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The review contains a scrutiny of an edition of Bronisława Waligórska’s Listy z cytadeli 1886 (Letters from the Citadel 1886; Warsaw 2018) and a characteristics of the series “Archiwum Kobiet” (“Woman Archive”) which starts it. The publication in question offers a documentary edition of a dozen or so handwritten letters by a member of “Proletartiat” (“Proletariat”) political party to her sister composed in the year 1886 in The Warsaw Citadel where Bronisława Waligórska committed suicide, a reconstruction of the investigation, and the epistolographer’s biography. Assumptions of the series “Archiwum Kobiet” (“Woman Archive”) are also subject of the review. The reviewer describes the guidelines for publishing woman private documents proposed by Monika Rudaś-Grodzka and the committee to the series, and attempts to evaluate the adopted editorial and biographical solutions.

Pig production is subject to fluctuations due to the pig cycle. These fluctuations cause that the supply of pork is either excessively high or too low in relation to a given demand assumed on the ceteris paribus principle. In the former case, the prices of pork, especially livestock, are high, and in the latter, they are low. As a result, the revenue of agricultural producers changes accordingly. It can be assumed that the negative revenue effects of the decrease in purchase prices are compensated by the positive effects of higher sales of porkers. Therefore, it is assumed that the volatility of revenues should be lower than that of both components. The purpose of this article is to verify this view, which can be regarded as a hypothesis. To be more exact, the paper attempts to answer the question whether there is volatility or relative stability of revenues in the pig market. This issue is important not only for the producers, but also for the agricultural policy. Using simple statistical methods, the authors evaluate the variability of revenues between 2005 and 2020, i.e. after Poland���s accession to the European Union. Recognizing that this was not a homogeneous period, the research also involved the revenues in two sub-periods, i.e. 2005-2012 and 2013-2020. The adopted assumption and the research hypothesis about the relative stability of revenue due to a certain interchangeability of the price level and the purchase volume were only quite incomplete for the period 2005-2012. For period 2013-2020, the analysis of charts, coefficients of variation and correlation gave different results that did not allow for confirming the assumption and hypothesis.

In Poland, a characteristic feature of live pig production is its dispersion. The purpose of the article is to present the current level of concentration of pig producers and pig population, as well as structural changes that have taken place after Poland’s accession to the European Union. The reference point for the degree of concentration in Poland is the degree of concentration of producers and livestock numbers in countries such as Denmark or Germany. These countries were included in the production and export of pigs and pig meat due to their position. The analysis confirms that despite the progress in concentration, both the structure of producers and the population are still fragmented. In 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development took the initiative to create an electronic sales platform under the name “Food Platform”. One of the goals of its establishment is to strengthen the position of farmers, who are the weakest link in the supply chain. The point is that trading on the Food Platform would bring benefits not only to large companies, but also to small entities that face difficulties to operating independently on the market. One of the products recommended for trade on the Food Platform is red meat (pork and beef) and products from this meat (Szczepaniak, Ambroziak and Drożdż, 2019). Although trade in pork half-carcases is foreseen further (wheat is to be the pilot product) and in addition will be based on transactions between slaughterhouses and processing plants, the fragmentation of production in question will have an impact on this turnover. The turnover on the platform, in turn, may affect the position of farmers. The trade may require joint (group) action of producers, and perhaps also the proper organization of the trade on the part of the platform., DOI: 10.30858/zer/120875

The aim of the research is to find an answer to the question: Does the use of debt by commodity farms contribute to the increase of production potential and improvement of production and economic conditions? The research was based on data collected as part of the Polish FADN for 2015. The research sample consisted of 12021 commodity farms, of which almost half (48.61%), apart from equity also used external sources of financing agricultural activity. To describe the features characterizing the studied entities, positional measures were used due to strong asymmetry. The U Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to assess the significance of differences in distributions. The obtained research results indicate the existence of significant differences in production potential as well as production and economic efficiency of commodity farms financing agricultural activity with debt and farms that use only own capital. Entities that use debt to finance agricultural activities, apart from equity, are characterized by a higher production potential and obtain higher production and economic results than farms using only equity. / Synopsis. Celem badania jest odpowiedź na pytanie: czy wykorzystanie kapitału obcego przez towarowe gospodarstwa rolne przyczynia się do zwiększenia potencjału wytwórczego oraz poprawy warunków produkcyjno-ekonomicznych? Badania przeprowadzono w oparciu o dane zebrane w ramach Polskiego FADN dla 2015 roku. Próba badawcza liczyła 12 021 towarowych gospodarstw rolnych, w tym blisko połowa (48,61%), obok kapitału własnego korzystała także z zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania działalności rolniczej. Ze względu na silną asymetrię, do opisu cech charakteryzujących badane podmioty wykorzystano miary pozycyjne. Do oceny istotności różnic rozkładów zastosowano test sumy rang U Manna-Whitney'a. Uzyskane wyniki badań wskazują na występowanie istotnych różnic w potencjale produkcyjnym oraz efektywności produkcyjnej i ekonomicznej podmiotów finansujących działalność rolniczą kapitałem obcym i gospodarstw, które korzystają wyłącznie z kapitału własnego. Podmioty, które wykorzystują do finansowania działalności rolniczej, obok kapitału własnego, także kapitał obcy, charakteryzują się wyższym potencjałem wytwórczym oraz uzyskują wyższe wyniki produkcyjno-ekonomiczne, niż gospodarstwa korzystające tylko z kapitału własnego., DOI: 10.22630/PRS.2019.19.1.10

