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Understanding how wheat genotypes respond to diverse environmental conditions is crucial in the face of climate change and varying agroecological factors, given that wheat is one of the world's most important crops, providing a significant portion of global food security. To address this, a study analyzed 27 wheat genotypes in solonetz (Kumane, Serbia) and chernozem (Rimski Šančevi, Serbia) soils over two growing seasons. The aim was to investigate how these genotypes perform in different soil types and under varying precipitation levels. It was found that increased soil alkalinity reduces spike weight and grain weight per spike, but proportionally, resulting in similar spike index values across different soil types (0.75 in chernozem and 0.73 in solonetz). The genotype Bankut 1205 had the highest spike index on solonetz (0.82), while the genotype Pesma exhibited the highest spike index on chernozem (0.89). In the season with lower precipitation (2017/2018), a higher spike index was recorded compared to the season with favorable precipitation (2015/2016), indicating plants directed more resources towards grain formation under drought stress. The genotype Pesma had the highest spike index in the 2015/2016 season (0.87), while the genotype Renesansa had the highest spike index in the 2017/2018 season (0.81). Chernozem soil exhibited higher stability, resulting in less variation in spike index values between seasons compared to solonetz soil. Differences in spike index values between different agroecological conditions may result from complex interactions between soil type, season, and plant tolerance to stress factors, with plants showing greater adaptation to drought. This study emphasizes the importance of studying spike index for better understanding wheat adaptability to changing environmental conditions.

Seed protein content is important component of technological quality of flour, dough and wheat end products. Proteins are genetically determined and its content varied in depending of environmental factors and interaction of genotypes/environment. The aim of this work is analysis of seed protein content and dry gluten content in wheat grown under different environmental conditions. In this research were analyzed 10 genetically divergent wheat genotypes (G-3512, G-3530, G-3535-1, G3520, G-3513, G-3524, G-3535, G-3536-1, G-3549, G-3553) which grown in field condition in two vegetation season (2015/16 and 2016/17) which are differed in wether condition (temperature and precipitation). The protein content and dry gluten content variate in analyzed wheat genotypes and were different in both years of investigation. In the first vegetation season, the dry gluten content varied between 23.28% (G-3549) and 29.04% (G-3530), while in the second, all genotypes had higher gluten content, which variate in the range from 25.36% (G-3549) to 32.56% (G-3530). The seed protein content varied from the lowest (11.40%) in genotype G-3520 to the highest 14.10% in G-3535 in the first vegetation season. In the second vegetation season seed protein content was higher than in the first vegetation season in all genotypes, and found in the range from 12.50% in genotype G-3520 to the highest 15.20% in genotype G-3535. Different value of protein content and gluten content in genotypes within the seasons and between vegetation seasons indicate genotype differences in response of genotype to changed environmental conditions.

Wheat is the staple plant species for production food and end food products for nutrition of majority world populations. The constraints of natural resources and an increase of human population, require increasing arable land for plant cultivation and improving crop yield for security of food. Existing limitations present a challenge to breeders to use classical and new biotechnological methods to create new varieties with higher yield, better quality and greater resistance to stress conditions. In addition, during cultivation, it is necessary to apply adequate crop nutrition and protection of crops from diseases and pests with mineral fertilizers in order to increase crop resistance and reduce the negative impact of stress factors, thus increasing yields., Pšenica je osnovna biljna vrsta za proizvodnju hrane i krajnjih prehrambenih proizvoda za ishranu većine svetske populacije. Ograničenja prirodnih resursa i povećanje ljudske populacije, zahtevaju povećanje obradivog zemljišta za uzgoj biljaka i poboljšanje prinosa i kvaliteta za sigurnost hrane. Postojeća ograničenja predstavljaju izazov oplemenjivačima za korišćenje klasičnih i novih biotehnoloških metoda za stvaranje novih sorti sa većim prinosom, boljim kvalitetom i većom otpornosti na uslove stresa. Osim toga, u toku gajenja, neophodno je primeniti adekvatnu ishranu useva i zaštitu useva od bolesti i štetočina mineralnim djubrivima u cilju povećanja otpornosti useva i smanjenje negativnog uticaja faktora stresa, a na taj način i povećanje prinosa.

Two-year research was carried out in 2014 and 2015 on the territory of the municipality of Leskovac, on alluvium land type. In the experiment, 6 maize hybrids of different vegetation lengths 400-600 were sown (ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030). The hybrid NS 6030 (10.248 t ha-1) had the highest average yield in 2014, while the hybrid FAO group 400 NS 4023 (9.467 t ha-1) had the lowest. The highest average yield in the year 2015, unfavorable for corn production, was achieved by the hybrid FAO group 400 ZP 434 (6.938 t ha-1) and the smallest yield by hybrid FAO group 600 NS 6030 (4.980 t ha-1). In 2015, being that the average temperatures were warmer than in 2014, and it had fewer amounts and worse distribution of precipitation, late sowing had a very bad effect on all hybrids, especially on FAO 600 hybrids.

A two-year study was conducted on 16 wheat genotypes with the aim of examining the reaction of genotypes to different environmental conditions. Grain weight per spike is a quantitative trait, which phenotypic expression is determined by the influence of a number of minor genes and environmental factors. Therefore, this trait is a suitable phenotypic marker of influence of environmental factors on the plant. The year factor had the largest share in the variation of grain weight per spike (67.82%), while the share of the genotype and the genotype x year interaction was significantly smaller (14.98 and 10.95% respectively). Drought conditions, which characterized the 2016/2017 growing season, affected the reduction of grain weight per spike by 41.7%. The greatest reduction in the value of trait under stress conditions was recorded in Fundulea 4 genotype (63.14%), which achieved the highest value in favorable environmental conditions (3.5 g), while in drought conditions it had a below-average value (1.29 g). Also, Dunavka genotype made good use of favorable environmental conditions to achieve a high value of grain weight per spike (3.14 g), so it can be recommended for breeding in favorable climatic conditions. On the other hand, the highest tolerance to drought was exhibited by the Pitoma genotype, which recorded a 15.67% decrease in grain weight per spike. The high tolerance of the mentioned genotype results from the highest value of the trait achieved in the dry growing season (1.83 g), which makes this genotype a good genetic resource for breeding for drought tolerance.

U radu je urađeno istraživanje varijabilnosti i korelacija između prinosa i komponenti prinosa kod sorti ozime pšenice (Aleksandra, Aurelia, Planeta, Cipovka i Zemunska Rosa). Analizom varijanse su ustanovljene visoko značajne razlike za prinos i komponente prinosa između sorti, godina i njihove interakcije. Korelacije i Path analiza ukazuju da masa zrna po biljci ima statistički značajan i pozitivan direktni efekat (0,363*) na prinos zrna. Indirektno, ova osobina najveći doprinos povećanju prinosa zrna ostvarila je preko mase 1000 zrna (0,120) i mase zrna po klasu (0,102). Masa zrna po klasu i masa 1000 zrna imaju pozitivan direktni efekat na prinos zrna, ali bez statističke značajnosti. Pozitivna korelacija mase zrna po klasu i mase 1000 zrna sa prinosom zrna rezultat je indirektnog efekta koji ove osobine ostvaruju preko mase zrna po biljci., In this paper, the variability and correlation between yield and yield components in winter wheat varieties (Aleksandra, Aurelia, Planeta, Cipovka and Zemunska Rosa) were investigated. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences for yield and yield components between cultivars, years and their interactions. Correlations and Path analysis indicate that grain mass per plant has a statistically significant and positive direct effect (0.363*) on grain yield. Indirectly, this trait made the biggest contribution to the increase in grain yield through the mass of 1000 grains (0.120) and the mass of grains per ear (0.102). Grain weight per ear and weight of 1000 grains have a positive direct effect on grain yield, but without statistical significance. The positive correlation of grain mass per ear and mass of 1000 grains with grain yield is the result of the indirect effect that these traits achieve through grain mass per plant.

