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Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecologic cancers. In recent years, research has focused on the genetic characteristics of the tumors to detail their prognosis and tailor therapy. In the case of EC, genetic mutations have been shown to underlie their formation. It is very important to know the mechanisms of EC formation related to mutations induced by estrogen, among other things. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), composed of nucleotide transcripts with very low protein-coding capacity, are proving to be important. Their expression patterns in many malignancies can inhibit tumor formation and progression. They also regulate protein coding at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), several varieties of which are associated with normal endometrium as well as its tumor, also play a particularly important role in gene expression. MiRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect many pathways in EC tissues and play important roles in cancer development, invasion, and metastasis, as well as resistance to anticancer drugs through mechanisms such as suppression of apoptosis and progression of cancer stem cells. It is also worth noting that miRNAs are highly precise, sensitive, and robust, making them potential markers for diagnosing gynecologic cancers and their progression. Unfortunately, as the incidence of EC increases, treatment becomes challenging and is limited to invasive tools. The prospect of using microRNAs as potential candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic use in EC seems promising. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released from many types of cells, including cancer cells. They contain proteins, DNA, and various types of RNA, such as miRNAs. The noncoding RNA components of exosomes vary widely, depending on the physiology of the tumor tissue and the cells from which they originate. Exosomes contain both DNA and RNA and have communication functions between cells. Exosomal miRNAs mediate communication between EC cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and play a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor microenvironment formation. Oncogenes carried by tumor exosomes induce malignant transformation of target cells. During the synthesis of exosomes, various factors, such as genetic and proteomic data are upregulated. Thus, they are considered an interesting therapeutic target for the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial cancer by analyzing biomarkers contained in exosomes. Expression of miRNAs, particularly miR-15a-5p, was elevated in exosomes derived from the plasma of EC patients. This may suggest the important utility of this biomarker in the diagnosis of EC. In recent years, researchers have become interested in the topic of prognostic markers for EC, as there are still too few identified markers to support the limited treatment of endometrial cancer. Further research into the effects of ncRNAs and exosomes on EC may allow for cancer treatment breakthroughs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine cancer. However, the role of biomechanics in the development and progression of PTC is obscure. The microarray dataset GSE104005 was examined to identify important microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) and their probable roles in the carcinogenesis of PTC. The gene expression omnibus (GEO) database was used to obtain the data. R was used to access the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and genes (DEGs). The multiMiR software was used to predict DEM targets. To validate the top DEMs and DEGs, thirty tissue samples were obtained from PTC patients who had their thyroids removed and compared with 30 normal samples. The total RNA content of the tumor and corresponding non-tumoral adjacent samples were purified and converted to cDNA. Expression levels of top dysregulated miRNAs and their target and predicted DEG were evaluated using the RT-qPCR method. miR-182 and miR-183 were top upregulated miRs and miR-30d was the most downregulated miR among DEMs. Furthermore, FOXO1 which was shown to be targeted by aforementioned miRNAs, was the most downregulated genes among other DEGs. 10 hub nodes were detected by PPI construction. PTEN was the hub node with highest score. The i n vitro gene expression analysis was also showed the same expression pattern in tissues. Significant increase in miR-182-5p and miR-183-5p expressions, as well as a significant decrease in FOXO1 and miR-30d-5p expressions, suggest that PTC cells may tend to preserve their autophagy capability., Competing Interests: The authors have stated that they have no possible conflicts of interest in respect to this publication to disclose.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for approximately 80% of all human thyroid malignancies. Recently, there has been a dramatic rise in the prevalence of thyroid cancer all over the globe. Through analysis of the GEO database, GSE104005, the authors of the current research were able to determine the differential expression of microRNAs (DEMs) as well as their target genes. Real-time PCR was used on a total of 40 samples, 40 of which were from PTC samples and 40 from normal tissues, in order to validate the discovered DEMs and the genes. Gene Ontology (GO) categories were identified, and KEGG was used to conduct pathway enrichment analysis. The multiMiR R package was used to predict target genes of DEMs. Mir-142 was found to be overexpressed in PTC samples, as compared to normal tissues, and this was validated by the identification and validation. In addition, metal ion binding and the cellular response to metal ions were identified as essential pathways in the carcinogenesis of PTC. This demonstrates their significance in the development of this malignancy. The results of our research will serve as the foundation for further research in the area of miRNA-based cancer treatment., Competing Interests: The authors of this research have indicated that they have nothing to report about potential conflicts of interest in relation to this publication.