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1. Retraction Note: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Published
2024
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2. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Published
2023
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7. Practical aspects of measuring camera‐based indicators of alcohol intoxication in manual and automated driving

Author

Zemblys, Raimondas, Ahlström, Christer, Kircher, Katja, Finér, Svitlana, Zemblys, Raimondas, Ahlström, Christer, Kircher, Katja, and Finér, Svitlana

Abstract

Camera-based Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) have the potential to exploit eye tracking correlates of alcohol intoxication to detect drunk driving. This study investigates how glance, blink, saccade, and fixation metrics are affected by alcohol, and whether possible effects remain stable across three different camera setups, as well as when the driver is out-of-the-loop during level 4 automated driving (Wizard-of-Oz setup). Thirty-five participants drove on a test track first sober and then with increasing intoxication levels reaching a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of 1‰. Linear Mixed-Effects Regression analyses showed that with increasing intoxication levels, eye blinks became longer and slower, glances and fixations became fewer and longer, and more attention was directed to the road area, at the expense of more peripheral areas. Fixation and blink metrics were more robust to changes in automation mode, whereas glance-based metrics were highly context dependent. Not all effects of alcohol intoxication could be measured with all eye tracking setups, where one-camera systems showed lower data availability and higher noise levels compared to a five-camera system. This means that lab findings based on higher quality eye tracking data might not be directly applied to production settings because of hardware limitations.

Published
2024
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8. Retraction Note:empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline (Retraction of Vol 55, Pg 364, 2022)

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, Hessels, Roy S., Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Abstract

The authors have retracted this article because a number of statements are supported by two references, Holmqvist (2015) and Holmqvist (2016), which should not have been used. Saga Lee Örbom, Ignace T. C. Hooge, Diederick C. Niehorster, Robert G. Alexander, Richard Andersson, Jeroen S. Benjamins, Pieter Blignaut, Anne-Marie Brouwer, Lewis L. Chuang, Kirsten A. Dalrymple, Denis Drieghe, Matt J. Dunn, Ulrich Ettinger, Susann Fiedler, Tom Foulsham, Jos N. van der Geest, Dan Witzner Hansen, Samuel B. Hutton, Enkelejda Kasneci, Alan Kingstone, Paul C. Knox, Ellen M. Kok, Helena Lee, Joy Yeonjoo Lee, Jukka M. Leppänen, Stephen Macknik, Päivi Majaranta, Susana Martinez-Conde, Antje Nuthmann, Marcus Nyström, Jacob L. Orquin, Jorge Otero-Millan, Soon Young Park, Stanislav Popelka, Frank Proudlock, Frank Renkewitz, Austin Roorda, Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Bonita Sharif, Frederick Shic, Mark Shovman, Mervyn G. Thomas, Ward Venrooij, Raimondas Zemblys and Roy S. Hessels agree with this retraction. Kenneth Holmqvist is deceased.

Published
2024

12. Retraction Note: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, primary, Örbom, Saga Lee, additional, Hooge, Ignace T. C., additional, Niehorster, Diederick C., additional, Alexander, Robert G., additional, Andersson, Richard, additional, Benjamins, Jeroen S., additional, Blignaut, Pieter, additional, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, additional, Chuang, Lewis L., additional, Dalrymple, Kirsten A., additional, Drieghe, Denis, additional, Dunn, Matt J., additional, Ettinger, Ulrich, additional, Fiedler, Susann, additional, Foulsham, Tom, additional, van der Geest, Jos N., additional, Hansen, Dan Witzner, additional, Hutton, Samuel B., additional, Kasneci, Enkelejda, additional, Kingstone, Alan, additional, Knox, Paul C., additional, Kok, Ellen M., additional, Lee, Helena, additional, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, additional, Leppänen, Jukka M., additional, Macknik, Stephen, additional, Majaranta, Päivi, additional, Martinez-Conde, Susana, additional, Nuthmann, Antje, additional, Nyström, Marcus, additional, Orquin, Jacob L., additional, Otero-Millan, Jorge, additional, Park, Soon Young, additional, Popelka, Stanislav, additional, Proudlock, Frank, additional, Renkewitz, Frank, additional, Roorda, Austin, additional, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, additional, Sharif, Bonita, additional, Shic, Frederick, additional, Shovman, Mark, additional, Thomas, Mervyn G., additional, Venrooij, Ward, additional, Zemblys, Raimondas, additional, and Hessels, Roy S., additional

