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Introduction and objective Occupational stress-related factors among working municipal police officers in Poland have not been examined in the literature. The purpose of the paper was to evaluate the impact of selected work-related factors on occupational stress in active municipal police officers in Warsaw by using configural frequency analysis (CFA). Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 578 participants, which accounted for 55.1% of all municipal police officers in Warsaw. The majority of study participants were men (72%) (mean age 43 years old). Two groups of workplace-related stress factors were analysed in the study: physical conditions and organisational working conditions causing stress. The study was carried out using the PAPI method (Paper-and-Pencil Interviewing), based on a proprietary questionnaire developed for the study. CFA searches for templates and patterns in contingency tables. Results Municipal police officers who claimed that stress did not affect health, took advantage of psychological/psychiatric advice less often than those who thought so (1.7% vs 10.1%; χ2 = 20.152, df = 2, P = 0.000). Those who declared that they often experienced stress at work were also more prone to claiming that one or two factors affected their level of stress: physical abuse, contact with infectious materials, working at uncomfortable temperatures or working in a noisy environment. In the opinion of the study population, there were some factors which contributed to the occurrence of stress at work, and these factors included: working in a hurry, lack of necessary resources, devices and materials at work, the need to be available at all times and the unpredictability of the work. The municipal police officers from the study population combined two or three methods to cope with stress, such as watching TV, surfing the Internet and talking with their families. Conclusion Due to the specificity of a municipal police officer's occupation, special attention should be paid to the occupational stress risk factors characteristic for this group of professionals, and measures should be taken to reduce the number of stressors. It is important to organise training events devoted to effective methods of coping with stress. There is need to carry out more in-depth studies of occupational stress among municipal police officers.

Purpose. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is recognized by the healthcare community as the gold standard for the provision of safe and compassionate healthcare. The aim was to describe nurses’ knowled...

The aim was to adjust the positive health behaviours scale (PHBS) to make it suitable for use by nurses, and to validate the new version of the tool.A previously formulated PHBS was modified. The scale comprises 29 statements describing certain positive health behaviours in four subscales: nutrition, physical activity, relaxation and behaviours related to mental health, and preventive behaviours. The scale was enriched with items on avoiding risky behaviours and a question regarding respondents' own assessment of their care for health. Analyses were conducted of reliability, construct validity, criterion validity and dimensionality of subscales. The questionnaire was completed by 1017 nurses.Cronbach's α reached 0.844 for the entire scale and 0.623-0.761 for specific subscales. Empirical data did not confirm theoretical assumptions regarding the existence of a four-element structure of the PHBS. The scale's diagnostic criteria were validated on the basis of positive results of correlation and trend analysis. Only one of the subscales proved homogeneous and could be considered unidimensional.The results confirmed the high internal consistency of the scale and its subscales. The factor structure of the PHBS was equivocal. The PHBS could be used in workplace-based health promotion programmes designed for nurses.

Let’s look for leaders – we need them! A survey on the authentic leadership competences among nursing students

Grypa jako choroba zakaźna wystepująca powszechnie stanowi niezmiennie aktualny problem i zagrozenie dla zdrowia i zycia. Zgodnie z danymi WHO kazdego roku na grype choruje do 1,5 miliarda osob, a w wyniku tej choroby umiera nawet 1 milion populacji. Najskuteczniejszą metode zapobiegania grypie stanowią szczepienia ochronne. Wedlug zalecen WHO szczepieniem powinien byc objety jak najwiekszy odsetek światowej populacji. Szczepieniom powinny poddac sie przede wszystkim osoby z grup wysokiego ryzyka oraz male dzieci. Nowe szczepionki przeciwko grypie pojawiają sie na przelomie września i października, i to w tym okresie powinno sie zaszczepic. W Polsce jednak szczyt zachorowan na grype przypada miedzy styczniem a marcem, w związku z czym mozna dokonac szczepienia w poźniejszym terminie. W ciągu ostatnich dwoch lat zapadalnośc na grype w Polsce wzrosla prawie dwukrotnie, a liczba hospitalizacji wzrosla prawie o polowe. Liczba szczepien w Polsce na przestrzeni ostatnich dziesieciu lat spadla prawie trzykrotnie. Aktualne dane podają, ze jedynie 5% spoleczenstwa szczepi sie przeciwko grypie. Warto tez podkreślic, ze koszty spowodowane przez niedocenianą grype w Polsce siegają od 40 do ponad 700 milionow zlotych rocznie.Â

