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Today, the primary purpose of education is to raise individuals suitable for the age, as well as the personal development of the individual. Countries are trying to reflect the human qualities required by the age to social development by renewing their education programs in line with these purposes. It is seen that many different approaches have been adopted in the historical process. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the constructivist approach adopted today at the second level of primary education. In the study, a meta-thematic analysis study was carried out on the subject by scanning the literature. In the study, in order to determine the effectiveness of the constructivist approach in the second level of primary education, 680 studies were reached in the search made with the keywords "constructivist approach, primary education second level constructivism" in the National Thesis Center and Google Scholar database. As a result of the research, many cognitive-affective domain codes related to the constructivist approach have emerged. Outputs obtained in the cognitive domain; It has various contributions such as encouraging students to come up with new products, learning by doing, enabling the application of theoretical knowledge, providing permanent learning, and transferring the acquired knowledge to different courses. Codes obtained in affective social sense; it has come to the fore as the student's interest in the lesson and learning by having fun. It was concluded that the constructivist approach showed improvement in emotional and social areas such as providing a free environment in which students can express themselves, helping each other, enjoying the discussion environment, respecting the decisions taken by their peers, acting together, thinking that the lesson is getting boring, and liking to do research. It has been concluded that the activities and the time required to implement the activities are limited, the activities are similar to each other, the difficulties experienced by the students due to their prior learning, the disagreements within the group, the lack of equal responsibility within the group and the expectation of different materials are the negativities of the constructivist approach activities.

Gaziantep is a city with many civilizations and cultural architectural heritage from past to present. There are historical buildings and inns area along the axis, which is declared as a cultural route, starting from the vicinity of the castle in the city centre of Gaziantep. Historical inns, which were used for accommodation and trade in the past, have lost their function over time. These inns, which cannot be used in today's conditions, were left to disappear as idle areas as the city centre lost its charm. In this study, it is aimed to identify the problems experienced in the district of inns and determine their missing functions and needs. In addition, it is desired to emphasize that the user types who use the region differ in their interpretations of the region. In line with the identified problems, suggestions were made for the revitalization of the region and the refunctioning of the inns. In order to achieve these goals, questionnaires were created in line with the interviews with the temporary and stationary users in the region and the literature review. As the scope of the study, the inns area on the Gaziantep cultural road has been examined. The questionnaires were applied to the participants in this area, by face to face interview method and the answers of the participants were noted on site. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the historical value of the region should be understood by the users, and in this context, the inns and other historical structures in the region should be regularly repaired and the idle areas should be re-functioned. It is thought that the revitalization of historically important buildings and the region and their sustainability are possible by determining the existing problems.

The purpose of this study was to, first, examine the potential of lesson plans (LPs) of preservice science teachers (PSTs, N = 631) as a source for gathering rich data on their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and, second, qualitatively describe PSTs’ reasons for the level of data richness in their LPs on PCK. PSTs’ handwritten LPs were analyzed through an analytic rubric, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 79 randomly selected PSTs. Results revealed a range of the level of data richness of the PSTs’ LPs on PCK and five descriptive categories about the PSTs’ reasons for the richness of LP data on PCK. The study implies that researchers should consider the inclusion of the LP as a valid tool in their triangulation design; however, they should weigh the factors that influence the collection of rich data in their PCK studies to triangulate findings better to portray a holistic picture of PCK.

Background/Aim: Environmental and genetic factors (such as polymorphisms) contribute to the development of esophageal cancer (EC), but the disease’s molecular genetic markers are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate previously unstudied cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 polymorphisms (rs2606345, rs4646421 and rs4986883) in EC. Materials and Methods: We performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to identify CYP1A1 polymorphisms (rs2606345, rs4646421, and rs4986883) in 100 patients and 100 controls. Results: Smoking and tandoor fumes were significantly higher in all EC and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients compared to the control group (p0.05). The rs4986883 T>C polymorphism was not found in our population. The rs2606345 C allele was significantly associated with EC risk in men, and C-carriers who drank hot black tea had a nearly threefold higher risk of EC than non-drinkers. In addition, EC risk in hot black tea drinkers was approximately 12 times higher in rs4646421 A carriers than in non-A carriers, and approximately 17 times higher in the presence of both rs2606345 C allele and rs4646421 A allele. Furthermore, the rs2606345 AA genotype may act as a protective factor for the rs4646421 GG genotype. Conclusion: Among the CYP1A1 polymorphisms, rs2606345 may increase the risk of EC only in men. The risk of EC in hot tea drinkers may increase in the presence of rs4986883 and rs2606345 polymorphisms.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının geliştirilme sürecine de aktif olarak katıldıkları çevrimiçi bir değerlendirme sistemindeki öz, akran ve öğretim elemanı dönütlerini; amaç, işlev ve sunuş yolu açısından incelemektir. Çalışmaya, işbirlikli tasarım-tabanlı araştırma yaklaşımına dayalı geliştirilen Web-tabanlı Otantik Değerlendirme Sisteminde (Web-ODS) öz ve akran değerlendirmeci görevleri alan 18 fen bilgisi öğretmen adayı katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri, fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının “Öğretmenlik Uygulaması” dersi kapsamında işledikleri ortaokul fen bilimleri dersi video kayıtlarına ilişkin, Web-ODS’deki öz, akran ve öğretim elemanı nitel dönütlerinden oluşmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde; nitel dönütlerin “amaç, işlev ve sunuş yolu” kategorileri açısından incelenmesi için geliştirilen ve 14 alt kategoriden oluşan “Dönüt Kontrol Listesi” kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, çevrimiçi öz, akran ve öğretim elemanı dönütlerinin; (1) “amaç” kategorisi açısından çoğunlukla “Hedef ve Performans” odaklı oluşturulduğunu, (2) “işlev” kategorisi açısından Yapılandırmacı başta olmak üzere Doğrulayıcı ve Ayrıntılı dönüt niteliğinde sunulduğunu, (3) “sunuş yolu” açısından ise çoğunlukla Kolaylaştırıcı ve daha az olmakla birlikte Yönlendirici ve Teşvik Edici yollarla da verildiğini göstermiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları; çevrimiçi değerlendirme sistemlerinin geliştirilmesinde, güncellenmesinde ve öğretmen eğitiminde “nitelikli veya etkili dönüt” kavramı üzerine yapılan çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı kadınların maruz kaldıkları obstetrik şiddete ilişkin deneyimlerini inceleyen çalışma sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Literatür taraması “Pubmed, Scopus, Medline” veri tabanlarında 01-27 Ekim 2019 tarihleri arasında, “obstetric violence” anahtar kelimesi kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi Dahil etme kriterleri doğrultusunda araştırma kapsamına 15 çalışma alındı. Bulgular: Sistematik derleme sonucunda elde edilen bulgular; obstetrik şiddet prevalansı, obstetrik şiddete ilişkin farkındalık, rızasız bakım, onursuz bakım, fiziksel taciz, ihmal edilmiş bakım, mahremiyetsiz bakım, ayrımcılık içeren bakım olmak üzere sekiz başlık altında toplanmıştır. Obstetrik şiddet prevalansının %12-75 arasında değiştiği, kadınların obstetrik şiddete ilişkin bilgi sahibi ve farkındalığının olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Kadınların %17.1-63.6’sının bakıma ilişkin rızalarının alınmadığını, %19.3-55.3’ünün sağlık personelinin küçümseyici, hakaret içerikli sözlerine maruz kaldığı, %13.4-46.9’unun sağlık personelinin tokat, vurma gibi kötü muamelelerine maruz kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Kadınların %8.5-10.6’sının bakımlarının ihmal edildiği, %3-9.3’ünün bakım alırken negatif ayrımcılığa uğradığı bildirilmiştir. Sonuç: Kadın yaşamının en özel dönemlerinden olan doğum sürecinde kadınların maruz kaldıkları obstetrik şiddet kavramı tanımlanmalı, bu şiddete karşı tüm sağlık profesyonelleri ortak bir hareketle mücadele etmelidirler.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the contraceptive preferences of married women between the ages of 18-49 and the causes of contraceptive discontinuation. Methods: The research was conducted descriptive type with 200 married women who applied to a Family Health Service between March-July 2019. The data were collected through the participant introduction form created by the researchers. Results: It was determined that the mean age of the women was 35.80 ± 7.35, 93% of them used a contraceptive (modern method: 63.9%, traditional method: 36.02. It was found that the withdrawal and condom were the most preferred contraceptives by women due to the ease of use (46.2% -37.5%) and the IUD because of high protection (62.5%). It was found that 22.5% of the women were not satisfied with the contraceptive they used, and 56.5% of them discontinued using contraceptive. It was determined that condom was discontinued due to partner request (discomfort) (82.5%), combined oral contraceptive and IUD due to health problems (48.5% -70%), and withdrawal due to unwanted pregnancy (60%). A statistically significant relationship was found between the use of the method and economic status, unwanted pregnancy, and counseling (p