U ovom radu su ispitivane osobine kvaliteta zrna pet genotipova ozimog krupnika (Nirvana, KG-37-8/3, KG-54-7/3, KG-54-8/1 i KG-54- 2/3). Ogledi su izvedeni po principima organske proizvodnje tokom dve vegetacione sezone. Urađene su analize sadržaja proteina u zrnu i hektolitarska masa zrna. Sadržaj proteina, u proseku, se kretao u rasponu od 12,03% (KG-54-8/1) do 13,06% i 13,02% (KG-54-2/3 i KG-54-8/1). Vrednosti su bile statistički značajno veće (13,59%**) u prvoj nego u drugoj godini istraživanja (11,90%**). U ovim istraživanjima, u proseku za obe godine, najveću hektolitarsku masu imala je linija KG-37-8/3 (82,46 kg hl-1), koja je imala i najveću vrednost u celom ogledu (88,30 kg hl-1), a zatim linije KG-54-7/3 (79,16 kg hl-1) i KG-54-2/3 (78,80 kg hl-1). Analizom varijanse su ustanovljene statistički visoko značajne razlike između genotipova, godina i njihovih interakcija za obe ispitivane osobine kvaliteta zrna krupnika., In this work, the grain quality characteristics of five genotypes of winter wheat (Nirvana, KG37-8/3, KG-54-7/3, KG-54-8/1 and KG-54- 2/3) were examined. The experiments were carried out according to the principles of organic production during two growing seasons. Analyzes of grain protein content and hectoliter grain weight were performed. The protein content, on average, ranged from 12,03% (KG-54-8/1) to 13.06% and 13.02% (KG-54-2/3 and KG-54-8/1, respectively). The values were statistically significant higher (13.59%**) in the first than in the second year of the research (11.90%**). In these studies, on average for both years, line KG-37-8/3 (82.46 kg hl-1) had the highest hectoliter weight, which also had the highest value in the entire trial (88.30 kg hl-1 ), and then lines KG-54-7/3 (79.16 kg hl-1) and KG-54-2/3 (78.80 kg hl-1). Analysis of variance revealed statistically highly significant differences between genotypes, years and their interactions for both tested grain quality traits.

U radu je obavljeno istraživanje varijabilnosti komponenti prinosa (broj zrna po klasu i masa zrna po klasu) kod sedam genotipova ozime durum pšenice. Analizirane su tri sorte durum pšenice (Windur, Žitka i KG Olimpik) i četiri perspektivne linije Centra za strna žita i razvoj sela Kragujevac (KG-28-6, KG-3405-03, KG-43-33-1 i KG-44-3-1). Ogled je izveden na sertifikovanom organskom gazdinstvu u Čačku, po principima organske proizvodnje tokom dve vegetacione sezone (2012/2013. i 2013/2014.). Ustanovljene su statistički visoko značajne razlike za genotip i interakciju genotip×godina kod obe ispitivane komponente prinosa. U ukupnoj varijansi za oba svojstva, najveći udeo pripadao je interakciji, a značajno manji ostalim komponentama varijanse. Ispitivane komponente prinosa su pokazale izraženu varijabilnost, što je potvrđeno i koeficijentom varijacije. Najveći broj zrna po klasu, u proseku, imala je linija KG-3405-03 (46,0), koja je ostvarila i najveću masu zrna po klasu (1,5 g)., In this paper, the variability of yield components (number of grains per spike and weight of grains per spike) was investigated in seven genotypes of winter durum wheat. Three varieties of durum wheat (Windur, Žitka and KG Olimpik) and four perspective lines of the Center for Small Grains and Rural Development Kragujevac (KG-28-6, KG-3405-03, KG- 43-33-1 and KG-44-3-1) were analyzed. The experiment was carried out on a certified organic farm in Čačak, according to the principles of organic production during two growing seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014). A highly significant statistical differences were found for the genotype and the genotype×year interaction in both examined yield components. In the total variance for both properties, the largest share belonged to the interaction, and a significantly smaller part belonged to the other variance components. The studied yield components showed remarkable variability, which was also confirmed by the coefficient of variation. On average, KG-3405-03 had the highest number of grains per spike (46.0), which also achieved the highest grain weight per spike (1.5 g).

This paper examines the effect of foliar nitrogen nutrition on seven durum wheat genotypes produced according to the principles of organic production. The experiments were performed during two growing seasons on organic farm in Čačak, Serbia. Three different N fertilization strategies have been compared: T1- control without N application after the stem elongation stage; T2- foliar N fertilization at the beginning of heading, one spray with 0.3% organic fertilizer Trainer (5% N and 31% amino acids); T3- foliar N fertilization in both stages, heading and anthesis with 0.3% organic fertilizer Trainer (5% N) each. Analysis of grain yield and yield components (number of spikes m-2, number of grains per spike and thousand grain weight (TGW) was performed. The number of spikes per square meter, number of grains spike-1, TGW, and grain yield significantly increased (P ≤ 0.01) with different levels of fertilizers. Foliar fertilization had a significant effect on yield in both growing seasons. Grain yield, on average for all genotypes and years after spraying were 22% (one N treatment), and 54% (two N treatments) higher than in the control. Grain yield was about 26% higher in two N treatments than in one N treatment. Grain yield was positively correlated with other traits (TGW, number of spikes m-2 and number of grains/spike).

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se uradi procena kvaliteta plodova paradajza različitih boja. Za analizu je odabrano sedam genotipova paradajza (svetložuti, tamnožuti, narandžasti, žuto-zeleni, crveno-zeleni, crveno-žuti i crveni). Kvalitet plodova paradajza je okarakterisan na osnovu ukupne rastvorljive čvrste materije (TSS), titrabilne kiselosti (TA), sadržaja likopena i ukupne antioksidativne aktivnosti (TAA). Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da ima značajnih razlika između testiranih genotipova u analiziranim parametrima. Genotip sa žuto-zelenim plodom imao je najbolji ukus zbog visokih vrednosti TSS, TA i njihovog odnosa (indeksa ukusa), ali nizak sadržaj likopena i TAA. Najveću vrednost TAA imao je genotip sa svetložutom bojom ploda, verovatno zbog prisustva ß-karotena i nekih antioksidanata iz grupe polifenola, jer je sadržaj likopena bio nizak. Takođe, visoke vrednosti TAA imali su genotipovi sa crvenom bojom ploda i kombinacijom crvene sa zelenom i žutom bojom, zbog visokog sadržaja likopena., The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of tomato fruits of different colors. Seven tomato genotypes (light yellow, dark yellow, orange, yellow green, red green, red yellow and red) were selected for analysis. Tomato fruit quality was characterized based on total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), lycopene content and total antioxidant activity (TAA). The obtained results showed that there are significant differences between the tested genotypes in the analyzed parameters. The genotype with yellow green fruit had the best taste due to the high values of TSS, TA and their ratio (taste index), but low content of lycopene and TAA. The genotype with light yellow fruit color had the highest TAA value, probably due to the presence of ß-carotene and some antioxidants from the polyphenol group, as the lycopene content was low. Genotypes with red fruit color and a combination of red with green and yellow color also had high TAA values, due to the high lycopene content.

