Search

The environmental pressure brought by foreign direct investment (FDI) to China has been an increasingly common topic. It is the current and later policy tropism to protect environment all-sided and keep the environmental elements continual use in making use of FDI in China. Environmental effect of FDI is a "double blade sword". This paper first analyzes the environmental effects of FDI and the terms of its positive effect, and then analyzes the negative environmental impacts of FDI in China. Further, the paper empirically analyzes the impact of FDI on China s Eastern, Central, Western environment by using the panel-data model. The analysis shows that, in China, both the enlargement of FDI stock-induced economic scale and the change of FDI stock-induced economic composition deteriorate the environment, while the FDI stock-induced technology transfer improves the environment. The different environmental control degrees of each district in China resulted in that regional transfer of industrial pollution occurs on a certain degree. Analysis of results about the environmental model in the three regions is also in accordance with that of the national model. FDI produces negative effects on the three regional environments. Although the regional distributions of FDI in China decrease progressively from East to West, the environmental influence of FDI increases progressively from the East to the West. China should change the economic growth pathway, creatively adopt advanced techniques which are represented by resources-saving and environmental friendly developing modes, adjust the industrial development direction of FDI, blaze new trail in environmental control system, establish the long-term strategy and plans which are good for sustainable development. By doing these, positive environmental effect of FDI would be achieved.

HfC/ZrC coatings were co-deposited on carbon/carbon composites by chemical vapor deposition using a gas mixture of HfCl 4 , ZrCl 4 , CH 4 , H 2 and Ar. The phase composition, microstructure, growth behavior and ablation performance of the HfC/ZrC coatings are investigated. Results show that the as-prepared coatings are biphasic coating consisting of HfC and ZrC. The methane concentration plays a significant part in determining the internal structure, growth behavior and then the ablation performance of the HfC/ZrC coatings. The biphasic coating cans protect C/C composites through consuming the oxidized gases and isolating the substrate from ablation environment.

Hafnium carbide (HfC) coatings were deposited on carbon/carbon (C/C) composites by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) using HfCl4–CH4–H2–Ar system. The effect of the ratio of CH4 to HfCl4 (input C/Hf ratio) on the deposition of HfC coatings was investigated. It was found that the input C/Hf ratio in the feed gas mixture is a crucial factor in determining the deposition rate, microstructure and growth behavior of HfC coatings. The increased input C/Hf ratio is effective in increasing the linear deposition rate of HfC coating. When deposited with 1:1 input C/Hf ratio, the coating growth is dominated by the crystal growth, the deposited coating exhibits a column-arranged structure. While deposited with 2:1 and 3:1 input C/Hf ratios, the formation of coating is dominated by the nucleation of HfC, the rapid nucleation results in the particle-stacked structure of the deposited HfC coating.

The conversion efficiency of heat to electricity is the basic parameter of thermoelectric element, thermoelectric unicouple and thermoelectric devices. In principle, the heat to electricity conversion efficiency of thermoelectric element has been defined as the electrical output power of the element divided by its thermal input power. Due to the heat loss by convection and radiation heat transfer the test result of the heat to electricity conversion efficiency has a large errors. The authors present a test method for heat to electricity conversion efficiency of thermoelectric unicouple. The thermal input power of thermoelectric unicouple has been divided into the electrical output power plus thermal output power out of the cold end of the unicouple. The later has been determined by a thermoelectric thermal power meter. The method avoids the difficulties to measure the input thermal power into the hot side of the unicouple, so that the convection and radiation heat lose out of the unicouple side can be ignored. Owing to Seebeck Coefficient of the thermoelectric semiconductor materials could be many times of the metals, the thermoelectric thermal power meter has high sensitivity, so that high test precision could be gained in test for conversion efficiency of thermoelectric unicouple. The paper presents some test results for heat to electricity conversion efficiency of thermoelectric unicouple, and discusses about the factors which affect the test results.

Many solutions for line generalizations have already been proposed. Most of them, however, are geometric solutions, not cartographic ones. The position we take in this paper is to observe school-case solutions available in standard cartographic books and try to replicate those automatically. A central criterion guiding the process of cartographic generalization is line structure, which itself can be decomposed into a series of line bends. Hence our solution is to preserve the overall structure with line bends which are mathematically defined according to size, shape, and context. Rules are subsequently applied using operators such as elimination, combination, and exaggeration. The algorithms that were used are both procedural and knowledge based. Various experiments were conducted on physical and political geographic lines, and we show the graphical results so that readers may visually assess them. Further research to improve the present solutions is discussed, particularly options for avoiding conflicts ...

A combination of procedural algorithms and predicate logic formalisms is proposed to generalize complex coastlines. The advantage of this combined strategy is to cover both the geometric and conceptual aspects of the generalization process. The geometric part is dedicated to simplification and displacement operations for graphical presentation. The conceptual part handles the problem of river selection based on geometrical and semantic criteria. The derivation of a hierarchical model reflecting the hierarchical structure of the bay/river network of the coastline is a requirement for river selection. A case study was carried out, and results show an improvement over more conventional procedural approaches. The idea of building a hierarchical model to prepare the ground for feature selection can be applied to other hierarchically structured objects such as road networks or nested buildings in urban areas.