Bu çalışmada, çevrimiçi ortamda sunulan öz ve akran geribildirimlerin ne düzeyde biçimlendirici olduğunu belirlemek için “Biçimlendirici Geribildirim Değerlendirme Rubriği’’ geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. “Biçimlendirici geribildirim” kavramıyla ilgili alanyazındaki araştırmalardan ve uzman görüşlerinden yararlanılarak geliştirilen analitik rubrik, üç ana boyut (bilişsel, duyuşsal, yapı-şekil) ve dokuz alt boyuttan (odak, içerik, amaç, değer, öz saygı, tavır, organizasyon, anlaşılırlık, biçim) oluşturulmuştur. Güvenilirlik çalışması kapsamında, değerlendirmeciler arası uyum rs =0,80-0.84 ve dört ay arayla yapılan değerlendirmeler arası tekrar uyumu rs =0,87 olarak bulunmuştur. Geliştirilen rubriğin, çevrimiçi ortamlarda sağlanan yazılı geribildirimlerin biçimlendirici olma düzeylerini belirlemede, etkin şekilde kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca rubrik, farklı çevrimiçi sistem ve ortamlara uygun olarak düzenlenerek, içinde bulunduğumuz COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde, çevrimiçi ortamlarda sunulan geribildirimin niteliğini belirlemede ve geliştirmede bir araç olarak kullanılabilir.

There is a collective agreement about the necessity of content knowledge (CK) as a prerequisite for pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). However, most PCK models lack explanatory power because of the missing link between CK and PCK. Thus, the study firstly attempts to develop a theoretical model that consists of knowledge of students' learning difficulty (KSLD) as a plausible pathway between CK and PCK with the conceptual change research entry. Secondly, it tests the causative relationship between CK and KSLD of PCK. The CK for this study constitutes acid rain, as well as the concepts of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Seventy-three preservice science teachers (PSTs) participated in this study. The study used open-ended surveys and vignette-based individual interviews to measure PSTs' CK and KSLD, respectively. The results indicate that (1) PSTs' CK and KSLD are low. (2) There is a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between PSTs' CK and KSLD. (3) Compared with a low or moderate level, the high level of PSTs' CK is a significant predictor (p < 0.01) of their KSLD. Qualitative evidence supports preliminary quantitative results of the study. The study provides a PCK model that indicates KSLD as a plausible pathway to connect CK and PCK, using a conceptual change inquiry as a point of entry. The study implies the proposed PCK model based on conceptual change learning is useful for future teachers in responding to student learning difficulties. Besides, the PCK model is a fertile ground for robust research.

The tumor suppressor TP53 gene plays a key role in the regulation of cell cycle. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with many cancers including esophageal cancer (EC). Many studies in other populations have demonstrated that codon 72 polymorphism of TP53 gene contribute to the prediction of EC risk, especially in Asians. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of codon 72 polymorphism on the EC risk in eastern Turkey.The codon 72 polymorphism was genotyped by real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with TaqMan SNP genotyping assay in 79 patients and 80 healthy control subjects.No statistically significant difference was observed in distribution of genotype and allele frequencies. Heterozygous Arg/Pro (CG) was the most frequent genotype in both patients and controls. Homozygous Arg/Arg (GG) genotype frequency was higher in patients than controls, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, tumor location in the lower part of the esophagus was significantly higher in non-C carriers (GG, Arg/Arg) compared to C-carriers (CG/CC) (p=0.01). G-carriers were also more likely to have poorer survival compared to patients with CC genotype (p=0.04).Our results suggest that the Codon 72 polymorphism was not associated with the EC in eastern Turkey. However, GG genotype (Arg/Arg) may have a role in tumor development at the lower location of the esophagus. Additionally, G carriers may exist the poorer survival compared to the non-G carriers (CC). Therefore, it is thought that individuals with CC genotype (Pro/Pro) may have better survival.&nbsp

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of inclusive versus traditional science classrooms on eighth-grade students’ attitudes towards science through mixed research design. A total of ...

