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Recently, the European Commission announced their intention to restrict intentionally added microplastics to reduce the amount emitted by 0.5 million tons per year. Findings on microplastics indicate toxic behavior for biota, yet many mechanisms remain in the dark. Microplastics also pose a challenge in life cycle assessment as methods are actively being developed. Considering this recent decision, an anticipatory life cycle assessment was performed, comparing the impacts of natural grass pitches with artificial grass pitches using bio-based infill materials as well as polymeric ones made from recycled and virgin materials. The aim was to confirm if microplastics are in fact a considerable environmental hazard when compared to more traditional impacts. The microplastics' impact was modeled after the MarILCA group's work on the new midpoint of physical effects on biota. The results showed that the influence of the microplastics remains negligible when using the method provided. For most midpoint categories, the wood-based infill showed the best results, often closely tied with the infill made from recycled rubber from tires. A sensitivity analysis revealed that neither the physical effects on biota nor the greenhouse gas emissions from degradation in a marine environment are deciding factors when assessing the endpoint of ecosystem damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on maximizing yields of oligomeric and monomeric products while minimizing coke formation in the depolymerization of lignin from an organosolv medium. A design of experiments (DoE) with temperature, time, and ethanol‐water ratio as factors was established and tested. Optimized reaction conditions were found at 185.4°C with 7.5 wt% sodium hydroxide as catalyst, an ethanol‐water ratio of 48.6% (v/v), and a residence time of 30 minutes. With these optimized parameters, maximum monomer and oligomer yields of 9.4 wt% and 86.2 wt% and minimized coke formation of 0.5 wt% were achieved. The oligomeric and monomeric products were characterized by GPC, GC‐MS, and OH‐group determination (Folin‐Ciocalteu). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More wood for technical valorization is to be expected in Europe over the coming years, due to climate change and the bark beetle. To further independence from fossil‐fuel resources a novel approach to the base‐catalyzed depolymerization (BCD) of organosolv lignin into monomers and oligomers, while maximizing yields and minimizing coke formation, was scaled up in a theoretical wood‐based biorefinery with a yearly input of 40 000 t of wood chips. Other process steps were modeled from the literature. A novel work‐up approach was evaluated under laboratory conditions, implemented, and compared with a simulation‐based pervaporation technique. The life‐cycle assessment (LCA) showed that the biorefinery provided a significantly lower global warming potential (GWP) (excluding biogenic carbon) than its fossil counterparts. Moreover, the majority of impacts on the other midpoint categories was also smaller than for the fossil reference. However, after allocating the GWPs, it was evident that subsequent conversion of the C6 fraction to value‐added products is necessary for optimal results. The discounted cash flow analyses for the biorefinery setups (40 to 400 kt year–1) showed that they were not profitable with prices based on fossil references. However, when using higher prices/t from the literature, such as €1615 for monomers, €2000 for oligomers, and €510 for C6 sugars, a positive net present value could be reached at approximately 100 000–120 000 t processed annually. Hence, the conclusion was that a biorefinery utilizing wood not only brings environmental benefits and a reduction in the use of fossil resources but can also be financially beneficial. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]