Published
2023
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16. Fit2Drive

Author

Kircher, Katja, Finér, Svitlana, Zemblys, Raimondas, Ahlström, Christer, Kircher, Katja, Finér, Svitlana, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Ahlström, Christer

Abstract

Syftet med denna studie var att bedöma hur alkoholpåverkan interagerar med förarens uppmärksamhet och hur det påverkar lämpligheten att köra bil. Trettiofem deltagare körde i en simulator och på en testbana medan de var nyktra och under påverkan av alkohol med ökande alkoholhalt i utandningsluften (BrAC). De insamlade data inkluderade videoupptagningar av förarens huvud- och ögonrörelser, inspelningar av insidan av kupén och förarens överkropp, hjärtaktivitet och körbeteende. Studien visade att uppmärksamhetsfördelning inte var tillräcklig för detektion av alkoholpåverkan, medan psykofysiologiska mått som fixeringstid och -hastighet samt saccad-amplituder var lämpliga kandidater för universell alkoholpåverkansdetektion. Blinkdynamiken visade också tydliga effekter av alkoholpåverkan. Placeringen av kameran bör beaktas för framtida algoritm-utveckling. Studien visade att tre olika variabelgrupper - uppmärksamhet, utförande av extrauppgifter (NDRT) och körkvalitet – påverkades negativt efter alkoholkonsumtion. Deltagarna tenderade att titta bort från vägen längre, medan blickarna till speglarna minskade. Antalet utförda NDRT ökade med högre BrAC-nivåer, och medelblicklängden till NDRT-skärmen nästan fördubblades vid 1,0 ‰ jämfört med nykterhet. Dessutom försämrades körkvaliteten: Deltagarna körde snabbare, vinglade mer, och deras säkerhetsmarginaler gentemot andra minskade. Kombinationen av minskad uppmärksamhet, ökat NDRT-engagemang och kompromissad körkvalitet skapar således en "farlig blandning". En diskriminant-analys genomfördes för att bedöma de kombinerade variablernas indikativa värde för BrAC-klassificering. Sammanfattningsvis fann studien att alkohol försämrar uppmärksamheten, leder till minskade säkerhetsmarginaler vid körning och mindre restriktivt engagemang i icke-körrelaterade uppgifter., The goal of the project was to assess fitness to drive, and specifically how alcohol intoxication interacts with driver attention and drowsiness. A test track and simulator study involved 35 participants driving in a simulator and on a test track while sober and under the influence of alcohol with increasing levels of breath alcohol content. The data collected included video recordings of the driver's head and eye movements, recordings of the inside of the cabin and the driver's upper body, heart activity measurements and driving behaviour. The study aimed to evaluate how various behavioural and psychophysiological measures froma driver monitoring system are affected by intoxication levels and if a single camera system can still robustly measure them. It was also found that attention proportion measures were not suitable for intoxication detection due to data loss, while psychophysiological measures like fixation duration and rate and saccade amplitudes were good candidates for universal intoxication detection. Blink dynamics also showed a clear effect of intoxication. It was also found that camera placement should be taken into account for future algorithm development. The measured variables were categorized into three groups: attention, non-driving related task (NDRT) engagement, and driving quality. Most of these variables were not highly correlated. The study found that overall, all three variable groups were negatively affected after alcohol consumption. Participants tended to glance away from the forward roadway for longer periods of time, while glances to the mirrors decreased. The number of NDRTs executed increased with higher BrAC levels, and the mean glance duration to the NDRT screen almost doubled in the 1.0 ‰ condition compared to sober. Furthermore, the quality of driving deteriorated, with participants driving faster and weaving more, and their safety margins towards others were reduced. The study suggests that the combination of decreased attention, Trafiksäkerhet och automatiserade fordon