Bilgilioğlu, Süleyman ( Aksaray, Yazar ) Bilgilioğlu, Hacer ( Aksaray, Yazar ), The main aim of the present study was to produce and compare landslide susceptibility maps by using five machine learning techniques, namely, artificial neural network (ANN), logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and, classification and regression tree (CART). The study area was determined as the Arhavi-Kabisre river basin, a region in which the most landslide incidents occur in Turkey. Firstly, a landslide inventory was produced by identifying a total of 252 landslides. Secondly, a total of 11 landslide conditioning factors were considered for the landslide susceptibility mapping. Subsequently, the five machine learning techniques were constructed with the help of the training dataset for the landslide susceptibility maps. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), sensitivity, specificity, F-measure, accuracy and kappa index were applied to compare and validate the performance of the five machine learning techniques.

Objective The present study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RES) on isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial injury rat model. Methods Catecholamine-induced heart damage was induced by ISO treatment for 30 days. The rats were divided into four groups as follows: the control group received saline, the ISO group received 5.0 mg/kg ISO, the RES group received 10 mg/kg RES, and the ISO-RES group received 10 mg/kg RES and 5 mg/kg ISO treatments for 30 days. Following echocardiographic measurements and body weight recorded, the rats were decapitated. Plasma and cardiac tissue samples obtained by decapitation were analyzed using biochemical, histopathological, molecular and immunohistochemical methods. Results In the ISO group, Na+/K+ ATPase activity and ATP content, GSH, and caveolin-3 levels were low. LDH, CK and lysosomal enzyme activities, MDA level, and MPO activity were found to be high. It was determined that GSH and MDA levels and MPO, Na+/K+ ATPase activity, ATP content caveolin-3 levels changes that arose from ISO treatment were suppressed by RES treatment. Conclusion RES treatment has ameliorated all the functional and biochemical parameters. The results obtained in this study suggest that RES is a promising supplement against catecholamine exposure as it improves antioxidant defense mechanisms in the heart. In the light of above-mentioned data, RES can be assumed as a promising agent in ameliorating the oxidative injury of the myocardium.

Daily exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light induces inflammation and tumorigenesis in the skin. Silibinin and ellagic acid are natural products that exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic properties. Insulin receptor substrate protein 1 (IRS1) is important for skin homeostasis and physiology, but its activity following UV radiation remains unclear. We investigated the effects of ellagic acid and silibinin on IRS1 expression in ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiated rat skin. Forty-two female Wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups of seven animals. The dorsal skin of rats was exposed to UVA + UVB, then treated with ellagic acid and silibinin by gavage. IRS1 expression in skin tissues was determined by western blot analysis. IRS1 expression increased significantly following treatment with ellagic acid and silibinin in UVA + UVB irradiated skin compared to the UVA + UVB only group. After UVA + UVB treatment, ellagic acid effected greater induction of IRS1 expression than silibinin. Our findings suggest that the photoprotective roles of ellagic acid and silibinin may be due to induction of IRS1 expression in UVA + UVB treated rat skin.

This study aims to compare UV-C irradiation and conventional heat treatment to produce pasteurized onion juice used as a meat marinating agent. The process conditions maximizing the inactivation of target microorganism Escherichia coli K-12 were; 0.5 mm sample depth, 30 min irradiation, 7.5 mW/cm2 UV incident intensity for UV-C and, 74.5°C and 12 min for heat treatment. Except pH and non-enzymatic browning index, differences between physicochemical properties of raw, UV-C and heat-treated onion juices were significant. Springiness and chewiness of unmarinated beefsteaks were higher compared to the ones marinated with the fresh and pasteurized onion juice (UV-C and heat). Pasteurization of onion juice (UV-C and heat) did not significantly affect general liking scores compared to beefsteaks marinated in untreated onion juice.

Gaziantep is a city with many civilizations and cultural architectural heritage from past to present. There are historical buildings and inns area along the axis, which is declared as a cultural route, starting from the vicinity of the castle in the city centre of Gaziantep. Historical inns, which were used for accommodation and trade in the past, have lost their function over time. These inns, which cannot be used in today's conditions, were left to disappear as idle areas as the city centre lost its charm. In this study, it is aimed to identify the problems experienced in the district of inns and determine their missing functions and needs. In addition, it is desired to emphasize that the user types who use the region differ in their interpretations of the region. In line with the identified problems, suggestions were made for the revitalization of the region and the refunctioning of the inns. In order to achieve these goals, questionnaires were created in line with the interviews with the temporary and stationary users in the region and the literature review. As the scope of the study, the inns area on the Gaziantep cultural road has been examined. The questionnaires were applied to the participants in this area, by face to face interview method and the answers of the participants were noted on site. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the historical value of the region should be understood by the users, and in this context, the inns and other historical structures in the region should be regularly repaired and the idle areas should be re-functioned. It is thought that the revitalization of historically important buildings and the region and their sustainability are possible by determining the existing problems., Gaziantep geçmişten günümüze birçok medeniyete ve kültürel mimari mirasa ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Kent merkezinde bulunan kalenin çevresinden başlayarak kültür yolu ilan edilen aks boyunca tarihi yapılar ve hanlar yer almaktadır. Geçmişte konaklama ve ticaret amaçlı kullanılan bu hanlar zamanla işlevini kaybetmiştir. Günümüz şartlarında kullanılamayan bu hanlar kent merkezinin de cazibesini yitirmesiyle atıl alanlar olarak yok olmaya terkedilmiştir. Bu çalışmada hanlar bölgesinde bulunan sorunları tespit etmek ve eksik işlevleri, ihtiyaçları belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca bölgeyi kullanan kullanıcı tiplerinin bölgeyle ilgili yorumlarının farklılık gösterdiği vurgulanmak istenmiştir. Belirlenen problemler doğrultusunda, bölgenin canlanması ve hanların tekrardan kullanılması için önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bu amaçlara ulaşmak için bölgede bulunan geçici ve sabit kullanıcılar ile yapılan görüşmelere ve literatür taramasına yönelik anket formları oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamı olarak Gaziantep kültür yolu üzeri hanlar bölgesi ele alınmıştır. Anketler bu bölgede katılımcılara yüz yüze yapılmış ve sorular tek tek kullanıcılara sorularak yanıtlar not alınmıştır. Elden edilen veriler istatiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda bölgenin tarihi değerinin kullanıcılar tarafından kavranması gerektiği, bu bağlamda bölgedeki hanlar ve diğer tarihi yapıların düzenli olarak onarımlarının yapılıp, atıl alanların yeniden işlevlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Tarihi önemi olan yapılar ile bölgenin canlandırılması ve sürdürülebilirliğinin, mevcut problemlerin tespiti ile mümkün olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Background The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has an important role in many cancers, including esophageal cancer (EC). IGF-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is one of the proteins in this signaling pathway, and its role in cancer has not yet been fully clarified. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical relevance of IGFBP7 methylation status and mRNA expression in EC patients compared to healthy controls. We also investigated whether IGFBP7 methylation status affects mRNA expression. Methods The study comprised 100 EC patients and 105 healthy controls. Methylation specific PCR (MSP) was used to examine IGFBP7's promoter methylation and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to assess IGFBP7 mRNA expression. Results The IGFBP7 promoter methylation was significantly higher in controls than in EC patients (p < 0.05). IGFBP7 mRNA expression was significantly lower in EC patients compared to controls, especially in those over 55 years old (p < 0.0001). The globulin level and reflux were significantly higher in IGFBP7-unmethylated patients compared to IGFBP7 methylated patients (p = 0.01). In EC patients, however, there was no significant relationship between IGFBP7 mRNA expression and methylation in the peripheral blood (p = 0.33). In addition, neither IGFBP7 mRNA expression nor methylation were shown to be linked with survival (p > 0.05). Conclusion Our study indicated that promoter unmethylation and mRNA expression of the IGFBP7 promoter in peripheral blood could be different biomarkers for EC. Furthermore, unmethylation of the IGFBP7 promoter in EC patients was associated with reflux and elevated globulin levels. More studies with a larger number of cases is needed to confirm this association.