Climate change and the resulting increase in the frequency and severity of drought can have significant impacts on plant production. The use of drought-tolerant crop varieties can significantly improve plant production under drought conditions. Therefore, the goal of this research was to evaluate the drought tolerance of different wheat genotypes using stress resistance indicators. An experiment was conducted with sixteen wheat genotypes in Novi Bečej (Vojvodina) in different growing seasons. The spike weight was used as a phenotypic marker of the effect of drought stress on the plant. Selection based on resistance indicators such as stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), and geometric mean productivity (GMP) favors the selection of genotypes Dunavka, Skopjanka, and Fundulea 4, which were characterized by the highest average values of spike weight, especially in favorable growing conditions. However, genotype Fundulea 4 is characterized by the highest stress susceptibility index (SSI) and the lowest yield stability index (YSI), which makes this genotype undesirable for growing under drought conditions. The parameters SSI and YSI favor the selection of the genotype Pitoma, which showed the highest value of spike weight in drought conditions as well as the least reduction in value caused by stress. Genotypes Pitoma, Dunavka, and Skopjanka, characterized by a high yield index (YI), are suitable for cultivation in drought conditions, where they achieved above-average trait values. The most suitable stress resistance indicators for selecting drought-tolerant wheat genotypes are SSI, YSI, and YI.

The quality of wheat seed protein is determined by encoding gene alleles, but percentage content varies depending from genotypes, environmental factors and interaction genotype/ environmental conditions. The aim of this work is analysis of seed protein content, sedimentation volume and their relationship with gliadin and high molecular weight glutenin subunits in bread wheat. The 10 wheat genotypes included in experimental field study in two vegetation seasons (2015/16 and 2016/17) with different climatic conditions. The results showed that seed protein content and sedimentation volume, varied in wheat genotypes within and between vegetation season. The highest seed protein content in both vegetation season was found in the genotype G-3617-1 (14.00% and 14.80%) and the least in genotype G- 3634-2 (11.40% and 12.00%). The value of protein sedimentation volume in both vegetation season was the highest in genotype G-3622-1 (52.00 ml and 56.00 ml), while the least in genotype G-3601-4 (33.00 ml and 36.00 ml). Genotypes were grouped according to the presence of the same allele at all six loci for gliadins and three loci for high-molecular-weight glutenins, and found that with high value of seed protein content associate Gli-B1b, Gli-D2b, and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d, allele, and that with high value of sedimentation protein volume associated Gli-B1b, Gli-B2b and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d allele.

Usled ljudskih aktivnosti, zaslanjenost zemljišta postaje glavni izazov za globalnu proizvodnju hrane. Pšenica je osnovna namirnica za veliki deo svetske populacije, a stres zaslanjenosti predstavlja značajnu pretnju njenoj produktivnosti. Stoga je stvaranje tolerantnih genotipova pšenice na salinitet od vitalnog značaja za obezbeđivanje održive proizvodnje hrane, posebno u područjima pogođenim stresom saliniteta zemljišta. Proučavanje genotipova pšenice u poljskim uslovima povećane zaslanjenosti je ključno za efikasnu identifikaciju genotipova tolerantnih na salinitet. U skladu sa tim, procenjena je tolerantnost 27 genotipova pšenice na salinitet na solonjecu u uslovima saliniteta i černozemu kao kontroli tokom dve vegetacione sezone. Masa zrna po klasu, koja je smanjena za 35% u uslovima saliniteta zemljišta, najbolji je fenotipski marker uticaja zaslanjenosti na biljku. Takođe, povećana zaslanjenost zemljišta je smanjila vrednosti broja zrna po klasu, mase klasa i prinosa zrna za 30%., Soil salinity is becoming a major challenge for global food production due to human activities. Wheat is a staple food for a large portion of the global population, and salt stress is a significant threat to its productivity. Therefore, the development of salt-tolerant and high-yielding wheat genotypes is vital for ensuring sustainable food production, especially in areas affected by soil salinity stress. Consideration of wheat genotypes under field salinity conditions is crucial for effectively identifying salt-tolerant varieties. The salinity tolerance of 27 wheat genotypes was assessed under field conditions by establishing an experiment on Solonetz, for salinity conditions, and Chernozem, as the control, during two growing seasons. The grain weight per spike, which decreased by 35% under soil salinity conditions, is the best phenotypic marker of the influence of salinity on the plant. Also, soil salinity reduced the values of the number of grains per spike, spike weight, and grain yield by 30%.

Engleski ljulj (Lolium perenne L.) reaguje porastom visine izdanka na prolećnu prihranu azotom. Pri maksimalnim količinama upotrebljenog azota (90 kg ha-1) ostvarene su najveće vrednosti posmatranog parametra u sve tri godine posmatranog ogleda (72,5 cm, 77,1 cm i 68 cm). Visina izdanka zabeležila je zavisnost u odnosu na vremenske prilike, tako da je treća godina (godina sa najvećom količinom padavina) uslovila ispiranje đubriva u niže slojeve zemljišta i najmanju prosečnu vrednost visine izdanka (68 cm)., Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) reacts to spring feeding with nitrogen by increasing shoot height. With the maximum amount of nitrogen used (90 kg ha-1), the highest values of the observed parameter were achieved in all three years of the observed experiment (72.5 cm, 77.1 cm, and 68 cm). The height of the shoot also recorded a dependence related to the weather conditions, so that the third year (the year with the highest amount of precipitation) resulted in the leaching of fertilizers into the lower layers of the soil and the lowest average value of the height of the shoot (68 cm).

Sprovedeno je dvogodišnje istraživanje sa pet genotipova tvrde pšenice sa ciljem da se sagleda njihov potencijal za prinos u različitim uslovima sredine. Ustanovljeno je da su jari genotipovi imali niže vrednosti komponenti prinosa zrna u odnosu na ozime. Suša prisutna u periodu cvetanja i nalivanja zrna je doprinela smanjenju vrednosti svih osobina, gde je najveće smanjenje zabeleženo kod mase zrna po klasu (31,8%). Takođe, faktor spoljašnje sredine je uticao i na korelacijske odnose, gde je utvrđeno da masa zrna po biljci ima pozitivne korelacije sa visinom biljke (0,74), brojem zrna po klasu (0,80) i masom zrna po klasu (0,88), dok je u neznačajnoj korelaciji sa dužinom klasa (0,35). Izdvojene su dve značajne PCA komponente koje objašnjavaju zajedno 88,5% varijacije. Jare sorte su izdvojene u posebne kvadrante biplota, dok su ozimi genotipovi pozicionirani u okviru vektora mase zrna po biljci, broja zrna po klasu i visine biljke, postigavši najveće vrednosti navedenih osobina., A two-year study was conducted with five durum wheat genotypes with the aim of assessing their yield potential in different environental conditions. It was found that the spring genotypes had lower values of grain yield components compared to the winter ones. The drought present during the flowering and grain filling contributed to a decrease in the value of all traits, where the largest decrease was recorded in the grain weight per spike (31.8%). Also, the factor of year influenced the pattern of correlation, where it was determined that the grain weight per plant had positive correlations with the plant height (0.74), the number of grains per spike (0.80) and the grains weight per spike (0.88), while it was insignificantly correlated with the spike lenght (0.35). Two significant PCA components were extracted, explaining together 88.5% of the variation. Spring varieties were stood out into separate quadrants of the biplot, while winter genotypes were positioned within the vector of grain weight per plant, number of grains per spike and plant height, achieving the highest values of the mentioned traits.