Published
2023

17. Retraction Note: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline (Behavior Research Methods, (2022), 55, 1, (364-416), 10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8)

Author

Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Leerstoel Postma, Leerstoel van Gog, Education and Learning: Development in Interaction, Leerstoel Kemner, Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, Hessels, Roy S., Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Leerstoel Postma, Leerstoel van Gog, Education and Learning: Development in Interaction, Leerstoel Kemner, Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Published
2023

18. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Leerstoel Postma, Leerstoel Kemner, Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, Hessels, Roy S., Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Leerstoel Postma, Leerstoel Kemner, Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Published
2023

19. Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Leerstoel Postma, Leerstoel van Gog, Education and Learning: Development in Interaction, Leerstoel Kemner, Holmqvist, Kenneth, Oerbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Leppanen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Paivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nystrom, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, Hessels, Roy S., Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Leerstoel Postma, Leerstoel van Gog, Education and Learning: Development in Interaction, Leerstoel Kemner, Holmqvist, Kenneth, Oerbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T. C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Leppanen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Paivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nystrom, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Published
2023

20. Eye tracking:empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline (Retracted Article)

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, Hessels, Roy S., Holmqvist, Kenneth, Örbom, Saga Lee, Hooge, Ignace T.C., Niehorster, Diederick C., Alexander, Robert G., Andersson, Richard, Benjamins, Jeroen S., Blignaut, Pieter, Brouwer, Anne Marie, Chuang, Lewis L., Dalrymple, Kirsten A., Drieghe, Denis, Dunn, Matt J., Ettinger, Ulrich, Fiedler, Susann, Foulsham, Tom, van der Geest, Jos N., Hansen, Dan Witzner, Hutton, Samuel B., Kasneci, Enkelejda, Kingstone, Alan, Knox, Paul C., Kok, Ellen M., Lee, Helena, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, Leppänen, Jukka M., Macknik, Stephen, Majaranta, Päivi, Martinez-Conde, Susana, Nuthmann, Antje, Nyström, Marcus, Orquin, Jacob L., Otero-Millan, Jorge, Park, Soon Young, Popelka, Stanislav, Proudlock, Frank, Renkewitz, Frank, Roorda, Austin, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharif, Bonita, Shic, Frederick, Shovman, Mark, Thomas, Mervyn G., Venrooij, Ward, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Hessels, Roy S.

Abstract

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section “An empirically based minimal reporting guideline”).

Published
2023

23. Evaluating Eye Movement Event Detection: A Review of the State of the Art.

Author

Startsev, Mikhail and Zemblys, Raimondas

Subjects
*EYE movements, *EYE tracking, *PROBLEM solving, *EVALUATION methodology
Abstract

Detecting eye movements in raw eye tracking data is a well-established research area by itself, as well as a common pre-processing step before any subsequent analysis. As in any field, however, progress and successful collaboration can only be achieved provided a shared understanding of the pursued goal. This is often formalised via defining metrics that express the quality of an approach to solving the posed problem. Both the big-picture intuition behind the evaluation strategies and seemingly small implementation details influence the resulting measures, making even studies with outwardly similar procedures essentially incomparable, impeding a common understanding. In this review, we systematically describe and analyse evaluation methods and measures employed in the eye movement event detection field to date. While recently developed evaluation strategies tend to quantify the detector's mistakes at the level of whole eye movement events rather than individual gaze samples, they typically do not separate establishing correspondences between true and predicted events from the quantification of the discovered errors. In our analysis we separate these two steps where possible, enabling their almost arbitrary combinations in an evaluation pipeline. We also present the first large-scale empirical analysis of event matching strategies in the literature, examining these various combinations both in practice and theoretically. We examine the particular benefits and downsides of the evaluation methods, providing recommendations towards more intuitive and informative assessment. We implemented the evaluation strategies on which this work focuses in a single publicly available library: https://github.com/r-zemblys/EM-event-detection-evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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24. Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Author