Background CDKN1A gene encoding p21 is an important tumour supressor involved in the pathogenesis of cancers. A few studies have been devoted to the association between CDKN1A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and esophageal cancer (EC) in China, India and Iran. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association of CDKN1A polymorphisms with EC risk in the Turkey population for the first time. Methods In the present study, CDKN1A SNPs (rs1801270 C > T, rs1059234 C > A and rs3176352 C > G) were genotyped with the use of TaqMan SNP genotyping assays in 102 patients and 119 controls. Results The genotypes and alleles of CDKN1A SNPs were not significantly different among patients and controls. However, TT-genotype and T-allele of the rs1059234, the rs1801270 CC-genotype and rs3176352 G-allele were significantly associated with EC risk for

Objective: This study aims to determine the stigma and hopelessness infertile women face in their lives, besides their ways to cope with it. Background: In many cultures, pregnancy and parenthood as an important transition point of one's life are perceived insufficiency in reproduction mostly leading to social stigma. Infertile women also experience negative feelings like anxiety, depression, and hopelessness, which makes ways to cope with infertility significant for a sense of stability. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 278 infertile women who applied for treatment between December 2017 and April 2018 at the Medicine Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of the Istanbul University Hospital. The data were collected using Infertility Stigmatisation Scale (ISS), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and COPE Inventory (COPE). Results: The ISS score was 47.54 ± 18.60, BHS score was 3.81 ± 2.87, COPE problem-focused subscale score was 37.47 ± 8.42, COPE emotion-focused subscale core was 47.95 ± 6.28 and COPE non-functional coping subscale score was 37.63 ± 6.18. Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was found that infertile women experienced mild stigmatisation and minimal hopelessness. It was determined that infertile women more used religious coping strategy, one of the emotion-focused coping ways.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to figure out the relationship between IRS2 Gly1057Asp variant and susceptibility to esophageal cancer.Material and Methods: A case-control study was conducted to select 70 esophageal cancer patients and 100 healthy control samples. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood samples and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based SNP genotyping was performed using predesigned Taqman assay. Results: There was no significant difference in the frequency distribution of genotypes between patients and control group.Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between the IRS2 Gly1057Asp variant and the risk of esophageal cancer., Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı IRS2 Gly1057Asp varyantı ile özofagus kanseri yatkınlığı arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya çıkarmaktır. Materyal ve Metod: Çalışma 70 özofagus kanseri ve 100 sağlıklı kontrol örneğini içeren vaka-kontrol çalışmasıdır. Genomik DNA, periferal kandan izole edilmiş olup, gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (RT-PCR) temelli SNP genotipleme için ticari olarak dizayn edilmiş Taqman assay kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Genotip dağılımında hasta ve kontrol örnekler arasında anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmamıştır.Sonuç: IRS2 Gly1057Asp varyantı ile özofagus kanser gelişim riski arasında anlamlı bir ilişki belirlenememiştir.

Purpose This paper aims to determine the knowledge and attitudes of the physicians regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), to emphasize that these patients exist and they will exist in the future and to raise awareness so as to prevent that their rights to treatment are revoked. Design/methodology/approach The survey was conducted via a link sent through an online system. Random physicians from 81 cities of the country were invited to the survey. The survey has 41 questions regarding knowledge and attitudes in total, including epidemiological information such as age, gender and title. Findings A total of 3,107 physicians has voluntarily participated in the study. In total, 2,195 (70.7%) are internal physicians and 912 (29.3%) are surgical physicians among the participant physicians. In total, 1,452 (46.7%) of the participants are specialist physicians, 608 (19.6%) of the participants are practising physician and the rest of it is physician assistants, academicians and dentists, respectively. Originality/value In this study, it has been found out that the physicians have a lack of knowledge on HIV/AIDS and they adopt a discriminatory attitude towards HIV-positive persons. HIV-positive patients who are exposed to discrimination and scared of being uncovered refrain from applying to hospitals for treatment, which puts public health into jeopardy due to the high viral load and these patients are faced with difficulties in coping with both medical and emotional load of the disease.