Wstep: Nieswoiste choroby zapalne jelit (NZJ) to choroby autoimmunologiczne, do ktorych zalicza sie chorobe Leśniowskiego-Crohna oraz wrzodziejące zapalenie jelita grubego. Ze wzgledu na stan obnizonej odporności rodzice powinni posiadac wysoki poziom wiedzy na temat mozliwych szczepien, stosowania roznorodnego leczenia, jak i na temat ewentualnych powiklan choroby, jakie mogą dotknąc dziecko. Cel: Ocena wiedzy rodzicow dzieci hospitalizowanych w Instytucie „Pomnik – Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka” na temat nieswoistych zapalen jelit. Material i metody: 45 rodzicow hospitalizowanych dzieci w Klinice Gastroenterologii, Hepatologii i Żywienia Instytutu „Pomnik – Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka” w okresie od kwietnia do czerwca 2015 r. (28 kobiet);Â średni wiek 43 lata. Anonimowe, dobrowolne badania ankietowe: kwestionariusz skladający sie z 25 pytan. Analiza statystyczną: STATISTICA 10.0, poziom istotności p

Wstep: Grypa jest jedną z najcześciej wystepujących chorob zakaźnych, a ze wzgledu na jej powszechne wystepowanie stanowi aktualne i realne zagrozenie zdrowia i zycia ludzi na calym świecie Cel: Ocena wiedzy studentow I i II roku studiow na kierunku Pielegniarstwo Wydzialu Nauki o Zdrowiu  Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego na temat grypy. Material i metody: Badaniem objeto 120 studentow pielegniarstwa (115 kobiet, 5 mezczyzn). Wśrod badanej grupy znalazlo sie 57 studentow I roku studiow oraz 63 studentow II roku. Średnia wieku badanej grupy wniosla 25,72 lat, a najcześciej deklarowany czas pracy zawodowej wynosil ponizej 1 roku. Wyniki: Najwiecej respondentow ocenilo wlasną wiedze na temat grypy jako dobrą (4) lub dośc dobrą (3,5). Średnia samooceny wiedzy na temat grypy w badanej grupie wyniosla ok. 3,68. Przewazająca liczba ankietowanych nie zaszczepila sie przeciw grypie w owczesnym sezonie epidemicznym 2015/2016. Ponad trzy czwarte badanej grupy nie szczepilo sie wcale w ciągu ostatnich 5 lat. Wnioski: 1. W badanej grupie, wiedza studentow pielegniarstwa na temat grypy jest niewystarczająca. 2. Przewazająca wiekszośc badanych studentow nie szczepi sie przeciw grypie. 3. Wystepuje koniecznośc poszerzenia tematyki grypy w ksztalceniu studentow pielegniarstwa oraz promowania szczepien przeciw grypie.

Introduction. An independent prescribing certain drugs, including issuing prescriptions, as well as an entitlement to refer patients for certain diagnostic tests, constitute the key competences of an advanced nurse/midwife practice. Aim. To analyze knowledge and attitudes of departmental nurses (DN) towards extending professional powers of nurses and midwives. Material and methods. The sample involved 23 DN (women: 100%) working in the Independent Public Children’s Teaching Hospital in Warsaw. The mean age was 49 years (mode and median: 50; min. 31, max. 61, SD=7.95). The mean of professional experience was 30 years (mode: 25, median: 30, min. 17, max. 40, SD=6.38). A voluntary and anonymous questionnaire with 10 questions referring to knowledge and 32 statements concerning attitudes evaluated in the Likert scale was conducted. Results. Almost all DN knew that prescribing drugs is a right and not an obligation. Nearly half of the DN knew when the new regulations shall enter into force. DN believed that the new regulations shall improve patient care and increase patient’s comfort and access to services. DN concern about preparation of nurses and midwives for new competences. Conclusions. 1. The study group’s level of knowledge about the new competences was insufficient and requires supplementing. 2. The attitudes of the study group towards the new competences were not unambiguous. It should, however, be noted that the study was conducted in a specialized children’s teaching hospital, where the application of the amended regulations is limited. 3. Although the nursing management staff supports the legislative changes, they object to the process of introducing them. This applies particularly to the necessity of an adequate preparation of nurses and midwives. 4. The study should be continued among a representative group of nurses with a similar level of education, professional experience, and place of work, with particular consideration of nurses working in the outpatient health care.