Holmqvist, Kenneth, primary, Örbom, Saga Lee, additional, Hooge, Ignace T. C., additional, Niehorster, Diederick C., additional, Alexander, Robert G., additional, Andersson, Richard, additional, Benjamins, Jeroen S., additional, Blignaut, Pieter, additional, Brouwer, Anne-Marie, additional, Chuang, Lewis L., additional, Dalrymple, Kirsten A., additional, Drieghe, Denis, additional, Dunn, Matt J., additional, Ettinger, Ulrich, additional, Fiedler, Susann, additional, Foulsham, Tom, additional, van der Geest, Jos N., additional, Hansen, Dan Witzner, additional, Hutton, Samuel B., additional, Kasneci, Enkelejda, additional, Kingstone, Alan, additional, Knox, Paul C., additional, Kok, Ellen M., additional, Lee, Helena, additional, Lee, Joy Yeonjoo, additional, Leppänen, Jukka M., additional, Macknik, Stephen, additional, Majaranta, Päivi, additional, Martinez-Conde, Susana, additional, Nuthmann, Antje, additional, Nyström, Marcus, additional, Orquin, Jacob L., additional, Otero-Millan, Jorge, additional, Park, Soon Young, additional, Popelka, Stanislav, additional, Proudlock, Frank, additional, Renkewitz, Frank, additional, Roorda, Austin, additional, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, additional, Sharif, Bonita, additional, Shic, Frederick, additional, Shovman, Mark, additional, Thomas, Mervyn G., additional, Venrooij, Ward, additional, Zemblys, Raimondas, additional, and Hessels, Roy S., additional

Published
2022
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37. Elimination of delays to oculomotor research equipment

Author

Niauronis, Saulius, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Laurutis, Vincas

Subjects
videooculography, stimulus synchronization, computer graphics subsystem, stimuli presentation in the monitor, stimuli delay, monitor delay
Abstract

Optic stimulus used for human oculomotor system or eye-hand coordination researches is often represented on a computer screen. They must be synchronised with the eye tracker to achieve the accurate results of the conducted experiments. Relation between stimulus presence and eye image capturing times can be defined only with reference to knowledge of all system delays. The suggested research evaluates our eye tracking system delay and propose a practical method for measuring and evaluating delays to the computer graphic subsystem. Experimental research shows that LC Technologies eye tracker reports gaze angle with 28 ms lag and the average stimulus lag of the computer graphic subsystem is 9,5 ms. Article in Lithuanian. Okulomotorinių tyrimų įrangos vėlinimo eliminavimas Santrauka.Atliekant žmogaus okulomotorinės sistemos ar akies ir rankos koordinacijos tyrimus, naudojami optiniai stimulai, kurie atvaizduojami kompiuterio vaizduoklyje. Norint gauti tikslius tyrimų rezultatus, reikalinga šių stimulų sinchronizacija su žvilgsnio krypties registravimo įranga. Stimulo pasirodymo ir akies vaizdo užfiksavimo laikus sutapdinti galima tik įvertinus visas sistemos vėlinimo dedamąsias. Darbe apskaičiuotas naudojamos akių judesių registravimo įrangos vėlinimas ir pasiūlytas praktinis metodas kompiuterio grafinės posistemės vėlinimams išmatuoti. Atlikus eksperimentinius naudojamos sistemos tyrimus išmatuotos visos vėlinimo dedamosios ir apskaičiuotas bendras žvilgsnio sekimo įrangos vėlinimas – 28 ms ir vidutinis bendras kompiuterio grafinės posistemės ir vaizduoklio vėlinimas – 9,5 ms. Reikšminiai žodžiai: stimulo vėlinimas, kompiuterio vaizdo posistemė, kompiuterio vaizdo vėlinimas, stimulo atvaizdavimas vaizduoklyje, videookulografinis metodas, stimulo sinchronizavimas.