Üriner inkontinans (Üİ) fiziksel, ruhsal, sosyal ve ekonomik yönden tüm bireyleri olumsuz etkileyen bir sağlık sorunudur. Üİ görülme sıklığı %7-10 arasında değişmektedir. Üİ birey, aile, toplum ve sağlık hizmetleri üzerinde ciddi ekonomik yük oluşturmaktadır. Üİ ekonomik yükünün belirlenmesinde hastalık yükü önemli bir parametre olup, sıklıkla Kaliteye Ayarlanmış Yaşam Yılı - KAYY (Quality Adjusted Life Years-QALY) kullanmaktadır. Üİ maliyetleri kullanılan ve kaybedilen tüm maliyetleri kapsamakta olup, doğrudan ve dolaylı maliyetleri içermektedir. Doğrudan maliyetler; tanı, tedavi, rutin bakım ve Üİ sonuç maliyetleri içermekt olup rutin bakım maliyetleri Üİ maliyetlerinin büyük bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Dolaylı maliyetler Üİ ekonomik yükünün görünmeyen yüzü olup hesaplanması oldukça zordur ve doğrudan maliyetlerden daha büyük bir paya sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. Türkiye’de Üİ’nin hastalık ve ekonomik yüküne ilişkin bir kayıt sistemi veya araştırmaya rastlanmamış olup veriler Sağlık Uygulama Tebliği (SUT) kapsamında belirtilen tanı ve tedavi maliyetleri ile sınırlıdır. Bu derlemede üriner inkontinansın hastalık yükü ve maliyetinin literatür doğrultusunda incelenerek mevcut durumu belirlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar doğrultusunda Üİ’nin birey ve sağlık sistemi üzerinde ciddi ekonomik yük oluşturduğu, birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinin bu maliyeti azaltmada önemli bir güç olacağı belirtilmektedir. Ülkemizde de Üİ’nin ulusal düzeydeki ekonomik yükünün belirlenmesi, doğrudan ve dolaylı maliyetlerin açığa çıkarılması, kaynakların doğru ve etkin şekilde kullanılması, maliyet-etkin inkontinans yönetimi açısından oldukça önemlidir., Urinary incontinence (UI) is a health problem that affects all individuals physically, mentally, socially and economically. The prevalence of UI ranges between 5-70%. UI creates a serious economic burden on the individual, family, community, and health services. Disease burden is an important parameter in determining the economic burden of UI and often uses Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY-a tool developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of treatments). UI total cost cover all the costs used, lost and include direct and indirect costs. Direct costs consist of costs related to diagnosis, treatment, routine care, and UI outcome costs while routine care costs make up a large portion of UI costs. Indirect costs are the invisible portion of the economic burden of UI, which is very difficult to calculate and is assumed to have a larger share than direct costs. In Turkey, there is no registration system or research yet concerning the UI and its economic burden, and available data is limited to the costs of diagnosis and treatment specified in the Healthcare Implementation Communiqué (SUT). In this review, the disease burden and cost of stress (SUI), urgency (UUI), and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) have been investigated according to the literature and its current status was determined. Our study has revealed that UI creates a serious economic burden on the individual and the healthcare system, and that first-line healthcare services are key in reducing this burden. For the cost-effective management of UI in Turkey, it is important to determine the economic burden of the disease at the national level, to expose relevant direct and indirect costs, and to employ resources accurately and effectively.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, çevrimiçi (online) öz ve akran dönütlerin; amaç, işlev ve sunuş şekli/yolu açısından değerlendirilmesi amacıyla “Dönüt Belirleme Kontrol Listesi” geliştirmektir. Alanyazındaki ilgili çalışmalardan ve uzman görüşlerinden faydalanılarak geliştirilen kontrol listesi, üç ana kategori altında toplam 19 ana ve alt boyuttan oluşturulmuştur. Aynı öz ve akran dönüt veri seti üzerinden farklı değerlendirmecilerin yaptıkları analizler arası uyum ve beş ay arayla yapılan tekrar analizler arası uyum değerleri, kontrol listesinin güvenilirlik açısından kullanılabilecek bir araç olduğunu göstermiştir. Alandan bağımsız şekilde geliştirilen Kontrol Listesinin, farklı çevrimiçi ortamlarda sağlanan yazılı dönütlerin verimliliğini belirlemede ve geliştirmede etkin şekilde kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca “Dönüt Belirleme Kontrol Listesi” içinde bulunduğumuz COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde çevrimiçi ortamlarda (EBA, Zoom, Meet) sunulan dönütlerin niteliğini geliştirmede bir araç olarak kullanılabilir.

Abdullah Cevdet, II. Meşrutiyet Devri Batıcı yaklaşımın hazırlayıcısı konumundadır.Bununla beraber yazar, Cumhuriyet devri resmi programının entelektüel altyapısını oluşturmuştur.Bu çalışmada, Abdullah Cevdet’in 1908-1918 yıllarında verdiği edebî ve fikrîürünlerdeki din algısını etkilediği düşünülen toplumsal kaygı zemini ele alınmıştır. Buçerçevede toplumsal kaygı kavramının anlam alanına dair açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Batımodernitesi karşısında hissedilenleri aksettirdiği düşünülen “seyl-i hurûşân” benzeri ifadelerintekabül ettiği anlamlar ele alınmıştır. Bununla beraber söz konusu ifadelerin yeniTürk edebiyatı ürünleri ve özelde Abdullah Cevdet’in şiir ve yazılarındaki din algısınaolan etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Yazarın toplumsal kaygı çerçevesinde şekillenen yaklaşımı,din ve inanç sahasında ciddi değişimleri önermektedir. Bu çerçevede yazarın, yeni birmateryalist ahlak tesis edilmesi gerektiği vurgusu dikkate değerdir., Abdullah Cevdet is in a position to prepare the Westernist approach to thinking of theSecond Constitutional Era. Moreover, the author formed the intellectual infrastructure ofthe official thought program of the Republican Era. In this study, the social anxiety whichis thought to affect the religious perception of Abdullah Cevdet’s literary and intellectualwritings between 1908-1918 is discussed. In this regard the semantic field of concept ofsocial anxiety is explained. Expressions like “seyl-i hurûşân” which reflects the emotionsfelt against Western modernization is also discussed. Accordingly the effect of aforementionedexpressions in the works of contemporary Turkish literature and the religiousperception of Abdullah Cevdet’s poems and writings is interpreted. His approach whichis shaped according to social anxiety suggests serious change on religious field and belief.In this regard his emphasis on the requirement of a new materialist ethic is remarkable.

The concept of nature of science, which deals with the structure of science and scientific research methods, has a very important place in science education. However, teachers, teacher candidates, and students have various scientific myths. In this study, elementary teacher candidates’ views of nature of science was examined. This non-experimental quantitative study was designed by using a survey method with participation of 119 (63 female and 56 male) elementary teacher candidates. Student Understanding of Science and Scientific Inquiry (SUSSI) was used to determine elementary teacher candidates’ views of nature of science. The survey consists of 24 items with six factor. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Results show that the teacher candidates had mostly transitional/mixed or less informed views related to the objectivity of scientists, variation in their observations, scientific laws as proven theories, social and cultural effects on science, and creativity and imagination. On the other hand, they had scientifically sufficient knowledge regarding that there is not a single scientific way in the formation of scientific knowledge and that experiments are not the only way to produce scientific knowledge. In addition, no significant gender difference was observed in terms of teacher candidates’ opinions related to nature of science.