To identify the attitudes of doctors regarding prescriptive competences of nurses and midwives since these have been recently regulated in several countries. .The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Medical University of Warsaw from February 1to7, 2016 and comprised doctors working at the Prof. Jan Nielubowicz Regional Medical Chamber in Warsaw, Poland. A specially designed 36-item questionnaire that had 22 statements was used regarding the role of the reform in the healthcare system; the need of granting nurses and midwives particular competencies; and their preparation and readiness for these competencies. The respondents assessed the statements using a Likert scale (1=strongly disagree; 5=strongly agree). STATISTICA 13.2 was used for data analysis. .Of the 436 doctors, 245(56%) were women. The subjects presented different opinions about the reforms, especially about possible improvement in patient care with nurses prescribing, or the process getting simplified for the care-seekers. Most doctors believed that nurses and midwives were not yet equipped enough to prescribe certain medicines or issue prescriptions (1,79/5). Only in case of nurses and midwives being able to 're-order' medicines earlier prescribed by a doctor, the attitudes of primary care physicians was significantly different than those involved with hospital care (p=0.048).Doctors were sceptical about expanding professional competences of nurses and midwives regarding drug prescription.

ObjectivesTo translate and validate the Communication Skills Attitude Scale in the Polish language (CSAS-P) and its adaptation for use among registered nurses.DesignA cross-sectional descriptive design was used in order to translate and validate the CSAS-P. The following psychometric properties of CSAS-P were evaluated: content validity (content validity index), theoretical relevance (exploratory and confirmative factor analysis), one-dimensionality of subscales (principal component analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), test–retest reliability and discriminant validity.SettingParticipants were identified and recruited from the Centre for Postgraduate Education for Nurses and Midwives in Warsaw, Poland.ParticipantsThe validation group comprised 2014 registered nurses who were undertaking a spring specialisation exam in 2017.ResultsThe overall content validity index was >0.80, which was interpreted as indicating validity. The factor structure of CSAS-P differed from the original version, and removing three items from the scale better fit the data. The positive attitude subscale (11 items) and negative attitude subscale (12 items) were characterised by one-dimensionality and high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.901 and 0.802, respectively). Test–retest analysis confirmed the stability of the measurement for both subscales and particular items. Nurses with prior participation in communication courses scored significantly higher than those without such education (pConclusionsThe psychometric properties of CSAS-P were comparable to the English language original. Further validation of CSAS-P in other groups of healthcare professionals may increase its applicability. CSAS-P can be used to evaluate attitudes towards learning communication skills among registered nurses.

Wstep. Czasopismo „Problemy Pielegniarstwa” jest oficjalnym pismem Polskiego Towarzystwa Pielegniarskiego, w ktorym są publikowane recenzowane artykuly poglądowe, oryginalne prace badawcze z dziedziny pielegniarstwa i dziedzin pokrewnych, sprawozdania, komentarze, recenzje oraz oficjalne stanowiska miedzynarodowych stowarzyszen zawodowych. Cel. Celem pracy byla ilościowa i jakościowa analiza publikacji zamieszczonych w czasopiśmie „Problemy Pielegniarstwa”. Material i metody. Do analizy wlączonych zostalo 613 artykulow elektronicznych, opublikowanych w latach 2007–2015, wydanych w 34 zeszytach czasopisma. Średnio w jednym numerze czasopisma publikowanych jest 18 artykulow. Najwiekszy odsetek spośrod wszystkich publikacji dotyczyl prac oryginalnych i artykulow poglądowych. Wyniki/Wnioski. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy dostepnych materialow źrodlowych zauwazono znaczący rozwoj tendencji do wydawania pozycji specjalistycznych i klinicznych w obszarze pielegniarstwa, jednak rosnąca ich liczba nie jest tozsama ze wzrostem jakości. W ostatnich latach na lamach „Problemow Pielegniarstwa” ukazuje sie coraz wiecej prac oryginalnych, co jest dobrym prognostykiem na przyszlośc i świadectwem coraz wiekszego zainteresowania pielegniarek prowadzeniem badan naukowych.