Published
2012

38. Eye-hand coordination during self-moved target guiding along labyrinth path

Author

Niauronis, S., Laurutis, Vincas, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Kauno technologijos universitetas

Subjects
Physics, akių judesiai, rankos judesiai, coordination, business.industry, koordinacija, valdymo strategija, control strategy, hand moved, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Telecommunications, business, Humanities, eye moved
Abstract

In this research eye-hand coordination during an oculo-manual tracking was investigated. In the first set of experiments, subjects were asked to elicit guiding a self-moved target (cursor) along labyrinth paths presented on the computer screen. Four various labyrinth paths with different complexity were used. Trajectories of the target, gaze and difference between them were recorded and tracking parameters were analyzed. Two different tracking strategies: Gaze Jumps (GJ) and Gaze moves smoothly (GMS) were defined. During GJ strategy gaze was focused on the future path and during GMS strategy eye tracked a target, which was self-moved by hand. In the second set of experiments, subjects were asked to draw labyrinths (LD) close to those used in the first experiments. During LD experiments gaze was always moving behind hand following target which was self-moved by hand. Ill. 5, bibl. 5, tabl. 4 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian)., Aanalizuojami akies ir rankos koordinuoti judesiai sekant taikinį ranka ir žvilgsniu. Pirmoje eksperimentų serijoje tiriamieji turėjo vesti taikinį (žymeklį) labirinto, pateikto kompiuterio ekrane, trajektorija. Tyrimai buvo atliekami su keturiomis įvairaus sudėtingumo labirintų trajektorijomis. Buvo registruojamos taikinio, žvilgsnio padėties ekrane bei skirtumo tarp jų trajektorijų koordinatės ir analizuojami sekimo parametrai. Buvo nustatytos dvi skirtingos sekimo strategijos: žvilgsnio šuolių (GJ) ir žvilgsnio tolygaus judėjimo (GMS). GJ strategijos metu žvilgsnis sukoncentruotas į priekyje esančią trajektoriją, o GMS metu žvilgsnis yra nukreiptas į ranka vedamą taikinį. Kitoje eksperimentų serijoje tiriamieji turėjo kompiuterio ekrane nubraižyti labirintų trajektorijas, panašias į tas, kurios buvo naudotos pirmame eksperimente. Labirintų piešimo metu žvilgsnis tolygiai sekė rankos trajektoriją nedaug atsilikdamas nuo jos. Il. 5, bibl. 5, lent. 4 (anglų kalba; santraukos anglų ir lietuvių k.).

Published
2011
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39. Parameters of the Coordinated Eyesight and Hand Movements during Shifting Cursor on the Computer Screen

Author

Niauronis, Saulius, Laurutis, Vincas, and Zemblys, Raimondas

Subjects
šuoliniai akių judesiai, žmogaus ir kompiuterio sąsaja, rankos šuoliniai judesiai, kompiuterio žymeklio valdymas
Abstract

Šiuo metu kompiuterio ir žmogaus sąsajai dažniausiai yra naudojama pelė, klaviatūra bei lietimui jautrios plokštelės (angl. touch-pad), kurios plačiausiai naudojamos nešiojamuose kompiuteriuose. Pastaruoju metu aktyviai ieškoma efektyvesnių vartotojo ir kompiuterio sąsajos būdų, panaudojančių balsą, rankos judesius, žvilgsnio kryptį, ar net mintis. Šiame darbe tiriami du žymeklio perkėlimo iš vieno taško kompiuterio ekrane į kitą būdai: vartotojo žvilgsniu ir ranka (pele ir lietimui jautria plokštele). Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti kaip skiriasi kompiuterio žymeklio šuolio dinaminės savybės perkeliant jį žvilgsniu ir ranka. Tuo pačiu pagrįsti galimybę panaudoti žvilgsnio kryptį kompiuterio žymeklio valdymui. Taip pat būtina nustatyti žvilgsnio šuolio greičio ir pagreičio slenkstines reikšmes, kurios leistų identifikuoti žvilgsnio šuolį. Šios reikšmės yra reikalingos sudarant žymeklio perkėlimo žvilgsniu algoritmą. Eksperimentiniais tyrimais buvo nustatyta, kad slenkstinė greičio reikšmė identifikuojanti akies šuolį yra 2,4*103 mm/s, o pagreičio – 1,4*105 mm/s2. Taip pat buvo nustatyta, kad žvilgsniu kompiuterio žymeklis į naują padėtį perkeliamas su du–tris kartus didesniu greičiu ir daugiau nei du kartus mažesniu vėlinimu nei tradiciniais įvesties prietaisais., At this time, the keyboard, mouse and touch-pad (for portable computers) are mostly used for human-computer interaction (HCI). Now, more effective HCI methods using voice, hand movements, eyesight (gaze) direction or even thoughts are implemented. In this research, two methods: eyesight and hand (mouse or touch-pad) for cursor shifts in the computer screen are investigated. The purpose of this investigation is to compare the dynamic parameters of a computer cursor jumps controlled by eyesight and hand. This let us to prove the possibility and usefulness to use eyesight for a computer cursor control. Also, for the identification of the eye jumps (saccades) threshold values of the eye velocity and acceleration must be obtained. These values are necessary to develop the algorithm for control of the computer cursor by the users gaze. During experimental investigation, it was defined that the threshold value of the eye velocity is 2,4*103 mm/s and the threshold value of the eye acceleration – 1,4*105 mm/s2. Also, comparing the dynamic parameters of the computer cursor shifts, executed by the eyesight and mouse (touch-pad), it was defined that for the eyesight the velocity is two–three times larger and delay – more than two times shorter. Keywords: human-computer interaction (HCI), quick eye jumps (saccades), quick hand jumps, control of the computer cursor