Cilj rada je ispitivanje uticaja pokrovnih useva, sa i bez primene biofertilizatora (BF) na prinos zrna kukuruza kokičara (hibrid ZPSC 611k FAO 600). Ogled je izveden u Institutu za kukuruz „Zemun Polje“ tokom 2014/2015. godine. Pokrovne useve (PU) su činile dve leguminoze: obična grahorica i ozimi krmni grašak, dve neleguminozne vrste: ozimi ovas i ozimi krmni kelj. Dve varijante sa smešama su obična grahorica + ozimi ovas i ozimi krmni grašak + ozimi ovas i dve kontrole (kontrola I - slama i kontrola II - golo zemljište). PU su sejani u jesen, zaoravani krajem aprila, nakon čega je polovina parcele tretirana BF, dok je setva kukuruza kokičara obavljena polovinom maja. Najveći prinos zrna je ostvaren na varijantama: krmni grašak + ozimi ovas (5,34 t ha-1) i krmni kelj (4,89 t ha- 1) sa BF, dok je ozimi ovas ispoljio najmanji uticaj na prinos zrna kokičara., The aim of the paper is to examine the influence of cover crops, with and without the application of biofertilizer (BF) on the grain yield of popcorn (hybrid ZPSC 611k FAO 600). The experiment was carried out at the “Zemun Polje” Maize Research Institute during 2014/2015. The cover crops (CC) consisted of 2 legumes: common vetch and field pea, 2 non- leguminous species: winter oats and fodder kale. The two variants with mixtures are common vetch + winter oats and field pea + winter oats and two controls I control (straw) and II control (bare soil). CC was sown in autumn, plowed in late April, after which half of the plot was treated with BF and popcorn was sown in the middle of May. The highest grain yield was achieved on variants with field pea + winter oats (5.34 t ha-1) and fodder kale (4.89 t ha-1) with BF, while winter oats had the least impact on the grain yield of popcorn.

Kukuruz (Zea mays L.) je vrlo važna ratarska kultura u Republici Srbiji i svetu, sa tendencijom povećanja proizvodnih površina i značaja na tržištu. Uspeh stabilne proizvodnje u velikoj meri zavisi od nivoa primenjene agrotehnike i umešnosti u izboru hibrida, kao i vremenskih prilika u toku procesa proizvodnje. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se tokom dvogodišnjih istraživanja utvrdi uticaj hibrida različitih FAO grupa zrenja i klimatskih prilika na prinos zrna kukuruza. Ispitivanja su obavljena tokom 2014. i 2015. godine na teritoriji opštine Leskovac. U ogledu je bilo zastupljeno 6 hibrida kukuruza (ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030), koji su zasejani sredinom aprila. Ogled je zasnovan po slučajnom blok sistemu, u tri ponavljanja. Uticaj hibrida različitih FAO grupa zrenja i različitih agroekoloških uslova na prinos zrna kukuruza bio je jako izražen. Najveći prosečan prinos tokom 2014. godine ostvario je hibrid NS 6030 (11.068 kg ha-1), dok je u 2015. godini najmanji prosečan prinos ostvario isti hibrid (6.443 kg ha-1). Ostvareni prinosi u 2014. godini kod svih ispitivanih hibrida značajno su veći u odnosu na prinose u 2015. godini., Maize (Zea mays L.) is a very important field crop in the Republic of Serbia and the world, with the tendency of further expansion of production area and market importance. The success of stable production depends to a large extent on the level of applied agricultural techniques and skill in the selection of hybrids, as well as weather conditions during the production process. The goal of the research was to determine the influence of hybrids of different FAO ripening groups and climatic conditions on the grain yield of corn during two years of research. The tests were carried out in 2014 and 2015 in the territory of the municipality of Leskovac. The trial included 6 maize hybrids (ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030), which were sown in mid-April. The experiment was based on a randomized block system, with three replications. The influence of hybrids of different FAO ripening groups and different agro-ecological conditions on corn grain yield was very pronounced. The highest average yield in 2014 was achieved by hybrid NS 6030 (11,068 kg ha-1), while the lowest yield in 2015 was achieved by the same hybrid (6,443 kg ha-1). The yields achieved in 2014 for all tested hybrids were significantly higher than the yields in 2015.

Kukuruz, kao visokoprinosna biljka velike vegetativne mase i dugog vegetacionog perioda, ima velike potrebe u pogledu ishrane i navodnjavanja. Pored makroelemenata koji su nosioci prinosa, u ishrani biljaka veliki značaj imaju i mikroelementi, među kojima se ističe cink. Cilj ovog rada je određivanje uticaja cinka na visinu prinosa zrna različitih genotipova kukuruza. Trofaktorijalan ogled je postavljenu u regionu Posavo-tamnave u periodu od 2017. do 2018. godine. U proseku za 2018., najveći uticaj na visinu prinosa zrna imala je količina od 120 kg N ha-1 (7,86 t ha-1). Pri ovom đubrenju, hibridi ZP 427 (8,17 t ha-1) i ZP 548 (8,02 t ha-1) imali su najveći prinos zrna. Hibrid ZP 684 pri količini od 160 kg N ha-1 imao je najveći prinos zrna (7,81 t ha-1). Tretmani su različito delovali na prinos zrna kod hibrida. U odnosu na kontrolu T1, tretman T2 je za 14,56% povećao prinos, a T3 za 14,17%., Maize, as a high-yielding plant with a large vegetative mass and a long growing season, has great needs in terms of nutrition and irrigation. In addition to macro elements which are the fundamental for yield, microelements are also of the great importance in corn nutrition, among which zinc stands out. The aim of the work was to determine the influence of zinc on the grain yield of different maize genotypes. A three-factorial experimental trial was set up in the Posavo-tamnava region in the period from 2017-2018. On average for 2018, the amount of 120 kg N ha-1 had the greatest impact on grain yield (7.86 t ha-1). With this fertilization, hybrids ZP 427 (8.17 t ha-1) and ZP 548 (8.02 t ha-1) had the highest grain yield. The hybrid ZP 684 at the amount of 160 kg N ha-1 had the highest grain yield (7.81 t ha-1). Treatments had different effects on grain yield in hybrids. Compared to control T1, treatment T2 increased yield by 14.56%, and T3 by 14.17%.

