical region and a pair of setae on the tail. Females are characterized by a body length of 1325-1573 µm, a = 23.3-31.2, b = 5.5-6.6, c = 13.6-19.4, c'= 2.7-3.6 and V = 61.1-68.1%. Small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segments of large subunit (LSU) of ribosomal DNA were used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of sequenced species in the genus Tripylina. Tripylina zhejiangensis n. sp. varied significantly from other related nematodes both in morphological characterizations and phylogenetic analyses.

Two populations of the genera Trischistoma and Tripylella were recovered from the rhizosphere of grapevines and mosses growing on alder trees in Zanjan and Guilan provinces, respectively, Iran. The nematodes were identified as Trischistoma abharensis n. sp. and Tripylella intermedia, respectively. Trischistoma abharensis n. sp. is characterized by having females with body length 1069-1322 μm, presence of sparse somatic setae on the sublateral body, absence of ventromedian cervical setae, a distinct dorsal tooth directed anteriorly, absence of post-vulval uterine sac, and tail with one pair of subdorsal caudal setae. Males were not found. Tripylella intermedia is characterised by having females with body length 905-990 μm, annulated cuticle, stoma with two chambers: with dorsal tooth lying in posterior buccal chamber, and one large subventral and one small subventral tooth, respectively lying in posterior and anterior buccal chambers, cardiac glands large, composed of six fused cells, and tail 121-155 μm long, ventrally bent, anterior half broad, then suddenly narrowing, with posterior half tapered narrowly and cylindrically. The phylogenetic relationships of both species were analysed using sequences of the partial small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segments of large subunit (partial LSU) of ribosomal RNA genes and are discussed.

Tripylina puxianensis n. sp. is described and illustrated from Shanxi province, China. It is characterized by having a triangular dorsal tooth, pointing towards the ventral side, anterior to two sub-ventral teeth, with dorsal and sub-ventral teeth similar in shape and size; one ventromedian seta in the cervical region; vulva with protruding lips, absence of post-uterine sac; and a pair of setae on the tail; male not found; female body length 1048-1331 µm, a = 25.5-33.8, b = 5.5-6.2, c = 14.4-23.1, c' = 2.1-3.5 and V = 56.1-68.5%. The phylogenetic relationships among species in the genus Tripylina were analyzed using data from the SSU (small subunit) and D2/D3 expansion segments of the LSU (large subunit) rDNA. These analyses confirmed that T. puxianensis n. sp. is different from other members of the genus for which sequences are available.

This paper describes a new species and gives a new record and a re-description of a known species of Trischistoma Cobb, 1913. Trischistoma taiguensis sp. nov. is characterized by having one pair of caudal setae on the tail; female body length of 562-699 µm, a = 35-42, b = 4.1-4.7, c = 11-14, c' = 3.9-4.6 and V = 79-82%. For the first time, Trischistoma pellucidum Cobb, 1913 is recorded from Shanxi Province, China. The phylogenetic relationships among species in the genus Trischistoma were analyzed using data from the SSU (small subunit) and D2/D3 expansion segments of the LSU (large subunit) rDNA sequences. These analyses confirmed that T. taiguensis sp. nov. and T. pellucidum differ from other known members of the genus for which sequences are available in GenBank.

SummaryLaimaphelenchus preissii sp. nov. is described from bark of the Australian native conifer, Callitris preissii from Burdett, South Australia. This is the first record of Laimaphelenchus from Australia. The new species is characterised by the possession of a unique tail structure, with a single tubercle with many small projections, and the male has a bursa and two pairs of caudal papillae.

Limited molecular sequence data are available for selachinematid nematodes, with little or no data from the Southern Hemisphere or habitats beyond the subtidal zone. Here, we provide molecular sequence data for the small subunit ( SSU ) 18S rDNA gene and D2–D3 region of large subunit (LSU) 28S rDNA gene of three new ( Cheironchus haurakiensis n. sp., Halichoanolaimus anisospermus n. sp., and Bendiella longicauda n. sp.) and two known selachinematid species ( Pseudocheironchus ingluviosus Leduc, 2013 and Synonchiella rotundicauda Leduc, 2013) from shelf and upper slope environments off northeastern New Zealand. Cheironchus haurakiensis n. sp. is characterised by having a multispiral amphideal fovea with five turns, lateroventral mandibles with central arm curved distally and bearing 4–5 pointed projections, and each palm bearing 4–5 pointed projections, ten precloacal supplements in a 1 + 9 arrangement, spicules 78 µm long, and blunt conical tail with thickened cuticle. Halichoanolaimus anisospermus n. sp. is characterised by having an amphideal fovea with 5-6 turns, anterior portion of buccal cavity with cuticularised rhabdions terminating in three sets of seven pairs of teeth (denticles), with the central pair of each set positioned above the other six, dimorphism in size of sperm cells between anterior and posterior testes, gubernaculum consisting of two detached lateral pieces (crurae) tapering distally, three small precloacal supplements consisting of slightly thickened and raised cuticle, and a conicocylindrical tail with conical portion 32–38% of total tail length. Bendiella longicauda n. sp. is characterised by having two dorsosublateral rows of pores from midbody to level of cloaca, amphideal fovea with 4.5 turns, posterior rhabdions with numerous small denticles, spicules 2.1 cloacal body diameters long, a conicocylindrical tail 13.3 cloacal body diameters long and with conical portion 8% of tail length. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses for the family Selachinematidae do not provide evidence of clustering according to depth (intertidal/subtidal vs shelf/upper slope) or geographical location (New Zealand vs Northern Hemisphere). The number of available Selachinematidae sequences, however, remains limited and comprehensive analyses based on larger number of sequences will be necessary to provide more solid conclusions.