Amac: Diabetes mellitus ikincil komplikasyon olarak noropatiye neden olmaktadir. Diyabetik noropatinin temel mekanizmasi beyindeki glukoz homeostasisinin ve enerji dengesinin bozulmasidir. Bu calismanin amaci anti-diyabetik bilesik olarak kurkuminin diyabetik sican beyinlerinde IRS1, Grb2, K-Ras ve Bax proteinlerinin ekspresyonlari uzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Materyal-Metot: 16 adet Wistar albino sican rastgele 4’ erli gruplar halinde 4 gruba ayrilmistir; kontrol grup, kurkumin grup, STZ muamele grup ve STZ+kurkumin muamele grup. STZ gruplarindaki sicanlarda diyabet, intraperitonel STZ uygulamasi ile induklenmistir. Ardindan hayvanlar, gunluk gavaj uygulamasiyla kurkumin ile muamele edilmistir. IRS1, Grb2, K-Ras ve Bax ekspresyon ve aktivasyonu western blot yontemi ile belirlenmistir. Sonuclar: Western blot analizleri, kurkumin muamelesinin IRS1 aktivasyonunu arttirdigini ve STZ’nin IRS1 aktivasyonu uzerindeki negatif etkisini geriye cevirdigini gostermektedir. STZ grubunda K-Ras ekspresyonu belirgin bir derecede azalirken, Bax ekspresyonu artmistir (p

Background/aim Chemotherapeutic treatment options are often ineffective due to the development of resistance in cancer cells. Therefore, developing new anti-cancer agents is crucial for cancer treatment. Some triazine derivatives, their complexes and Copper(II) have anti-cancer effects on cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-proliferative effect of the novel synthesized Cu(II) complex with 3-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)triaz-1-en-1-yl) benzene-sulfonamide compound on the common cancer cell lines HeLa, MDA-MB-231, A2780 and MCF7. Materials and methods Common cancers cell lines were treated with copper complexes. Cell viability and apoptotic gene expression were examined. Results Novel synthesized copper complex led to decreased viability of all cell lines. It also induced apoptosis via increasing the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax and p53 proteins and decreasing ERK expression. Conclusion The novel synthesized copper complex has a significant inhibitory effect on the viability of cancer cell lines and can be considered as an antitumor agent for further studies.

BACKGROUND: The insulin-like growth factor binding protein5 (IGFBP5) is often dysregulated in human cancers and considered neither a tumor suppressor nor an oncogene. OBJECTIVE: We aim to examine the reason of the changeable gene regulation of IGFBP5 in the case of methylation in breast cancer. METHODS: We used methyl-specific polymerase (MSP) chain reaction to detect CpG methylation of IGFBP5 promoter and exon-I in breast cancer and adjacent tissues. Gene expression is evaluated by quantative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS: IGFBP5 methylation was detected in 24 of 58 (41%) and 54 of 56 (96.5%) promoter and exon-I site respectively in tumor tissues. In adjacent tissues 17 of 58 (29%) and 53 of 56 (96.5%) was methylated. IGFBP5 expression was higher estrogene receptor (ER)(+) than ER(-) patients (p = 0:0549). Beside, we found a positive correlation between the expression of IGFBP5 and G2 tumor grade (p = 0:0131). However, no correlation was observed between IGFBP5 expression and age, menopause or the presence of lymph node metastasis (p > 0:05). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our results showed that IGFBP5 promoter and exon-I methylation did not have any differences between tumor and adjacent tissues so that IGFBP5 methylation did not change IGFBP5 gene regulation in breast cancer. This is the first study investigating the IGFBP5 gene methylation in breast cancer. © 2016 - IOS Press and the authors.

Bilimsel ve dusunsel calismalarin kalici belgeleri sayilan kitaplar, bilgi kayit ortami olarak yuzlerce yilin taniklaridir. Matbaanin icadiyla varolusunu saglam temellere oturtan kitabin gelecegi, her ne kadar yeni buluslarin yorungesine tasinmis olsa da, daha uzun sure hayatimizda yer edinecegi muhakkaktir.

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation technology is a non-thermal method of preservation of liquid and solid food items by using UV light emitted by low and medium pressure mercury lamps. Such a technology, known since the 1800s, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 2000 for juices, water and surfaces (Bintsis et al., 2000) and has been widely investigated in view of possible commercial applications for other products (Koutchma, 2009a). In this article, the mechanisms of microbial inactivation and photo-degradation of organic compounds are briefly explained and the total range of quality effects of UV irradiation (UV-C, UV-B and UV-A) on foods are discussed. The results of a number of experimental studies about the effects of UV processing on microbiological, organoleptic, physicochemical quality of foods and as well as on bioactive compounds, quality degrading enzymes, allergens, and toxins are reported. These results confirm that UV light treatment can preserve quality characteristics of foods in addition to its beneficial effects on microbial quality and shelf life. However, treatment conditions (light intensity, exposure time, wavelength) play a significant role in the changes of some quality properties of the treated products. Therefore, selection of the UV processing conditions requires attention in accordance with the product to be irradiated.