Creating wheat genotypes characterized by high grain yield, high protein content, and favorable amino acid composition is the main goal of breeders, especially in developing countries where wheat is a staple food. An experiment with 20 wheat genotypes, released through breeding activities in the Serbian region at different periods and adapted to its pedoclimatic conditions, was conducted with the aim of determining the genetic potential of the analyzed genotypes for grain yield and quality. Due to the divergence of the examined wheat germplasm, the factor of genotype had the largest share in the variation of all yield parameters (>66%). The genotypes Zadruga and Agrounija exhibited superior abilities for overall grain yield. Also, genotype Zadruga stood out in a distinct cluster group due to high values of both thousand grain weight and grain yield per plant. A continuous improvement in protein content was found, with newer genotypes having 17.13% higher protein content compared with older genotypes. Genotype Sloga stood out with the highest protein content (13.93%). On the other hand, the old genotype Balkan was distinguished by the highest content of nonessential amino acids (61.5 g 100 g−1 protein), which makes it a good genetic resource. Genotypes Agrounija (32.62 g 100 g−1 protein) and Tanjugovka (32.47 g 100 g−1 protein) had the highest content of essential amino acids. The highest AAS value was established for tryptophan (1.81) and the lowest for lysine (0.61). Genotypes Tanjugovka and Zadruga had the highest AAS, i.e., protein completeness. The genotypes Zadruga, Tanjugovka, Agrounija, and Sloga have demonstrated high-yield capacity and possess a favorable amino acid profile, making them promising candidates for enhancing the nutritional quality of wheat and potentially benefiting human health.

The storage proteins influence technological quality value of grain wheat, dough quality traits and loaf quality. The aim of this study estimation of variability grain protein content, sedimentation volume, dry gluten content, loaf volume and their relationships with encoding allele of gliadin and glutenins. For investigation used wheat genotypes grown in two vegetation season (2015/16 and 2016/17). The analysed technological quality traits varied in wheat genotypes within and between vegetation season. In both vegetation season were established the highest grain protein content in G-3627-1 (14.40% and 14.60%), the highest protein sedimentation volume in G-3606-5 (46.0 ml and 52.0 ml), the highest dry gluten content in G-3621-1 (30.23% and 31.15%) and the highest value of loaf volume in the G-3621-1 (530 ml and 540 ml). In both vegetation were found the least protein sedimantation volume in genotypes G-3636-3 (34.0 ml snd 36. ml), the least grain protein content in G-3606-4 (13.10% and 13.00%), the least dry gluten content was in G-3606-6 (25.42% and 25.98%) and the least loaf volume in G-3606-6 (380 ml and 390 ml). The composition of gliadin and glutenin alleles at the analyzed wheat geneotypes was different. In analysed wheat genotypes at six Gli- loci were identified 24 alleles and at three Glu-1 loci eight alleles. Genotypes carrying Gli-B1b, Gli-D1b, Gli-D2b and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d had the highest sedimentation volume, genotype that carried Gli-B1l and Glu-A1b, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1d had high volume of bread. The results showed relationships of gliadin and glutenin alleles with analysed grain, flour and bread traits quality.

Usled ljudskih aktivnosti, zaslanjenost zemljišta postaje glavni izazov za globalnu proizvodnju hrane. Pšenica je osnovna namirnica za veliki deo svetske populacije, a stres zaslanjenosti predstavlja značajnu pretnju njenoj produktivnosti. Stoga je stvaranje tolerantnih genotipova pšenice na salinitet od vitalnog značaja za obezbeđivanje održive proizvodnje hrane, posebno u područjima pogođenim stresom saliniteta zemljišta. Proučavanje genotipova pšenice u poljskim uslovima povećane zaslanjenosti je ključno za efikasnu identifikaciju genotipova tolerantnih na salinitet. U skladu sa tim, procenjena je tolerantnost 27 genotipova pšenice na salinitet na solonjecu u uslovima saliniteta i černozemu kao kontroli tokom dve vegetacione sezone. Masa zrna po klasu, koja je smanjena za 35% u uslovima saliniteta zemljišta, najbolji je fenotipski marker uticaja zaslanjenosti na biljku. Takođe, povećana zaslanjenost zemljišta je smanjila vrednosti broja zrna po klasu, mase klasa i prinosa zrna za 30%. Sprovedena je klaster hitmap analiza, koja je omogućila hijerarhijsko grupisanje genotipova, odnosno osobina. Masa hiljadu zrna, na koju je dominantan efekat imao faktor godina, svrstana je u posebnu klaster grupu. U uslovima solonjeca, genotipovi Harmonija, Renesansa, Orašanka, KG-58, Bankut 1205 i Oplenka su grupisani u okviru iste klaster grupe, dok su u uslovima černozema usko povezani genotipovi Renesansa i Jugoslavija, ispoljavajući najveće prosečne vrednosti ispitivanih osobina. Na osnovu AMMI analize, genotip Harmonija pokazuje visoku stabilnost prinosa zrna na solonjecu i ocenjen je kao genotip tolerantan na salinitet. Genotip Renesansa je ispoljio visoku stabilnost u svim agroekološkim sredinama i ostvario najveći prinos zrna na černozemu., Soil salinity is becoming a major challenge for global food production due to human activities. Wheat is a staple food for a large portion of the global population, and salt stress is a significant threat to its productivity. Therefore, the development of salt-tolerant and high-yielding wheat genotypes is vital for ensuring sustainable food production, especially in areas affected by soil salinity stress. Consideration of wheat genotypes under field salinity conditions is crucial for effectively identifying salt-tolerant varieties. The salinity tolerance of 27 wheat genotypes was assessed under field conditions by establishing an experiment on Solonetz, for salinity conditions, and Chernozem, as the control, during two growing seasons. The grain weight per spike, which decreased by 35% under soil salinity conditions, is the best phenotypic marker of the influence of salinity on the plant. Also, soil salinity reduced the values of the number of grains per spike, spike weight, and grain yield by 30%. Cluster heatmap analysis was performed, which enabled hierarchical clustering of genotypes and traits. The thousand grain weight, primarily influenced by year, is classified into a separate cluster group. On Solonetz, the genotypes Harmonija, Renesansa, Orašanka, KG-58, Bankut 1205, and Oplenka were grouped together, and on Chernozem, Renesansa and Jugoslavija were closely grouped, showing the highest average trait values. Based on the AMMI analysis, the genotype Harmonija exhibits high grain yield stability on Solonetz and was identified as the salt-tolerant genotype. The genotype Renesansa showed high stability in all environments and achieved the highest grain yield on Chernozem.