The aim of the article is to analyze selected aspects of the piglet market in Poland, Germany and Denmark. These countries were distinguished on the basis of the volume of imports and exports of live pigs on the Community market. The broadly understood piglet market is relatively poorly recognized, although piglets are an important phase of pig production. The difficulty of analyzing this market is mainly due to the lack of appropriate statistics. Piglet production and its basic characteristics (dispersion) were inferred on the basis of data on sow farming in farms. However, sow farming does not reflect domestic piglet supply, which is adjusted by foreign trade turnover. Prices are an expression of adjusting demand to supply. / Synopsis. Celem artykułu jest analiza wybranych aspektów rynku prosiąt w Polsce, Niemczech i Danii. Kraje te wyodrębniono na podstawie wielkości importu i eksportu żywej trzody na wspólnotowym rynku. Szeroko pojęty rynek prosiąt jest stosunkowo słabo rozpoznany, choć prosięta stanowią ważną fazę produkcji trzody. Trudność analizy tego rynku polega głównie na braku odpowiedniej statystyki. W niniejszym opracowaniu o produkcji prosiąt i podstawowych jej cechach (rozproszenie) wnioskowano na podstawie danych dotyczących natężenia chowu loch w gospodarstwach. Chów loch nie odzwierciedla jednak krajowej podaży prosiąt, która korygowana jest poprzez obroty handlu zagranicznego. Wyrazem dostosowania popytu do podaży są ceny., DOI: 10.22630/PRS.2019.19.4.61

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of costs for individual commodity farms in Poland, indicate the importance of particular types of costs for shaping size changes in this economic category by type of farms and determine the relationship between costs and value of total production. The survey covered individual commodity farms in Poland. The basic source of data were statistics collected as part of the system for collecting and using accounting data from agricultural holdings (the Polish FADN). The data from 2013-2017 were used in the analyses. The research used the following categories of data made available by FADN: total production, total costs, intermediate consumption, direct costs, general economic costs, depreciation and costs of external factors. In the course of the research, it was shown that farms, regardless of the type of production, are characterized by high cost-intensity rates. The highest ratios are characteristic of farms specializing in the cultivation of herbivorous animals. The costs of agricultural activity in granivorous animal farms were higher than the value of production, hence the achievement of a positive agricultural income was possible through support received in the form of subsidies for operating activities. Regardless of the production direction, intermediate consumption had the highest share in the structure of farm costs.

The aim of the analysis is to identify the key changes that occurred on the Russian beef market in the years 1990-2017. The research covered all elements of the market. The basis for the assessment data were taken from the Russian Statistical Yearbooks and from the US Foreign Agricultural Service USDA. Dynamics were indexed on fixed and variable bases. The analysis allows to conclude that all elements of the market were reduced during the period under consideration. The beef population and production as well as its imports and consumption decreased. This happened despite the support from the state. This support (subsidies) is relatively small compared to the support of pig or poultry farming. However, it allowed to create the basis of beef cattle breeding and its development in the long term. / Streszczenie. Celem analizy jest zidentyfikowanie kluczowych zmian, jakie nastąpiły na rosyjskim rynku wołowiny w latach 1990-2017. Badaniem objęto wszystkie elementy rynku. Podstawę oceny stanowiły dane pochodzące z rosyjskich Roczników Statystycznych oraz z publikacji amerykańskich Foreign Agricultural Service USDA. Do pomiaru dynamiki wykorzystano indeksy o stałej i zmiennej podstawie. Analiza pozwoliła na stwierdzenie, że w badanym okresie wszystkie elementy rynku uległy redukcji. Zmniejszyło się pogłowie i produkcja wołowiny, a także jej import oraz spożycie. Nastąpiło to pomimo wsparcia ze strony państwa. Wsparcie (subsydia) są relatywnie małe w porównaniu ze wsparciem chowu trzody czy drobiu. Pozwala ono jednak na tworzenie podstaw chowu bydła mięsnego i jego rozwoju w dłuższej perspektywie., DOI 10.22630/PRS.2019.19.2.38

The aim of the analysis is to identify the key changes that occurred on the Russian pork market from 1990-2017. The research covered all elements of the market, at the same time attempting to answer two questions: Will the growing production of pork allow Russia to achieve self-sufficiency in this area in the coming years? Does Russia have a chance to transform from a net importer into a net exporter of pork? The basis for the assessment data were taken from the Russian Statistical Yearbooks and from the US Foreign Agricultural Service USDA. Dynamics were indexed on fixed and variable bases. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the greatest impact on the Russian pork market would be the result of subsidies leading to the growth in the number of pigs and in pork production. This would allow Russia to achieve self-sufficiency in the coming years, with the position of net exporter as an achievable target in the future. / Synopsis. Celem analizy jest zidentyfikowanie kluczowych zmian, jakie nastąpiły na rosyjskim rynku wieprzowiny w latach 1990-2017. Badaniem objęto wszystkie elementy rynku, podejmując jednocześnie próbę odpowiedzi na dwa pytania: Czy rosnąca produkcja mięsa wieprzowego pozwoli na uzyskanie przez Rosję samowystarczalności w najbliższych latach? oraz czy Rosja ma szansę na przekształcenie się z importera netto w eksportera netto wieprzowiny? Podstawę oceny stanowiły dane pochodzące z rosyjskich Roczników Statystycznych oraz z publikacji amerykańskich Foreign Agricultural Service USDA. Do pomiaru dynamiki wykorzystano indeksy o stałej i zmiennej podstawie. Analiza pozwoliła na stwierdzenie, że największy wpływ na rosyjski rynek wieprzowiny wywarły subsydia prowadzące do wzrostu pogłowia i produkcji wieprzowiny w ostatnich dziesięciu latach. Pozwoli to na osiągnięcie samowystarczalności w najbliższych latach, ale pozycja eksportera netto może być osiągnięta w dalszej przyszłości., DOI: 10.22630/PRS.2018.18.2.59