İnfertilite fizyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyo-kültürel boyutları ile çiftleri etkileyen bir yaşam krizidir. İnfertilite nedeniyle yaşanan psikososyal sorunlar genellikle kadının gebelik ve annelik rolüyle ilişkilendirilerek kadına atfedilmekte, infertil erkeklerin yaşadığı sorunlar gözardı edilmektedir. Bu çalışma infertil erkeklerin infertilite ve tedavi sürecindeki deneyimlerini içeren çalışma sonuçlarının değerlendirildiği bir sistematik derlemedir. Dahil etme kriterleri doğrultusunda araştırma kapsamına on altı çalışma alınmıştır. Çalışmalar incelendiğinde, çocuk sahibi olamama nedeniyle infertil erkeklerin kendilerini “daha az erkek”, “yarım erkek” olarak hissetikleri ve damgalanmaya maruz kaldıkları saptanmıştır. İnfertil erkeklerin tedavi sürecine dahil edilmedikleri, yalnız bırakıldıkları belirlenmiştir. Tedavi sürecinde mastürbasyonla sperm örneği vermeye ilişkin yeterli bilgi sahibi olmadıkları ve utandıkları bulunmuştur. Erkeklerin tedavi sürecinde anksiyete ve depresyon yaşadıkları, eşlerin tedavi almaları nedeniyle kendilerini mahcup ve çaresiz hissetikleri belirlenmiştir. Sağlık profesyonelleri ile bu süreçte iletişimin zayıf olduğu belirtilmiştir. Sperm bağışı ve evlat edinme kararının zor olduğu ve kaygı oluşturduğu saptanmıştır. Tüm bu süreçte infertilite sorununu çevreyleriyle paylaşmak istemedikleri, paylaşırken zorlandıkları dile getirilmiştir. İnfertil erkeklerin infertilite ve tedavi sürecine ilişkin deneyimlerini inceleyen çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bir yaşam krizi olan infertilitenin yalnızca infertil kadınları değil infertil erkekleri de etkilediği ve bu nedenle erkeklerin deneyimlerini konu alan çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği saptanmıştır. İnfertil çiftlerle daha sık iletişimde olan infertilite hemşirelerinin tedavi sürecinde infertil çifti psikososyal açıdan beraber değerlendirmesi ve buna ilişkin psikososyal bakımın sağlanması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Infertility is a life crisis that affects couples with physiological, psychological and socio-cultural dimensions. Psychosocial problems due to infertility are generally attributed to the woman's role in pregnancy and motherhood, and the problems of infertile men are ignored.This study is a systematic review of the results of infertile men’s experiences of infertility and infertility treatment. in line with the inclusion criteria, sixteen studies were included in the study. When the studies were examined, it was found that infertile men feel “less male” and “half male” because of having no children and exposed to stigmatization. Infertile men were not included in the treatment process and left alone. It was found that they did not have enough knowledge about masturbation and sperm sample during the treatment period and were embarrassed. Men have experienced anxiety and depression during the treatment period and their embarrassed and helpless feelings have been determined because of the treatment of their spouses. Communication with health professionals in this process is reported to be weak. Sperm donation and adoption decision were found to be difficult and cause anxiety. in this process, it is stated that they do not want to share the problem of infertility with their environment and they have difficulty in sharing. Studies investigating infertile men's infertility and treatment experience are quite limited. It has been determined that infertility, which is a life crisis, affects not only infertile women but also infertile men, and therefore studies on men's experiences should be done. Infertility nurses, who communicate more frequently with infertile couples, are very important in terms of psychosocial evaluation of the infertile couple during the treatment process and in providing psychosocial care.

The effects of pulsed light (PL) processing parameters such as depth of juice layer (1, 3, 5 mm), distance from the lamp (5, 10 cm) and number of pulses (0-50 pulses) on the inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in verjuice, a clarified beverage obtained from freshly-squeezed unripe grapes, were investigated. A reduction of 0.96 ± 0.27 log CFU/mL was achieved by applying a dose of 34 J/cm2 (1-mm layer depth, 5-cm distance, 50 pulses). PL was combined with mild heating (MH) at 43, 45 and 47 °C to increase its inactivation efficacy. Pasteurization was achieved by applying 17 J/cm2 at 45 °C (PLMH45-3) and 6.12 J/cm2 at 47 °C (PLMH47-3) to a 3-mm juice layer with S. cerevisiae reductions of 5.10 ± 0.24 and 5.06 ± 0.08 log CFU/mL, respectively. Quality properties of PLMH47-3-pasteurized verjuice were monitored during 6 weeks of storage at refrigerated (5 °C) and room temperature (25 °C), The results were compared to those of untreated and thermally pasteurized (72 °C/18 s) samples. Untreated juice spoiled within 2 weeks at 25 °C. No growth was detected in other conditions for 6 weeks. Among quality characteristics, only optical properties changed slightly during storage. It was concluded that mild MH-assisted pulsed light treatments have potential for verjuice pasteurization compared to conventional thermal pasteurization due to the better preservation of its fresh-like characteristics. This study was financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 2214-A International Doctoral Research Fellowship Programme. All experiments were performed in the laboratories of the Novel Technologies for Food Processing Research Group, Department of Food Technology, University of Lleida (UDL), Spain. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this article.

The inactivation of inoculated (S. cerevisiae) and spoilage microorganisms, i.e. yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), in clear and turbid grape juice was investigated using a pilot scale UV system. The biodosimetry method was used for UV dose prediction in a continuous flow UV reactor. Weibull model was applied for fitting the inactivation data. The flow rates (774, 820ml/min) in this system were very close to the ones used in fruit juice processing. S. cerevisiae in clear juice was reduced by 3.39±0.04 at 65.50mJ/cm2 of UV dose. 1.54±0.04 and 1.64±0.03logCFU/ml reductions were obtained for spoilage yeasts and LAB in turbid juice at UV dose of 78.56 and 67.97mJ/cm2, respectively. The soluble solids (°Brix) and pH of grape juice samples were not affected by UV-C treatment (p >0.05). Although the color parameters slightly were changed after irradiation, the color of PCGJ and FSTGJ did not show visual difference compared to the untreated samples. Industrial relevance: UV light has a potential to reduce the levels of microbial contamination in liquid foods. Although grape juice has many beneficial health effects, it has a fairly short shelf life. Therefore, pasteurization is required. But the thermal pasteurization has some undesired effects on the juice quality. Consumer demands for high quality fruit juice with fresh-like characteristics have markedly expanded in recent years. In the current study, the microbial inactivation efficiency of a pilot scale UV system for non-thermal treatment of clear and turbid grape juice was evaluated under conservative conditions. Most of the physicochemical properties of grape juice samples were not significantly affected from UV-C treatment (p >. 0.05). This would be a major advantage in the processing of nutritious juice products., Department of Food Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (2010IYTE09)