Wstep. Podnoszenie kwalifikacji zawodowych oparte na najnowszych wynikach badan naukowych jest warunkiem koniecznym do sprawowania opieki pielegniarskiej na najwyzszym poziomie. Cel. Ocena wiedzy, postaw i umiejetności polskich pielegniarek w zakresie zastosowania Evidence-Based Practice w praktyce zawodowej w zalezności od wyksztalcenia. Material i metody. 820 pielegniarek i pielegniarzy (19 mezczyzn), 306 (37%) mialo wyksztalcenie średnie medyczne, 265 (32%) licencjackie, 249 (31%) magisterskie. Standaryzowany kwestionariusz Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Profile Questionnaire z Uniwersytetu w Poludniowej Australii: 74 pytania zamkniete. Analiza rzetelności kwestionariusza, wspolczynnik α-Cronbacha: 0,905. Analiza statystyczna: nieparametryczny test Kruskala-Wallisa (p < 0,05), STATISTICA 12. Wyniki. Wyksztalcenie badanych mialo wplyw na rozumienie znaczenia terminu Evidence-Based Practice i jego role w pielegniarstwie (p < 0,001). Piecdziesiąt siedem procent magistrow zamierza rozwijac wlasne umiejetności w zakresie dostepu i oceny dowodow naukowych istotnych dla praktyki zawodowej (p < 0,001) oraz korzystac z odpowiedniej literatury naukowej w celu aktualizacji swojej wiedzy (p < 0,001). Osoby z wyksztalceniem licencjackim i magisterskim zdecydowanie cześciej korzystaly z elektronicznych baz piśmiennictwa naukowego i czytaly wyniki opublikowanych badan naukowych (p < 0,001). Wnioski. 1. W badanej grupie wyksztalcenie mialo wplyw na poziom wiedzy, postaw i umiejetności pielegniarek w zakresie zastosowania Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) w praktyce zawodowej. 2. Niewystarczająca znajomośc zagadnien związanych z wykorzystywaniem dowodow naukowych w codziennej praktyce klinicznej pielegniarek z wyksztalceniem średnim moze wynikac z systemu ksztalcenia zawodowego pielegniarek w Polsce, ktory obowiązywal przed wejściem Polski do Unii Europejskiej. 3. Bez wzgledu na poziom wyksztalcenia, istnieje w badanej grupie koniecznośc stalego, ustawicznego aktualizowania wiedzy z zakresu EBP.

Wstep. Jedną z miar sluzących do oceny efektywności nauczania jest szacowanie edukacyjnej wartości dodanej (EWD), zdefiniowanej jako przyrost wiedzy studentow w wyniku prowadzenia procesu edukacyjnego. Cel pracy. Zbudowanie i wstepna walidacja modelu predykcyjnego o potencjalnym zastosowaniu w ocenie EWD. Material i metody. Przeanalizowano wyniki ksztalcenia z toku studiow na kierunku pielegniarstwo na Warszawskim Uniwersytecie Medycznym (WUM): zbior danych uczących sie (n = 1539) i testowych (n = 139); średnia wieku 19,6 ± 2,40 lat; 90% kobiet. Zastosowano model liniowej regresji wielorakiej z siedmioma predyktorami: oceny egzaminacyjne uzyskane przez studentow z zakresu nauk podstawowych i podstaw opieki pielegniarskiej; zmienna wynikowa: średnia ocen z egzaminow dotyczących opieki specjalistycznej; jakośc prognozy: wspolczynnik korelacji r-Pearsona; oszacowanie EWD na podstawie średniej roznicy miedzy wynikiem przewidywanym a rzeczywistym. Wyniki. Model regresji wielorakiej byl istotny statystycznie (F [7,1526] = 346,72; p < 0,0001), a poszczegolne predyktory wyjaśnialy w sumie ponad 60% wariancji średniej ocen. Jedynie oceny z przedmiotu fizjologia nie wykazywaly istotnego statystycznie wplywu na wartośc średniej ocen. Najwyzszy wplyw na osiągniecia studentow z zakresu opieki specjalistycznej mialy wyniki ksztalcenia z przedmiotow farmakologia (b stand. = 0,326) i podstawowa opieka (b stand. = 0,325). Otrzymany w toku analizy korelacyjnej wynik wskazuje na dobre parametry predykcyjne testowanego modelu regresji (korelacja r-Pearsona 0,772). EWD jako średnia z roznic miedzy wynikami oczekiwanymi a uzyskanymi z modelu predykcyjnego wyniosla –0,038. Wnioski . 1. Proponowany model regresji moze stanowic podstawe do szacowania EWD na kierunku pielegniarstwo na WUM. 2. Przedstawiona metodologia budowania i walidacji modelu predykcyjnego moze byc stosowana przez inne uczelnie ksztalcące studentow na kierunku pielegniarstwo na studiach pierwszego stopnia.