Usmeravajući selekciju kupusa prema potrebama tržišta u kvalitetu u prinosu i otpornosti u Institutu za povrtarstvo S. Palanka selekcionisano je 7 linija iz populacije Izpscc u kojoj je detektovan visok sadržaj šećera i to u rasponu od 6,1 do 9,6%, a prosek je 3,8 - 4,2%. Selekcija linija započeta je metodom individualnog odabiranja iz populacije, a nastavljena je Pedigre metodom. Osnovni kriterijumi pri selekciji bili su; erektofilna rozeta, listovi sa dugačkom lisnom drškom koja olakšava fototropizme, dva ovojna lista zelene boje, unutrašnji kočan kraći od 50% visine glavice i sadržaj ukupnih šećera viši od 7,5 %, dobro zbijena glavica kao i masa glavice preko 1,6 kg. Ogled sa 7 selekcionisanih linija: G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6 i G7 postavljen je u 3 ponavljanja na oglednom polju Instituta za povrtartsvo tokom 2020, 2021. i 2022. Pored osobina: glavice, rozete i uniformnosti, praćena je stabilnost sadržaja ukupnžnih šećera (%). AMMI analiza (glavni aditivni efekti i višestruka interakcija) za osobinu ukupnog sadržaja šećera pokazala je najveću stabilnost linije G3, dok su G2 i G5 bile sledeće u rangiranju po stabilnosti, u svim ispitivanim sezonama. Sadržaj šećera kod G3 u 2020. iznosio je prosečno 8,5%, u 2021 8,9%, dok je sadržaj šećera u 2022. godini bio najniži i prosečno je iznosio 7,7%. Najveći sadržaj šećera izmeren je kod linije G5 u 2021 i iznosio je 9,6%. Odabrane linije G3, G2 i G5, visokog genetičkog potencijala za sadržaj šečera iskorišćene su kao očinske linije u procesu selekcije visokoprinosnih, otpornih i slatkih srednje kasnih i kasnih hibrida kupusa koji se očekuju na tržištu od 2027. godine., Directing the selection of cabbage according to the needs of the market in terms of quality, yield and resistance, 7 lines from the Izpscc population were selected in the S. Palanka Institute of Vegetables, in which high sugar content was detected, ranging from 6.1 to 9.6%, and the average is 3.8 - 4.2%. The selection of lines was started with the method of individual selection from the population, and continued with the Pedigree method. The basic selection criteria were; erectophilic rosette, leaves with a long petiole that facilitates phototropism, two sheathing leaves of green color, inner stem shorter than 50% of the height of the head and content of total sugars higher than 7.5%, well-compacted head as well as head weight over 1.6 kg. An experiment with 7 selected lines: G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6 and G7 was set up in 3 replications on the experimental field of the Institute of Vegetables during 2020, 2021 and 2022. In addition to the characteristics: heads, rosettes and uniformity, stability was monitored content of total sugars (%). AMMI analysis (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) for the trait of total sugar content showed the highest stability of the G3 line, while G2 and G5 were ranked next in terms of stability, in all investigated seasons. The sugar content of G3 in 2020 averaged 8.5%, in 2021 8.9%, while the sugar content in 2022 was the lowest and averaged 7.7%. The highest sugar content was measured for the G5 line in 2021 and was 9.6%. Selected lines G3, G2 and G5, with high genetic potential for sugar content, were used as paternal lines in the selection process of high-yielding, resistant and sweet mid-late and late cabbage hybrids expected on the market from 2027.

Considering that agricultural production needs to be adjusted to global climate changes, it is of particular importance to develop bread wheat germplasm with improved tolerance to abiotic stress conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify stable wheat genotypes with increased salinity stress tolerance. The experiment was conducted with 27 wheat genotypes, at two localities: Kumane (solonetz soil type) and Rimski Šančevi (chernozem soil type) during two growing seasons. A significant influence of genotype and environment, as well as G × E interaction, on the phenotypic expression of yield components was found. The factor of genotype had the largest effect on the variation in plant height (38.7%) and the smallest effect on the variation in the number of grains per spike (8.24%). The greatest influence of the environment (64.7%) and G × E interaction (17.44%) was found in the variation in the number of grains per spike. Salinity conditions contributed the most to the decrease in the number of grains per spike (30%), which is considered the best indicator of the impact of stress on the plant. The smallest decrease in the number of grains per spike was recorded in the genotypes Šumadija (16.0%) and Harmonija (18.8%). However, AMMI and PCA analyses showed that the genotype Harmonija is characterized by a higher value of the number of grains per spike and greater stability. The genotypes Renesansa, Jugoslavija, Bankut 1205, and Harmonija were characterized by the smallest reduction in plant height under salinity conditions, among which Jugoslavija and Renesansa exhibited high stability and lower trait values. The smallest reduction in spike length was found in the genotypes Jugoslavija and Šumadija, which exhibited the specific adaptability to salinity stress. In terms of salinity tolerance, the genotypes Šumadija, Harmonija, and Renesansa are considered valuable genetic resources in breeding programs.

This study aimed to determine the variability properties of four major types of Amaranthus species in protein and amino acids content in leaves and flowers. Obtained results by ion exchange chromatography in our study have shown high values for the content of essential amino acids lysine and methionine. In the leaf, the lysine content ranged from 3.9 (A. caudatus) to 7.0 (A. cruentus; A. moleros), and in the flowers from 4.2 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. molleros). The methionine content ranged from 3.1 (A. caudatus) to 7.4 (A. mantegazzianus) in the leaf and in the flower from 2.9 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. mantegazzianus). Besides lysine and methionine, significant values of other essential amino acids were recorded, respectively. Significant concentrations of total proteins were recorded in all examined genotypes. The heritability of the studied characters as protein and mineral content of seeds and leaves, and oil contents of seed were significantly high. The maximum values of the protein content of seeds were 16.55% (A. cruentus), in leaves 20.10% (A. caudatus), and the minerals in seeds 2.73% (A. moleros), and leaves 18.76% (A. mantegazzianus). The oil content of seeds was 6.16% (A. moleros). The oil content of the seed’s proportion of genetic variance to total phenotypic variance was 72%, and it has a significant impact on ecological factors. Tested divergent Amaranthus genotypes may serve as parents for further crossing. Amaranth seeds is gluten-free and is important in the diet of celiac patients and contains amino acids, especially lysine, which acts against the herpes virus. Amaranth from amaranth leaves biologically active substance that prevents heart muscle damage during ischemic processes. Amaranth seed oil has hypolipemic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypotensive and antioxidant activity.