DOI: 10.5152/hsp.2019.433278 Breastfeeding is a special process for themother and the baby. The initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding areinfluenced by many physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors.One of these factors is breastfeeding in public places. Breastfeeding in publicplaces has become an increasingly important topic and has been subjected to awide range of coverage in the media. This is a systematic review of the resultsof studies involving the views and attitudes of people toward breastfeeding inpublic. Sixteen studies that provided the study criteria were taken intoconsideration. The studies on breastfeeding in public were made between1999-2019. They were designed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The samplegroups were composed of the general society, university students, pregnantwomen, mothers, business managers, and employees, with comments in forums. Inthe studies investigated, the public stated that mothers have the right tobreastfeed (37%-50%) and need a special area for breastfeeding (37%-97%). Inaddition to this view, there were some individuals who did not support mothersbecause of the embarrassment of breastfeeding in public. While 33%48% ofemployees supported breastfeeding at the mothers’ workplaces such as shoppingcenters and restaurants, some of the employees opted to direct mothers to aspecial area for breastfeeding or to give up breastfeeding. While universitystudents supported a mother’s right to breastfeed in public, the proportion ofsupporters increased when a private environment was provided. Mothers generallyshow a positive attitude. Mothers who showed negative attitudes and stated thatthey were not comfortable had breastfed in public before and felt vulnerableand uncomfortable in this process. Studies involving the views and attitudes ofsociety and mothers are limited. As opinions and attitudes are collected fromthe community, there is a need for more extensive research on this subject. Thenurses should play a new role in providing awareness-raising training andsupport programs, taking part in the media, and creating special areas forbreastfeeding.Cite this article as: Kaya Z, Yılmaz B,Satılmış İ.G. Views and Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding in Public Places.Journal of Health Science and Profession 2019; 6(3): 595-609., DOI: 10.5152/hsp.2019.433278 Emzirme, anne ve bebek için özel birsüreçtir. Emzirmenin başlatılması ve sürdürülmesi fizyolojik, psikolojik vesosyo- kültürel birçok faktörden etkilenmektedir. Bu faktörlerden biri detopluma açık alanlarda emzirmedir. Topluma açık alanlarda emzirme konusugiderek önem kazanmış, medyada da geniş ölçüde yer bulmuştur. Bu çalışma toplumiçinde emzirmeye yönelik görüş ve tutumları içeren çalışmaların sonuçlarınıdeğerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmış bir sistematik derlemedir. Çalışma kriterinisağlayan on altı çalışma değerlendirilmeye alındığında; toplum içinde emzirmeyeyönelik çalışmalar 1999-2019 yılları arasında yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar hemtanımlayıcı-nicel türde hemde nitel türde tasarlanmıştır. Çalışmalarınörneklemini toplum, üniversite öğrencileri, anneler, iş yeri yöneticileri veçalışanları, forum sitesindeki yorumlar oluşturmaktadır. İncelenen çalışmalardatoplum, annelerin emzirme hakları olduğunu (%37-50) ve annelerin özel bir alanda emzirmelerigerektiğini (%37-97) ifade etmiştir. Bugörüşe ek olarak annelerin toplum içinde emzirmelerinin utanç verici olduğugerekçesiyle desteklemeyen bireyler de bulunmaktadır. Çalışanların %33-48’iannelerin alışveriş merkezi ve restoran gibi iş yerlerinde emzirmesinidesteklerken, çalışanların bazıları anneleri emzirme için özel bir alanayönlendirme veya emzirmeden vazgeçirme yolunu tercih etmiştir. Üniversiteöğrencileri, anneleri toplum içinde emzirme konusunda desteklerken, mahrem birortam sağlandığında destekleyenlerin oranı artmıştır. Annelerin görüşünebakıldığında genellikle olumlu tutum sergilemişlerdir. Olumsuz tutum sergileyenanneler toplum içinde daha az emzirdiklerini, kendilerini bu süreçtesavunmasız, rahatsız hissettiklerini dile getirmişlerdir. Toplumun ve anneleringörüş ve tutumunu içeren çalışmalar sınırlı sayıdadır. Görüş ve tutumlartoplumdan topluma çeşitlilik göstereceğinden daha kapsamlı çalışmalara ihtiyaçbulunmakla birlikte hemşireler, bu konuda farkındalık oluşturacak eğitim vedestek programlarının yürütülmesinde, medyada yer alması ve emzirme için özelalanların oluşturulmasını sağlamada yeni bir rol üstlenmelidir.Cite this article as: Kaya Z, Yılmaz B,Satılmış İ.G. Views and Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding in Public Places.Journal of Health Science and Profession 2019; 6(3): 595-609.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) juice is a marinating agent for meat and fish marination and readily usable sauce for any meal that has onion in its formulation. This study aims to assess the microbiological and physicochemical changes in the onion juice processed by UV-C irradiation (0.5 mm sample depth, 30 min exposure time, 7.5 mW/cm(2) UV incident intensity) and conventional heat treatment (74.5 degrees C, 12 min) during its storage. Microbiological results showed processing by UV-C irradiation or heat treatment under optimum conditions extended the microbial shelf-life of untreated onion juice by minimum 6-times. Total colour change of heat-treated samples was lower than that of untreated and UV-C treated samples for 12 weeks. Also, pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids content, turbidity, NEBI and total phenolic content were monitored for 12 weeks. The results of this study will form scientific infrastructure for onion juice manufacturers to decide on the processing method with respect to its shelf-life.

Heat treatment and UV-C irradiation of lemon and melon juice (LMJ) blends were comparatively evaluated by examining their impact on E. coli K12 (ATCC 25253) and their physicochemical properties, i.e., total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), color, turbidity and absorbance coefficient, both immediately after processing and during 30 days of refrigerated storage. The newly formulated LMJ blend containing 12% (v/v) lemon juice (pH 3.92 ± 0.01) scored the highest in the consumer acceptance test. Upon UV-C irradiation (2.461 J/mL) and heat treatment (72 °C, 71 s), the E. coli K12 population in LMJ blend was reduced by > 6 log10 CFU/mL. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA) showed a clear discrimination among the physicochemical properties of the control and the UV-C and heat-treated LMJ blends during storage, suggesting that UV-C irradiation has a comparable effect on microbial stability at 4 °C and better quality preservation performance than heat treatment. Industrial relevance Melon juice has many beneficial health effects. It has high sugar content, pH (5.6–6.0) and a fairly short shelf life. Therefore, pasteurization is required. But the thermal pasteurization has some undesired effects on the juice quality. Consumer demands for high quality fruit juice with fresh-like characteristics has markedly expanded in recent years. In this study, an alternative lemon–melon juice (LMJ) blend formulation was developed, and pasteurized using both UV-C irradiation and mild heat treatment. The shelf life stability of pasteurized LMJ blends was assessed by means of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The shelf life of LMJ blends treated by both methods was increased from 2 days to 30 days. The multivariate data analysis was successfully applied as a tool for an overall evaluation of the shelf-life of the product. UV-C irradiation has a comparable effect on microbial stability at 4 °C and better quality preservation performance than heat treatment for obtaining both shelf-stable and fresh-like LMJ blends. This would be a major advantage in processing of nutritious juice products.