Introduction. Since January 1st, 2016, particular groups of nurses and midwives in Poland are allowed to write prescriptions and refer patients to diagnostic procedures without doctors’ involvement. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess what university students know about the changes that expanded the professional competencies of nurses and midwives. Material and methods. The study group comprised of 535 students of three different universities. The group was 82% female and the mean age was 23 years (min.=19; max.=58, SD=4.780). Nursing students were the largest group among the study participants (177 individuals which meant 33% of the total), followed by Medicine students (145 individuals, 27% of all), Midwifery (107 persons, 20% of the total), and Public Health (100 persons, 19% of all). As many as 324 respondents (60%) had never participated in any medical law-related courses. A voluntary and anonymous survey containing 39 questions divided into 3 parts: 13 questions about knowledge, 26 statements concerning attitudes using a Likert scale, 8 demographic questions) was used. Obtaining an approval from the University’s Ethical Review Board was not required. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to compare frequency of the correct answers by students of every major. The Kruskal-Wallis rank test with a post-hoc analysis for multiple comparison of mean rank sums, STATISTICA version 12.5 (StatSoft, Inc.), licensed to MUW, α=0.05, were used to calculate the differences in summative points for correct answers. Results. Nursing students were significantly more likely to choose the correct answers, unlike Medicine or Public Health students (p Conclusions. The knowledge of students of various Polish universities concerning the expansion of professional competencies of nurses and midwives was insufficient and needs to be urgently updated. Learning curricula to be modified not only for students of Nursing and Midwifery but also for other members of therapy team, e.g. physicians and pharmacists as well as specialists in public health.

Introduction. The profession of a nurse should be practised along with the standards of the most recent medical knowledge and law. Aim. The authors aimed at assessing the relationship between nurse’s education and their knowledge of the legal regulations, taking into account nurses’ performance at work. Material and methods. A total of 91 nurses were included in the study group. The mean age of the nurses was 34 years (min. 22, max. 63). Group 1: 32 nurses with medium-level education, group 2: 59 nurses with higher-level education. The study tool was a voluntary and anonymous survey questionnaire the authors’ own design, consisting 36 questions. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using STATISTICA 10.0 (Medical University of Warsaw licence), nonparametric U Mann-Whitney Test α Results. 69 nurses declared they knew the legal acts regulating their profession, Group 2 members were significantly more likely to know them (p Conclusions. Even though the respondents had relatively good knowledge of legal regulations concerning their profession, it needs to be complemented, for instance through postgraduate education. In the study group, education affected the level of knowledge of nurses. Particular attention should therefore be given to the provision of complementary knowledge of the principles of practising the profession of a nurse to the group of nurses with medium-level education.

Aim. The first issue of Nursing in the 21st Century was published in 2002. The journal is dedicated to provide information on innovations in nursing, midwifery, as well as other health sciences. It includes peer-reviewed meta-analyses and review papers, original research studies on nursing and related areas, case reports, as well as discussions, comments, and reviews. The study aimed to perform a quantitative and qualitative analysis of articles published in Nursing In the 21st Century. Materials and Methods. In the study, the authors looked at a total of 247 articles published between 2010 and 2015. Results. As many as 247 articles were published in 19 issues of Nursing In the 21st Century during the period that the authors looked at. There were some 13 articles per every single issue on average. Original papers and meta-analyses were most frequently published types of publication. There were also other types of articles, like reports, communications, reviews, and case studies but they were only a tiny fraction of the overall number of publications. Conclusion. Authors’ review of the articles published in the journal revealed a clear tendency to issue specialist and clinical publications on nursing.

Aim of the study. Starting on January 1, 2016, nurses and midwives (NM) acquire extending the professional powers. Assessing the reliability and validity of a questionnaire developed to evaluate the knowledge of and attitudes towards acquiring extending the professional powers of NM. Material and methodology. Forty-two students, voluntary, anonymous, original questionnaire study, 11 questions (knowledge) and 32 statements (attitudes), the Likert scale. Results. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient (α>0.70). Assessment of validity: indirect estimation of theoretical validity by identifying an internal correlation on the scale. Assessment of differences between the students: Kruskal-Wallis test, α=0.05, 11 knowledge-related questions - the easiness: 0.52, the mean differentiating power of 0.21. Cronbach’s alpha: 0.671. The subscale 1 comprising 26 statements underwent a factor analysis with two variables. The structure of subscale 2 (6 items) is uniform. The comparative analysis of students does not show differences by their majors (Kruskal-Wallis test). Conclusion. Assessment of reliability and validity of the questionnaire has demonstrated that it is a proper tool to evaluate attitudes towards extending professional powers of NM. Assessment of the questionnaire has confirmed that there is a need to modify the knowledge-related questions. The study should be continued among a greater number of NM that would be more diverse.