U dvogodišnjem istraživanju, sprovedenom na ritskoj crnici, analiziran je uticaj genotipa, vegetacione sezone i njihove interakcije na varijaciju prinosa zrna po biljci i mase 1000 zrna kod 16 genotipova pšenice. Uslovi povećane suše su značajno uticali na smanjenje ispitivanih osobina kod svih analiziranih genotipova. Faktor interakcije je imao najveći doprinos fenotipskoj ekspresiji prinosa zrna (47,74%), dok je faktor godina imao najveći udeo u varijaciji mase 1000 zrna (79,77%). Najveći prinos zrna u obe vegetacione sezone je ostvario genotip Skopjanka. Genotipovi Dukat i Iskra se karakterišu najslabijom reakcijom na stres, uz postignut visok prinos zrna u uslovima suše. Genotip Iskra se izdvaja najvećom vrednošću mase 1000 zrna u uslovima stresa suše, dok je genotip Dunavka postigao najveću vrednost mase 1000 zrna u povoljnim uslovima sredine., A two-year study on the humogley examined the effects of genotype, vegetation season, and their interaction on the variation in grain yield per plant and thousand grain weight in 16 wheat genotypes. Increased drought had a significant impact on the reduction of both investigated traits. The interaction of factors had the largest contribution to the phenotypic expression of grain yield per plant (47.74%), while the factor of vegetation season had the largest share in the variation of thousand grain weight (79.77%). Genotype Skopjanka achieved the highest grain yield per plant in both growing seasons. Genotypes Dukat and Iskra are characterized by the weakest reaction to stress and a high grain yield achieved under drought conditions. Genotype Iskra is distinguished by having the highest thousand grain weight under drought stress, while genotype Dunavka achieved the highest thousand grain weight under favorable environmental conditions.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that limit the productivity of crops, including wheat, in many regions of the world. Therefore, the priority in wheat breeding, to ensure global food security, is developing varieties that are adapted to saline environments. In situ, evaluation of wheat genotypes can provide valuable information on the performance of different genotypes under natural saline conditions and can help to identify the most salt-tolerant genotypes. To ensure an accurate evaluation of the performance of twenty-seven wheat genotypes under different environments, the trial was conducted on two different soil types (solonetz and chernozem) in two growing seasons. AMMI analysis shows that the environmental factor had the largest share (55.15%) in the variation of grain yield, where soil type had a dominant effect. Genotypes Renesansa, Harmonija, and Bankut 1205 achieved a high grain yield on both soil types. However, among the mentioned genotypes, the genotype Harmonija showed the highest tolerance to salinity. A significant proportion of the genotype and environment interaction (GEI; 25.89%) shows that there is a change in the ranking of genotypes across environments. According to the AMMI1 biplot, the genotypes Renesansa and Harmonija were distinguished by high grain yield and high stability. The environment Chernozem 2015/2016 had the greatest contribution to the GEI and the highest grain yield, while Solonetz 2017/2018 was characterized by the highest stability and the lowest grain yield. According to the AMMI2 biplot, genotype Harmonija achieved high stability in unfavourable environmental conditions that characterized the environment Solonetz 2017/2018., Zaslanjenost spada u najvažnije faktore abiotičkog stresa koji ograničavaju produktivnost useva, uključujući pšenicu, u mnogim regionima sveta. Stoga je razvoj sorti pšenice koje su prilagođene uslovima zaslanjenosti prioritet za globalnu sigurnost hrane. Procena genotipova u realnim uslovima – in situ može pružiti odgovarajuće informacije o performansama različitih genotipova u realnim uslovima i pomoći u identifikaciji tolerantnih genotipova na salinitet. Da bi se obezbedila tačna procena, dvadeset sedam genotipova pšenice ispitivano je u različitim agroekološkim sredinama. Ogled je zasnovan na dva različita tipa zemljišta (solonjec i černozem) tokom dve vegetacione sezone. AMMI analiza pokazuje da je faktor spoljašnje sredine imao najveće učešće (55,15%) u varijaciji prinosa zrna, gde je dominantan uticaj imao tip zemljišta. Genotipovi Renesansa, Harmonija i Bankut 1205, ostvarili su visok prinos zrna na oba tipa zemljišta. Među navedenim genotipovima najveću toleranciju na salinitet ispoljio je genotip Harmonija. Značajan udeo interakcije genotipa i sredine (GEI; 25,89%) u ukupnom variranju pokazuje da postoji promena u rangiranju genotipova u različitim sredinama. Prema AMMI1 biplotu, genotipovi Renesansa i Harmonija su se odlikovali visokim prinosom zrna i visokom stabilnošću. U agroekološkoj sredini Černozem 2015/2016, koja je imala najveći doprinos interakciji, postignut je najveći prinos zrna, dok je u agroekološkoj sredini Solonjec 2017/2018 ostvarena najveća stabilnost, ali i najniži prinos zrna. Prema AMMI2 biplotu, genotip Harmonija je postigao visoku stabilnost u nepovoljnim uslovima sredine Solonjec 2017/2018.

Uticaj genotipa i sredine (sezone, roka setve, tretmana hormonom GA3) na klijavost semena kupusa kod tri roditeljska genotipa i tri njihova hibrida, selekcionisanih u dialelnom ukrštanju, ispitivana je u sezonama koje su bile: jedna ekstremno hladna, jedna veoma topla i jedna prosečna. Seme kupusa proizvodeno je tako što je iskorišćena mogućnost vernalizacije, tj. pojava cvetnog mehanizma tipičnog za uljanu repicu. Ogled je postavljen u rokovima setve pogodnim za proizvodnju uljane repice, a jedan od ciljeva bio je da se izbegne forimiranje glavice iz razloga njene neotpornosti na niske temperature. Analizom varijanse potvrđena je statistička značajnost uticaja svih ispitivanih faktora na klijavost semena. Hibridi su pokazali izvesne vrednosti apsolutnog i relativnog heterozisa na osobinu klijavosti u odnosu na roditeljske genotipove. Analiza varijanse AMMI modela ukazala je na značajne razlike između genotipova i spoljne sredine: tretmana, rokova setve i godina kao i njihovih interakcija (genotip x spoljna sredina) na klijavost semena. U ukupnoj sumi kvadrata, 53,5% se odnosilo na efekat spoljne sredine, što je 6,14 puta više nego vrednost sume kvadrata genotipova., The influence of genotype and environment (season, sowing date, GA3 hormone treatment) on the germination of cabbage seeds in three parents and three F1 hybrids selected in a diallel cross was examined in seasons that were: one extremely cold, one very warm and one average. Cabbage seeds produced by utilizing the possibility of vernalization, i.e. the appearance of a flower mechanism typical of oilseed rape. The experiment was set up in the sowing dates typical for the production of oilseed rape, and one of the goals was to avoid the formation of the head due to its lack of resistance to low temperatures. Analysis of variance confirmed the statistical significance of the influence of all factors on seed germination. The hybrids showed certain values of absolute and relative heterosis for the germination trait in relation to the parental genotypes. Analysis of the variance of the AMMI model shows significant differences between genotypes and external environment: treatments, sowing dates and years, as well as their interactions (genotype x external environment) on seed germination. 53.5% of the sum of squares was related to the effect of the external environment, which is 6.14 times more than the value of the sum of squares of the genotypes.

The aim of this study was determination of protein content and amino acid composition in seeds of bread wheat, with particular focus of evaluation essential amino acids (EAAs). For analysis used flour samples of grained seed of 10 wheat variety, which selected in different breeding center (in Novi Sad and Kragujevac, Serbia). Kjeldahl method was used for determination of nitrogen (N) contents which value multiplied with coefficient 5.7 for computing protein content (protein contents = 5.7 x % N contents). Amino acids analyses of wheat samples were performed by ion exchange chromatography, followed by the ninhydrin colour reaction and photometric detection at 570 nm and 440 nm (for proline). The results showed that the mean protein content for wheat varied from the lowest value 10.24% in Ljubičevka to the highest 14.21% in Fortuna variety. The mean contents (g 100 g-l protein) of nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) were aspartic acid 5.42%, serine 4.23%, glutamic acid 18.51%, proline 12.18%, glycine 4.17%, alanine 3.64%, tyrosine 2.52%, arginine 5.02%, while mean contents of essential amino acids (EAAs) were threonine 2.86%, valine 4.52%, methionine 1.28%, isoleucine 3.87%, leucine 5.87%, phenylalanine 4.62%, histidine 2.46%, lysine 2.91%. The wheat variety contained relatively high concentration of the most deficient EAAs. The variety Ljubičevka contained relatively high concentration of the most deficient EAAs (threonine, valine, leucine, lysine,). The highest value (29.31 g 100 g-l protein) of total essential amino acids (TEAA), 59.79 g 100 g-l protein of total nonessential amino acids (TNEAA) as well as the highest value (90.35 g 100 g-l protein) of total amino acids (TAA). Obtained results provide variability of wheat variety on the base of amino acid contents and indicate reliable variety for selecting desirable parents in breeding program for improving nutrient quality © 2023, Genetika.All Rights Reserved.