Published
2011

40. Ribinis taikinio sekimo greitis žmogaus žvilgsniu ir ranka

Author

Zemblys, Raimondas and Laurutis, Vincas

Subjects
Sensomotoriniai procesai, Regėjimas, Vision, Human beings, Perceptual-motor processes, Žmogus
Abstract

Šiame straipsnyje, pritaikius informacijos perdavimo ryšio kanalu teorijos metodus, žmogaus sekamųjų akių judesių kontrolės sistemos rodikliai lyginami su taikinio sekimo kompiuterio pele (sekimo ranka) rodikliais. Tuo metu dvimatė taikinio trajektorija kompiuterio ekrane – įvertinama kaip į sekimo sistemą patenkanti informacija, o žvilgsnio krypties ar kursoriaus trajektorija ekrane – kaip per kanalą perduota informacija. Nustatyta, kad, sekant taikinį žvilgsniu, maksimalus informacijos perdavimo greitis per okulomotorinę sistemą, arba kanalo praleidžiamoji geba, yra 8 bitai/ s, o, sekant kompiuterio pele, rankos sensomotorinio kanalo praleidžiamoji geba – 6,5 bitai/ s. Abi sekos sistemos turi didžiausią praleidžiamąją gebą ir veikia efektyviausiai, kai dvimate trajektorija judančio taikinio pikinis greitis yra apie 5 laipsn/s. Using information transmitted over channel concepts human’s smooth pursuit eye movements control system parameters were compared with manual control parameters during target pursuit by computer mouse. In this case two-dimensional target trajectory on the computer screen was defined as input information of the channel (control system) and line of sight or computer cursor trajectories – as output information. It was found that during smooth pursuit channel capacity of the oculomotor system is 8 bits/sec, and during mouse control channel capacity of the manual sensorimotor system is 6.5 bits/sec. Both systems act effectively and have the largest channel capacities when peak velocity of the two-dimensional target trajectory is around 5 degrees/ sec.

Published
2009

41. Spausdintinio montažo plokščių surinkimo kokybės įvertinimas kompiuterine rega

Author

Zemblys, Raimondas, Daunys, Gintautas, Laurutis, Remigijus, Laurutis, Vincas, Lauruška, Vidas, Dapkus, A., and Siauliai University

Subjects
Kompiuterinė rega, Evaluation of Assembling Quality, Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Computer Vision, Automatinė optinė kontrolė, Automated Optical Inspection, Kokybės įvertinimas
Abstract