Background. Despite the fact that the concept of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBP) is known and accepted by the specialists in the field of health sciences, study curricula realize this principle insufficiently, also when it concerns educating nurses. Aim of the study. Comparative analysis of evaluating students using e-learning tools in the field of “Clinical research and basics of EBM” at the Nursing Department of the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW) between 2013/14 and 2014/15. Material and methods. Two hundred and sixty-two students of post-graduate studies aiming at obtaining the second degree at the Nursing Department at the MUW, including 122 students from the year 2013/14 and 140 students from the year 2014/15. Snapshots representing the result obtained throughout the e-learning course credit, which covered 40 problem questions in total, were used. In order to evaluate learning outcomes achieved by students in two subsequent years, a comparison was carried out of the final credits for both years and reliability of measurement was assessed. Interior compliance of the educational measurement was evaluated using an inter-correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results. The degree of differentiation in scoring and reliability of measurement for both years was very similar (Leven’s test, p > 0.05). However, it was observed that students from the year 2013/14 achieved statistically higher scores than those from the year 2014/15 (U Mann-Whitney test; p = 0.02; d-Cohen = 0.326). Moreover, for both years a similar score obtained in four modules in the field of practical skills was significantly correlated with the overall credit. The above dependencies were also confirmed in the regression analysis. Conclusions. Empirical evidence presented in this paper that would support the efficiency of the didactic process based on e-learning tools allows to assume that the students of Nursing will certainly obtain the necessary competences in the field of EBM.

Wstep. Ocena rzetelności jest waznym elementem badania jakości narzedzia badawczego i jednym z etapow w procesie adaptacji skali psychometrycznej do nowych warunkow kulturowych. Stworzony w Australii kwestionariusz Evidence-Based Practice Profile Questionnaire (EBP 2 Q) jest standaryzowanym narzedziem diagnostycznym przeznaczonym do badania wiedzy, postaw i umiejetności w zakresie praktyki medycznej opartej na dowodach naukowych. Cel. Celem pracy byla ocena rzetelności polskiej wersji jezykowej EBP 2 Q na podstawie badan w grupie specjalizujących sie pielegniarek i pielegniarzy. Material i metody. Grupa walidacyjna: 548 osob przystepujących do specjalizacyjnych egzaminow panstwowych organizowanych przez CKPPIP w 2014 roku (74% kobiet). Średnia wieku 42,0 ± 7,12 lat (min. 35 i maks. 56); staz pracy 19,0 ± 8,04 lat (min. 10, max. 37). Metodą badawczą byl EBP2Q skladający sie z 6 podskal, 74 stwierdzenia oparte na skali Likerta. Analiza statystyczna: wspolczynnik a-Cronbacha, rzetelnośc polowkowa Guttmana, moc dyskryminacyjna (wspolczynnik korelacji); obliczenia w pakiecie STATISTICA 12. Wyniki. Wartośc wspolczynnika a-Cronbacha dla calego kwestionariusza byla wysoka i wyniosla a = 0,905. Natomiast dla pomiaru rzetelności metodą polowkową Guttmana uzyskano wartośc 0,972. Wszystkie podskale EBP 2 Q charakteryzowaly sie wysokim stopniem wewnetrznej zgodności (a — 0,783–0,959) oraz dobrą rzetelnością rownoleglych polowek (0,804–0,982). Ponadto, w calej skali EBP 2 zidentyfikowano tylko dwie pozycje w domenie VI, ktore odznaczaly sie niskim stopniem mocy roznicującej. Wnioski. Wyniki oceny wierności rekonstrukcyjnej wskazują, ze proponowana polska wersja jezykowa EBP 2 Q jest rzetelnym narzedziem, ktore moze sluzyc do wiarygodnego pomiaru prowadzonego w polskiej populacji specjalizujących sie pielegniarek i pielegniarzy. Konieczne są jednak dalsze badania wlaściwości psychometrycznych tej wersji skali EBP 2 .