Considering that agricultural production needs to be adjusted to global climate changes, it is of particular importance to develop bread wheat germplasm with improved tolerance to abiotic stress conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify stable wheat genotypes with increased salinity stress tolerance. The experiment was conducted with 27 wheat genotypes, at two localities: Kumane (solonetz soil type) and Rimski Šančevi (chernozem soil type) during two growing seasons. A significant influence of genotype and environment, as well as G × E interaction, on the phenotypic expression of yield components was found. The factor of genotype had the largest effect on the variation in plant height (38.7%) and the smallest effect on the variation in the number of grains per spike (8.24%). The greatest influence of the environment (64.7%) and G × E interaction (17.44%) was found in the variation in the number of grains per spike. Salinity conditions contributed the most to the decrease in the number of grains per spike (30%), which is considered the best indicator of the impact of stress on the plant. The smallest decrease in the number of grains per spike was recorded in the genotypes Šumadija (16.0%) and Harmonija (18.8%). However, AMMI and PCA analyses showed that the genotype Harmonija is characterized by a higher value of the number of grains per spike and greater stability. The genotypes Renesansa, Jugoslavija, Bankut 1205, and Harmonija were characterized by the smallest reduction in plant height under salinity conditions, among which Jugoslavija and Renesansa exhibited high stability and lower trait values. The smallest reduction in spike length was found in the genotypes Jugoslavija and Šumadija, which exhibited the specific adaptability to salinity stress. In terms of salinity tolerance, the genotypes Šumadija, Harmonija, and Renesansa are considered valuable genetic resources in breeding programs.

Drought is one of the factors that most reduces crop productivity. Water deficit affects the morphological and physiological parameters of the plant, and some of them can be used as indicators of plant tolerance to drought. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of water deficit on proline content in fruits, as well as yield parameters of two tomato lines (M7 and R83), that in previous research showed a contrasting response in vegetative phase. Tomato plants were grown in a glasshouse in pots during three months after planting of seedlings. Two water regimes were applied (optimal field capacity and water deficit - reduction of water for 30% compared to control). The content of proline was significantly higher in the fruits of both tomato lines exposed to water stress. The increase in proline content under stress conditions compared to control was higher in fruits of line M7 (81.0%) compared to line R83 (35.4%). Our results showed that water deficit significantly affected fruit diameter, length and biomass of the fruit, but did not affect the number of fruits per plant in both tested tomato lines. The reduction of fruit yield in water deficit conditions was higher for line M7 (31.5%) in comparison to line R83 (20.7%). Based on the obtained results, the R83 line showed a potentially better response to drought stress at fruit level, which is in accordance with our research results conducted on the same lines in the vegetative phase.

The aim of this study is to investigate phenotypic variability of yield components for seven different durum wheat genotypes (Windur, Žitka, KG Olimpik, KG-28-6, KG-3405-03, KG-43- 33-1, and KG-44-3-1), which were grown during two years (2012/2013 and 2013/2014) at certified organic trial located in Mršinci, the Municipality of Čačak, Serbia. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications with plot of 5 m² on the soil belonging to the loamy clay type. Experiment was carried out by the organic technology of farming production of durum wheat. For analysis of plant height and spike characteristics, 60 plants in full maturity stage were used (20 plants per replication). The primary tiller of plant was used for analyzed plant height, spike length and number of spikelets per spike. Plant height, on average, ranged from 76.0 cm (Olimpik) to 92.1 cm (KG-3405-03), spike length from 6.9 cm (KG-44-3/1) to 8.2 cm (Windur) and number of spikelets per spike from 19.3 (Žitka) to 22.5 (Windur). Variability for plant height was similar for both of years (CV=3.6%, 3.9%, respectively), but for spike length (CV=5.5%, 6.6%, respectively) and for number of spikelets per spike (CV=5.4%, 6.2%, respectively) was lower in the first than in the second year. Through variance analysis, a highly significant difference in mean values for all investigated components was established. Phenotypic analysis of variance indicated that ecological factors had higher impact in relations to genetic factors on expression of all three investigated traits.

The cultivation wheat in past century influenced that varieties have acquired certain specific forms of adaptation and changed their hereditary basis. Farmers, have their priorities in selecting a variety for traits yield, lodging resistance, and protein content. Wheat breeders pay more attention to balance those traits with others, like nutritional quality, disease resistance into a combination going to be attractive to a grower. Aim of this study is estimation of share of old wheat varieties in improving yield, quality and adaptation of developed modern bread wheat varieties. İn this investigation analyzed diversity and fluctuation wheat varieties which grown in Serbia from 19 to 21 century. İn the end of 19th century farmers grown indigeneous population, introduced foreign genotypes, local populations, old varieties approved after period of Green Revolution and modern wheat varieties. Also in study presented work on collection old wheat genotypes and local population, and distribution genotypes on localities were collected as well İnstitution where collected genotypes deposited. The differences between old and modern wheat varieties were established for yield, protein content, quality, resistance to diseases, resistance and susceptibility to low temperature, lodging etc. On the base of analysis can be concluded that old varieties and local populations are valuable resources of desirable genes for further wheat breeding for improving yield, quality and adaptability of further varieties which will be create.

Ovaj ogled predstavlja deo predselekcionog programa tikvice(Cucurbita pepo L.) Instituta za povrtarstvo u Smederevskoj Palanci.Tokom dve godine, vršena je evaluacija osam osobina – tri morfološkeosobine biljke (habitus, prisutnost ureza i srebrnih mrlja na liskama), dvemorfološke osobine ploda (boja, oblik) kao i tri agronomske osobine(dužina, širina, masa ploda) kod 10 genotipova tikvice. Četiri od 10genotipova su se izdvojili odnosom dužine i širine ploda u opsegu između3,5 i 4,5. Genotip G6 poreklom iz Francuske je imao najveću prosečnudužinu i širinu ploda. Genotip G9, poreklom iz Kine je imao plodovenajveće mase. Optimalna masa ploda od 0,35 do 0,40 kg je zabeleženakod genotipova 2, 5 i 8. Prema klaster analizi najsličniji genotipovi su 1,2, 4, 5 i 7. Evaluacija genetičkih resursa je značajan deo predselekcionogprograma svake vrste. Dobijeni rezultati su od izuzetnog značaja zabudući rad na oplemenjivanju ove vrste u našoj zemlji., This experiment is part of the summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) prebreedingprogram of the Institute for Vegetable Crops in Smederevska Palanka. During two years, eight traits were evaluated - threemorphological traits of the plant (habitus, the presence of incisions, andsilver spots on the leaves), two morphological traits of the fruit (color,shape) as well as three agronomic fruit traits (length, width, weight) in 10squash genotypes. Four genotypes were distinguished by the ratio of fruitlength to width in the range between 3.5 and 4.5. Genotype G6originating from France had the highest average fruit length and width.Genotype G9, originating from China, had the heaviest fruits. Theoptimal fruit weight of 0.35 to 0.40 kg was recorded in genotypes 2, 5,and 8. According to cluster analysis, the most similar genotypes are 1, 2,4, 5, and 7. Evaluation of genetic resources is an important part of thepre-breeding program of each species. The obtained results are extremelyimportant in the further work on the breeding of this species in ourcountry.

The results of multi-year research on tuber yield and starch content of several potato varieties in the agro-ecological conditions of northern Montenegro are presented. The investigated varieties were of different ripening times, from early varieties (Riviera), medium early (Almera, Aladin and Bounty) to medium late (Agria, Margarita, Kennebec and Desiree). Research was conducted in 2015., 2016. and 2017, on acidic, brown soil. The experiments were placed at three different altitudes and therefore at three different climatic locations: Nedakusi (556 m), Sutivan (680 m) and Orahovica (900 m). Trials were set up in three replicas, using standard methodology in a random block design. Analysis of variance showed that the yield of tubers for sale and the total yield of tubers varied significantly depending on the genotype, year and altitude, that is, the location of the experiment, as well as their interactions.