Elektronikos gamybos rinkoje produkcijos kokybei užtikrinti buvo pasikliaujama žmogaus vizualia apžiūra ir elektroniniais testais. Pasirodžius personaliniams kompiuteriams, gamybos pramonėje pradėta naudoti „kompiuterinė rega”. Procesas, kuriame naudojamas optinis vaizdo sensorius, pvz.: kamera, apibūdinamas kaip automatinė optinė kontrolė – AOK (angl. Automated Optical Inspection - AOI). Darbo tikslas - sukurti spausdintinio montažo plokščių kokybės įvertinimo sistemą panaudojant kompiuterinę regą, išrinkti spausdintinio montažo plokščių kokybės įvertinimui efektyviausius vaizdo apdorojimo algoritmus ir jų parametrus bei įvertinti jų efektyvumą. Taip pat nagrinėjama aplinkos veiksnių (apšvietimo, naudojamos techninės įrangos ir kt.) įtaka sistemos darbo efektyvumui. Historically the electronics manufacturing market has relied on a combination of human visual inspection and electrical test methods to ensure product quality. With the advent of the personal computer, the use of "machine vision" in industrial applications gradually became more common. Process where optical sensors (i.e., cameras) are used to make specific pass/fail decisions is usually described as Automated Optical Inspection or AOI. There are discussed problems of designing AOI system in this paper. Main goal is to select most efficient image analysis algorithm and to study other parameters that have impact for designing reliable AOI system.

Published
2008

45. OKULOMOTORINIŲ TYRIMŲ ĮRANGOS VĖLINIMO ELIMINAVIMAS.

Author

Niauronis, Saulius, Zemblys, Raimondas, and Laurutis, Vincas

Subjects
*HUMAN-computer interaction, *EYE movements, *COMPUTER graphics, *COMPUTER systems, *EYE-hand coordination
Abstract

Optic stimulus used for human oculomotor system or eye-hand coordination researches is often represented on a computer screen. They must be synchronized with the eye tracker to achieve the accurate results of the conducted experiments. Relation between stimulus presence and eye image capturing times can be defined only with reference to knowledge of all system delays. The suggested research evaluates our eye tracking system delay and proposes a practical method for measuring and evaluating delays to the computer graphic subsystem. Experimental research shows that LC Technologies eye tracker reports gaze angle with 28 ms lag and the average stimulus lag of the computer graphic subsystem is 9,5 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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46. RESEARCH ON SCORE READING SKILLS USING THE METHOD OF GAZE REGISTRATION.

Author

Laurutis, Vincas, Urniežius, Rytis, and Zemblys, Raimondas

Subjects
SCORE reading & playing, SIGHT-reading (Music performance), EYE movements, GAZE, MUSICIANS
Abstract

This article presents experimental results of the subject gaze registration in simultaneous listening to music and watching the score. The aim of this research was to identify the consistent patterns of the relationship between the sounding music, its printed score followed by subjects, and the trajectory of eye movements in the text of the score. The experimental research was carried out using eye movement register Eye Gaze System. The experiment revealed that the chosen research method can be implemented and used as a mean to evaluate score reading skills of music specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008

47. PARTITŪRŲ SKAITYMO ĮGŪDŽIŲ TYRIMAS TAIKANT REGOS KRYPTIES REGISTRAVIMO METODĄ.

Author

Laurutis, Vincas, Urniežius, Rytis, and Zemblys, Raimondas

Abstract

Copyright of Spaces of Creation is the property of Spaces of Creation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2008

48. Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline.

Author

Holmqvist K, Örbom SL, Hooge ITC, Niehorster DC, Alexander RG, Andersson R, Benjamins JS, Blignaut P, Brouwer AM, Chuang LL, Dalrymple KA, Drieghe D, Dunn MJ, Ettinger U, Fiedler S, Foulsham T, van der Geest JN, Hansen DW, Hutton SB, Kasneci E, Kingstone A, Knox PC, Kok EM, Lee H, Lee JY, Leppänen JM, Macknik S, Majaranta P, Martinez-Conde S, Nuthmann A, Nyström M, Orquin JL, Otero-Millan J, Park SY, Popelka S, Proudlock F, Renkewitz F, Roorda A, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Sharif B, Shic F, Shovman M, Thomas MG, Venrooij W, Zemblys R, and Hessels RS

Subjects
Humans, Empirical Research, Eye-Tracking Technology, Eye Movements
Abstract

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline")., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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