Aim of the study. Analyze admission criteria and assess the quality of the entrance exam for the MA program in Nursing at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW) between 2009 and 2013. Material and methods. The study used the admission data of candidates for a Master’s degree program in Nursing in 2009–2013 (n = 2,257; median of age 23 years). The reliability level was established by estimating Cronbach’s alpha (reliability coefficient). ROC curve analysis for two categories (admitted/not admitted) was performed to estimate the selective capacity of the admission criteria. Results. An analysis of particular editions of the entrance exam demonstrated its insufficient reliability (a coefficient ranging between 0.429–0.559). The discriminatory power for the adopted admission criteria was diverse. The point score obtained in the exam has a significantly greater selection power than the criterion based on grade point average (ROC curves, P < 0.00001). A high discriminatory power of the test questions regarding “Clinical Nursing” was also observed. Conclusions. The role of GPA and scoring scientific activity needs to be reduced and, at the same time, the importance of the results of the exam needs to be increased. Moreover, improvements in the quality parameters of the exam test questions are needed, so as to achieve a better discriminative ability of this selective tool.

Introduction. Modern nursing practice requires Nursing students to expand their knowledge both in the field of specialized nursing and learning the basics of medicine, as based on scientific evidence. The dissemination of research activities in nursing and the development of the profession, knowledge and practice based on Evidence-based Nursing may contribute to the increase of the effectiveness and improving the quality of healthcare services. Nursing teaching curricula should include subjects related to Evidence-based Medicine, such as scientific research methodology or critical analysis of scientific literature. Aim. The aim of the study was to analyze the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students towards Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) and Evidence-based Nursing Practice (EBNP). Material and methods. Out of 127 Master’s degree students in Nursing at the Medical University of Warsaw (4 men), 72% work as a nurse. Mean age of the study group was 26.55 years (min. 22, max. 51, SD=7.52) with 63% of the students attending full-time studies, with 90% being students of the first year. Some 53% earned their bachelor’s degree in Nursing in 2013. A standardized Evidence – Based Practice Profile Questionnaire from University of South Australia, quantitative analysis of the study results. Results. Nearly 30% of the respondents have never encountered EBM or EBNP during their time at the University (n=41). Most students intend to use relevant scientific literature in order to update their knowledge (n=68) and to upgrade their skills, so as to integrate EBNP into their everyday professional practice (n=67). Some 60% of the respondents deem scientific reports useful for their work (n=76) but nearly half of them regards clinical experience as more important than the results of scientific studies, when it comes to making the right decisions in their professional practice (n=56). Nearly a half of the studied group (n=66) have never heard about the term minimum clinically worthwhile effect and only one person declared the correct explanation systematic review (n=1). 42% declare reading published scientific studies once a month but nearly 30% have never referred scientific findings to their own diagnosis (n=41) and 40% have never assessed its methodological correctness (n=51). Conclusions. 1. The educational programs in the framework of Nursing studies should be supplemented with subjects of EBM and EBNP, so as to expand the nursing students’ knowledge and let them reap the benefits of using the latest study results in their future professional practice. 2. The level of knowledge about the principles of assessment of reliability of scientific evidence was strongly insufficient and requires urgent supplementation of knowledge and skills of students in this area. 3. It is necessary for students to update their knowledge, particularly when it comes to using the latest scientific literature in everyday clinical practice and skills connected with critical analysis of scientific evidence.

Aim of study:Evaluation of the re-used test questions on the impact of psychometric indicators of test items in examinations in cardiology in Physiotherapy at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW).Materials and Methods:A case study based on analysis of 132 five-option (528 distractors) multiple-choice questions (MCQs) developed at MUW included in five in-house exams. Questions repeated at least twice during the period considered and constituted 42.4% of all MCQs. Each MCQ was assessed on the basis of the following three indicators: difficulty index (DI), discrimination power (DP), and the number of non-functioning distractors (N-FD). The change in psychometric indicators of test items was assessed using Krippendorff alpha coefficient (αk).Results:Together with each MCQs repetition, a decrease in the number of questions that would maintaining the analogical DI value towards the initial level of easiness was observed. However, the level of DI compliance was significantly higher, even when there were five consecutive repetitions (coefficient αk for the consecutive repetitions was 0.90, 0.85, 0.78 and 0.75). N-FD number in consecutive repetitions remained on a satisfactory level (good and very good compliance), although there was a significant decrease in this range when there were three or more repetitions (coefficient αk was 0.80, 0.69, 0.66 and 0.65, respectively). Whereas the level of similarity as for DP for consecutive repetitions was significantly lower in comparison with those noted for DI and DE (DP coefficient αk was 0.28, 0.23, 0.25 and 0.10, respectively).Conclusions:The observed change in the initial values of psychometric indicators together with consecutive use of the same MCQs confirms the examiners’ concerns as for the progressive wear of the bank of test questions. However, the level of psychometric MCQs values loss, especially in the area of the easiness and the number of non-functioning distractors was not drastic. It appears that the level of MCQs spread among students of consecutive years is not too high, at least within two consecutive years.