Wouts, Wim M., Zhao, Zeng Qi (2010): Type material in the National Nematode Collection of New Zealand. Zootaxa 2611 (1): 58-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2611.1.5, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2611.1.5

Tripylina contains six accepted species. Morphologically, five new species can be briefly characterized as follows: T. tearoha sp. nov., T. manurewa sp. nov. and T. tamaki sp. nov. each have a single ventromedian seta and two pairs of lateral setae in the cervical region; T. tearoha sp. nov. differs from T. tamaki sp. nov. by de Man’s Index a (25–30 vs 20– 23), and differs from T. manurewa sp. nov. by the distance of the ventromedian cervical seta from the head end (62–77 vs 78–86 μ m). T. manurewa sp. nov. differs from T. tamaki sp. nov. by de Man’s Index a (24–29 vs 20–23). Molecularly, these three new species can be differentiated by SSU & LSU analysis. Tripylina yeatesi sp. nov. and T. kaikoura sp. nov. are characterised by relatively long bodies, and the absence of ventromedian cervical setae; Tripylina yeatesi sp. nov. differs from T. kaikoura sp. nov. by de Man’s Indices: a (29–30 vs 22–23), b (5.8–6.0 vs 6.0–6.2), c (18–26 vs 14–16) and c’ (2.0–2.6 vs 2.7–3.0), respectively. Among the six previously described species, the main distinguishing features for T. arenicola and T. ursulae are their subventral stoma denticles lying posterior to the dorsal tooth, which differentiates them from T. longa, T. macroseta, T. sheri and T. stramenti. All published species also can be differentiated by: body length; values of De Man’s Indices a, b, c, c’ and V; presence or absence of setae and setal positions. A key is provided for all eleven species of the genus.

Two populations of the genera Trischistoma and Tripylella were recovered from the rhizosphere of grapevines and mosses growing on alder trees in Zanjan and Guilan provinces, respectively, Iran. The nematodes were identified as Trischistoma abharensis n. sp. and Tripylella intermedia, respectively. Trischistoma abharensis n. sp. is characterized by having females with body length 1069-1322 μm, presence of sparse somatic setae on the sublateral body, absence of ventromedian cervical setae, a distinct dorsal tooth directed anteriorly, absence of post-vulval uterine sac, and tail with one pair of subdorsal caudal setae. Males were not found. Tripylella intermedia is characterised by having females with body length 905-990 μm, annulated cuticle, stoma with two chambers: with dorsal tooth lying in posterior buccal chamber, and one large subventral and one small subventral tooth, respectively lying in posterior and anterior buccal chambers, cardiac glands large, composed of six fused cells, and tail 121-155 μm long, ventrally bent, anterior half broad, then suddenly narrowing, with posterior half tapered narrowly and cylindrically. The phylogenetic relationships of both species were analysed using sequences of the partial small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segments of large subunit (partial LSU) of ribosomal RNA genes and are discussed.

This paper describes a new species and gives a new record and a re-description of a known species of Trischistoma Cobb, 1913. Trischistoma taiguensis sp. nov. is characterized by having one pair of caudal setae on the tail; female body length of 562–699 µm, a = 35–42, b = 4.1–4.7, c = 11–14, c' = 3.9–4.6 and V = 79–82%. For the first time, Trischistoma pellucidum Cobb, 1913 is recorded from Shanxi Province, China. The phylogenetic relationships among species in the genus Trischistoma were analyzed using data from the SSU (small subunit) and D2/D3 expansion segments of the LSU (large subunit) rDNA sequences. These analyses confirmed that T. taiguensis sp. nov. and T. pellucidum differ from other known members of the genus for which sequences are available in GenBank.

Here we describe a novel approach to isolate proteins involved in insect hemolymph coagulation. In order to avoid problems in purifying clot proteins after they had been crosslinked, we performed an in vitro coagulation reaction with cell-free hemolymph from the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella and used the resulting complexes to produce a specific antiserum. The antiserum reacted with a subset of hemolymph proteins as well as with granular cells, but not with other hemocyte types of Galleria. Screening expression libraries identified some positive clones, which turned out to code for some previously characterized components of immune cascades, as well as some novel candidates for clotting factors. Known components include members of both the coagulation system and the prophenol-activating cascade, lending support to the idea that both systems work together during the formation of a hemolymph clot. Novel candidates for insect clotting factors include a mucin-like protein, a glutathione-S-transferase, and a distant member of the alpha-crystallin/small heat shock protein family. Using assays measuring the activity of transglutaminase, a key enzyme in clotting reactions in both vertebrates and invertebrates, we found a partial overlap between transglutaminase substrates and proteins recognized by the antiserum against the in vitro-induced clot.