In Poland, since 1 January 2016 nurses who graduated from the master studies or hold a title of a specialist may ordain and prescribe specific medicines ("independent nurse prescribing" - INP). Nurses, who completed bachelor studies or hold a title of a specialist are allowed to prescribe drugs to continue the patient's treatment as ordered by a physician ("supplementary nurse prescribing" - SNP). The aim of this paper was to analyze the knowledge and attitudes of the Polish nurse specialists to their new professional rights in the independent ordaining of some drugs and drug prescribing. Participants were 902 women and 26 men. The age average was 42.4 (min. 26, max. 65, SD = 7.56, median: 43, mode: 40). 300 respondents - secondary medical education, 325 - the bachelor degree, 277 - the master degree. Own, validated questionnaire. Attitudes with answers based on the Likert scale (1-5) assessed by the nonparametric ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test with the post-hoc analysis. The same statistical model was used in the evaluation of potential differences for the total scale of knowledge and attitudes.On average less than half of answers about the knowledge were correct (average of difficulty index was 39%). Nurses believe that the introduction of nurse prescribing will increase the nurse's control of the therapeutic process (mean: 3.22/5). No significant differences between the attitudes of respondents with different education level (p = 0.206; H = 3.160). 55% of nurses supports the introduction of INP. Respondents with the master education significantly more frequently support INP than those with secondary education (p = 0.001; z = 3.685). The knowledge of nurses on the extension of their professional rights is unsatisfactory and requires urgent complementation. The health policy makers should consider an extensive information campaign, especially in the group of nurses with advanced practice who will have prescribing competences. Nurses' attitudes to nurse prescribing are generally positive. Concerns expressed are the same as in the opinions of nurses from countries where the professional rights underwent extension earlier.

The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate the thermal comfort distribution in residential buildings has grown in importance in recent years. Convection and radiation are the dominant forms of heat and mass transfer in rooms, during heating period, and CFD simulations is necessary to achieve a good understanding of the thermal environment. In naturally ventilated rooms, sidewall openings have important influence on air change rate and airflow conditions. Fresh air valve is installed in occupied spaces, in the external wall. During heating period, it has a major effect on mixing indoor and outdoor air, profiles of temperature of indoor air and on the thermal condition and indoor air quality of the rooms. The article presents numerical simulations conducted by solving partial differential equations for three dimensional heat transfer. For the simulations it was applied Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. A series of simulations has been carried out to profiles of temperature and velocity of indoor air in naturally ventilated room with fresh air valve, installed in external wall on different height. Obtained results prove correlation with calculations of profiles of indoor air temperature, estimated using thermometer. It is recommended to consider the inlet size and location of fresh air valve to set the best results to assess thermal comfort in naturally ventilated rooms.

Aim. A comparative analysis of essays, prepared as exam projects looking at the concept of “Patients’ rights” written by the full-time students (ST group) and part-time students (NST group) of the Nursing Masters program at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW). The aim was to detect any plagiarism. Material and methods. The study has been conducted by looking at written works submitted by two groups of students (n = 178): 111 ST group (n = 111) and NST group (n = 67). In the study, the anti-plagiarism system called Turnitin® was used, which allowed to generate three parameters: the general one (OWP), internet one (IWP) and cross-parameter one (KWP) of the similarity factor. Both the Levene’s test of variance homogeneity and U Mann Whitney non-parametric test were used.. Results. The OWP level reached 20%, which means that a text could be suspected of having been plagiarised if the rate equalled 52% of all the studied exam projects (OWP average ≈ 32%). The OWP average for ST and NST was 29.9 vs. 35.9% respectively. Differentiation level of all similarity parameters was similar in both groups (Levene’s test P > 0.05). Moreover, IWP level was statistically higher than in NST group, as opposed to ST group (U Mann-Whitney test, P < 0.04). Regarding the KWP parameter, there were no relevant differences between the two groups of students (U Mann-Whitney test, P > 0.05). Conclusions. Identified indicators of unauthorised borrowings observed in NST group mean that students require education in the area of “Copyrights”. Generally high values of similarity parameters in both groups justify the necessity of introducing a more rigorous anti-plagiarism control of all texts, independently prepared by students.