Search

Evidence has argued about the association between dairy intake and premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) development aimed to be discussed in this study. This case-control study was conducted on 813 individuals with PCAD and 471 healthy controls. The dairy intake of participants was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Binary and ordinal logistic regression was applied to determine the association of dairy intake with PCAD and its severity, respectively. Compared to the first quartile, the highest quartile of total dairy consumption was associated with an increased risk of PCAD [Odds ratio (OR):1.56; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.13, 2.14; P = 0.008] in the crude model. It was strengthened after full adjustment [OR: 2.44, 95% CI; 1.50,3.97; P < 0.001]. Both low-fat and high-fat dairy intake revealed no association with the risk of PCAD in the crude model. However, in the fully adjusted model, respectively highest quartile of high-fat and low-fat dairy intake had a relationship with a higher risk of SCAD. [(OR:1.68; 95%CI: 1.05,2.69; P-value for trend = 0.011) and (OR:1.99; 95%CI: 1.20,3.27; P-value for trend = 0.005). After adjustment for potential confounders, the highest amount of intake of high-fat dairy was related to increased severity of PCAD (OR:1.84; 95%CI: 1.27,2.68), but not for total and low-fat dairy intake (OR:0.98; 95%CI: 0.67,1.44 and OR: 0.74; 0.51,1.07; respectively). Dairy consumption regardless of its fat content was associated with increased risk for PCAD. The severe atherosclerotic manifestations in the coronary arteries were only associated with higher intake of high-fat dairy., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Premature coronary artery diseases (PCAD) is a major health concern. Finding the potential risk factors for this health issue is crucial for early detection and prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the relation between age at menarche and PCAD presence and severity., Methods: This study was performed in the framework of the Iran premature coronary disease (IPAD). IPAD is a multiethnic case-control study conducted from 2020. PCAD was defined as at least 75% obstruction in more than one coronary artery or above 50% in the left main artery in man and women under the age of 60 years and 70 years, respectively. Age at menarche is evaluate using self-reporting questionnaire. We categorized age at menarche into three groups: early (8-11 years), average (12-13 years), and late (14-17 years)., Results: A total number of 1035 women participated in this study. No significant association was observed between every year increase in age at menarche and the PCAD risk after fully adjustment with odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (95% CI) OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.91-1.05, P = 0.65 Besides, no significant association was seen between number of obstructed vessels and age at menarche (OR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.94-1.08, P = 0.76). Following the subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, it was observed that only individuals of Gilak ethnicity showed a significant association between a 1-year increase in age at menarche and the risk of PCAD (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.49-0.95, P = 0.026)., Conclusion: This study suggested that age at menarche may not be connected to PCAD risk and number of obstructed vessels. However, ethnicity may have roles in terms of the relationship between age at menarche and PCAD. More longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate this relationship., Trial Registration Number: IR.MUI.REC.1396.2.055., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Ethical approval and consent: This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. A written informed consent form was taken from all participants before entering the study. The protocol of the study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee in Isfahan, Iran (code: IR.MUI.REC.1396.2.055)., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: In 2019, a globally sustainable dietary pattern that primarily emphasizes the consumption of plant-based foods was proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission. However, there is limited evidence regarding the association of this diet with coronary events., Objectives: To determine the association between the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet (ELD) and premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) risk and its severity., Methods: This multi-center, case-control study was conducted within the framework of the Iran premature coronary artery disease (I-PAD). A total of 3185 participants aged under 70 years in women and 60 years in men were included. Cases were those whose coronary angiography showed stenosis ≥ 75% in at least one vessel or ≥ 50% in the left main artery (n = 2033), while the controls had normal angiography results (n = 1152). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was utilized to examine the association between ELD and presence of PCAD., Results: Compared with individuals in the first quartile, those in the highest quartile of ELD (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.39; P for trend < 0.001) and ELD calculated with minimum intake (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.52; P < 0.001) had lower risk of PCAD. Individuals in the highest quartile of adherence to the ELD and ELD with minimum intake had 78% and 72% lower risk of having severe PCAD compared with those in the lowest quartile, respectively., Conclusion: An inverse association was observed between adherence to the ELD and PCAD risk and its severity. Large-scale prospective cohort studies are required to confirm these findings., (© 2024. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is one of the major health concerns leading to considerable death and disabilities. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of dietary patterns with risk of PCAD., Methods: Iran premature coronary diseases (IPAD) is a case-control study consists of 3159 participants. Obstructive CAD in ≥ 75% of at least one coronary artery or ≥ 50% in the left main artery based on coronary angiography in women under 70 and men under 60 years old was considered PCAD. The habitual dietary intake of participants was collected using a semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to extract dietary patterns., Results: Three main dietary patterns including healthy, Western and high-fat, high-sugar were identified. Patients categorized in the last tertile of the healthy dietary pattern had a decreased risk of PCAD (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64-0.93), while those in the top tertile of Western (OR = 2.38, 95 CI:1.97-2.86) and High-fat simple carbohydrate (HFSC) (OR = 3.10, 95% CI:2.57-3.75) diets had increased risk of PCAD., Conclusions: A healthy dietary pattern was significantly related to a decreased risk of PCAD presence, whereas Western and HFSC diets were connected to a higher risk of PCAD., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (No: IR.MUI.REC.1396.2.055). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication: Not Applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Iran Premature Coronary Artery Disease (IPAD) is one of the first and largest studies of its kind in Asia that investigates different aspects of premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) in different ethnic groups in multiple cities. In this paper, we aim to describe the IPAD biobank establishment and present some preliminary results of the IPAD study., Methods: This case-control study was conducted on patients with documented angiography from different ethnicities in more than ten cities of Iran (males aged 60 years and below and females aged 70 years and below). Patients with coronary artery stenosis of more than 75% in at least one vessel (or left-main stenosis of more than 50%) were defined as the case group and patients with normal coronary angiography were considered as the control group. In addition to completing questionnaires and performing physical measurements, samples of serum, buffy coat, plasma, whole blood, saliva, urine, and feces were stored in the freezer at -80 °C., Results: The mean age of patients was 51.1±8.2, of which 43% were women. There were 1221 people in the control group and 1702 in the case group. Our enrollment is completed and data entry and transferring biosamples from different cities is still ongoing. About 30000 biosamples of different ethnicities are saved in the IPAD biobank., Conclusion: This study aims to develop a high-quality biobank and facilitate research on different aspects of PCAD, especially gene-environment interaction regarding ethnicity., (© 2024 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)

Background and Aims: The association between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), total carbohydrate intake, and risk of cardiovascular diseases has been controversial. Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is characterized by the age of onset lower than 55 and 65 respectively in men and women. The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between GI, GL and carbohydrate levels and the risk of PCAD in Iran., Methods and Results: In total, 419 healthy people and 553 patients struggling with PCAD have participated in this case-control study. Dietary GI and GL were calculated using a validated food frequency questionnaire at the baseline. Crude and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess the relationship between GI, GL, and total carbohydrate intake and risk of PCAD. The mean age of participants was 51.13 ± 6.90 and 46 % of them were women. A significant direct relationship was observed between higher carbohydrate intake (OR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.27-2.38) and GL levels (OR: 1.56, 95 % CI:1.14-2.14) and risk of PCAD. These associations were not significant after adjusting for potential variables. No significant association has been observed between GI and odds of PCAD even after controlling for all covariates., Conclusion: We found no significant association between GI, GL, and total carbohydrate intake and risk of premature coronary heart disease. Further observational and clinical trials are required to assess this relationship., (Copyright © 2023 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is recognized as the leading cause of death worldwide. This study analyses CAD risk factors using an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict CAD., Methods: The research data were obtained from a multi-center study, namely the Iran-premature coronary artery disease (I-PAD). The current study used the medical records of 415 patients with CAD hospitalized in Razi Hospital, Birjand, Iran, between May 2016 and June 2019. A total of 43 variables that affect CAD were selected, and the relevant data was extracted. Once the data were cleaned and normalized, they were imported into SPSS (V26) for analysis. The present study used the ANN technique., Results: The study revealed that 48% of the study population had a history of CAD, including 9.4% with premature CAD and 38.8% with CAD. The variables of age, sex, occupation, smoking, opium use, pesticide exposure, anxiety, sexual activity, and high fasting blood sugar were found to be significantly different among the three groups of CAD, premature CAD, and non-CAD individuals. The neural network achieved success with five hidden fitted layers and an accuracy of 81% in non-CAD diagnosis, 79% in premature diagnosis, and 78% in CAD diagnosis. Anxiety, acceptance, eduction and gender were the four most important factors in the ANN model., Conclusions: The current study shows that anxiety is a high-prevalence risk factor for CAD in the hospitalized population. There is a need to implement measures to increase awareness about the psychological factors that can be managed in individuals at high risk for future CAD., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Dairy products may affect hypertension (HTN) risk. The aim of this study was to examine the association between fermented and nonfermented dairy foods and HTN in a sample of premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) subjects. This cross-sectional study was performed on 1854 PCAD patients. A 110-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes. HTN was considered if systolic blood pressure was 140 mmHg and higher and/or diastolic blood pressure was 90 mmHg and higher. The odds ratio of HTN across the quartiles of different types of dairy products was evaluated by binary logistic regression. The mean (SD) of dairy products consumption was 339.8 (223.5) g/day, of which 285.4 g/day was fermented dairy products. In the crude model, participants in the fourth quartile of fermented dairy products had lesser risk of HTN compared to the bottom quartile (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.96; p for trend = .058). However, after considering the possible confounders, the significance disappeared. Subjects in the top quartile of high-fat fermented dairy products had 34% lower risk for HTN compared to the bottom quartile (95% CI: 0.49, 0.88; p for trend < .001). Adjustment for potential risk factors weakened the association but remained significant (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.01; p for trend = .001). Nonsignificant relation was detected between low-fat fermented, low-fat nonfermented, and high-fat nonfermented dairy products and HTN. Moderate consumption of high-fat fermented dairy products, in a population with low consumption of dairy foods, might relate to reduced likelihood of HTN., Competing Interests: None of the authors had any personal or financial conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: The cardioprotective effects of nuts are well established. However, the positive impacts of nuts in preventing CVD at a younger age, a condition known as premature coronary artery disease (PCAD), is still debated. Therefore, we aim to determine the association between nuts and PCAD occurrence and its severity in different Iranian ethnicities., Design: This case-control study was conducted within the framework of the Iran-premature coronary artery disease (I-PAD) study, an ongoing multi-centric study on Iranian patients of different ethnicities., Setting: This multi-centric case-control study was conducted in among 3253 persons under the age of 70 years in women and 60 years in men from different ethnicities in Iran., Participants: Information on nut consumption was collected using a validated FFQ. Subjects were selected from among the candidates for angiography. Cases were those whose coronary angiography showed stenosis of more than 75 % in at least one vessel or more than 50 % of the left main artery, while the control group participants had normal angiography results., Results: In the crude model, compared to the first quartile, the highest quartile of nut consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of PCAD (OR = 0·26, 95 % CI (0·21, 0·32); P for trend = 0·001). In the top quartile of nut intake, a substantial decrease in PCAD was observed after controlling for putative confounders (OR = 0·32; 95 % CI (0·24, 0·43); P for trend = 0·001). Additionally, a 75 % decrease in the risk of severe PCAD was observed in the participants in the highest quartile of nut intake., Conclusion: A significant inverse association was observed between nut intake and the risk and severity of PCAD in the Iranian population. Large-scale clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.

Background: Ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption may affect the risk of PCAD through affecting cardio metabolic risk factors. This study aimed to evaluate the association between UPFs consumption and premature coronary artery disease (PCAD)., Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 2,354 Iranian adults (≥ 19 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 110-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and foods were classified based on the NOVA system, which groups all foods according to the nature, extent and purposes of the industrial processes they undergo. PCAD was defined as having an stenosis of at least single coronary artery equal and above 75% or left main coronary of equal or more than 50% in women less than 70 and men less than 60 years, determined by angiography. The odds of PCAD across the tertiles of UPFs consumption were assessed by binary logistic regression., Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, participants in the top tertile of UPFs were twice as likely to have PCAD compared with those in the bottom tertile (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.97-3.23). Moreover, those in the highest tertile of the UPFs consumption had more than two times higher risk for having severe PCAD than those in the first tertile (OR: 2.64; 95% CI: 2.16-3.22). In addition, there was a significant upward trend in PCAD risk and PCAD severity as tertiles increased (P-trend < 0.001 for all models)., Conclusion: Higher consumption of UPFs was related to increased risk of PCAD and higher chance of having severe PCAD in Iranian adults. Although, future cohort studies are needed to confirm the results of this study, these findings indicated the necessity of reducing UPFs intake., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Ansari, Mohammadifard, Haghighatdoost, Zarepur, Mahmoudi, Nouri, Nouhi, Alikhasi, Sharifianjazi, Tavamaishvili, Shirani, Kazemi, Azdaki, Salehi, Lotfizadeh, Solati, Ghaffari, Javanmardi, Salari, Dehghani, Cheraghi, Assareh, Haybar, Namayandeh, Madadi and Sarrafzadegan.)

Background: Diverse ethnic groups that exist in Iran may differ regarding the risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and family history of non-communicable disease. Premature Coronary Artery Disease (PCAD) is more endemic in Iran than before. This study sought to assess the association between ethnicity and lifestyle behaviors in eight major Iranian ethnic groups with PCAD., Methods: In this study, 2863 patients aged ≤ 70 for women and ≤ 60 for men who underwent coronary angiography were recruited in a multi-center framework. All the patients' demographic, laboratory, clinical, and risk factor data were retrieved. Eight large ethnicities in Iran, including the Farses, the Kurds, the Turks, the Gilaks, the Arabs, the Lors, the Qashqai, and the Bakhtiari were evaluated for PCAD. Different lifestyle components and having PCAD were compared among the ethnical groups using multivariable modeling., Results: The mean age of the 2863 patients participated was 55.66 ± 7.70 years. The Fars ethnicity with 1654 people, was the most subject in this study. Family history of more than three chronic diseases (1279 (44.7%) was the most common risk factor. The Turk ethnic group had the highest prevalence of ≥ 3 simultaneous lifestyle-related risk factors (24.3%), and the Bakhtiari ethnic group had the highest prevalence of no lifestyle-related risk factors (20.9%). Adjusted models showed that having all three abnormal lifestyle components increased the risk of PCAD (OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.06). The Arabs had the most chance of getting PCAD among other ethnicities (OR = 2.26, 95%CI: 1.40-3.65). While, the Kurds with a healthy lifestyle showed the lowest chance of getting PCAD (OR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.05-3.67))., Conclusions: This study found there was heterogeneity in having PACD and a diverse distribution in its well-known traditional lifestyle-related risk factors among major Iranian ethnic groups., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Statins use is the most important treatment for high LDL cholesterol in patients with premature coronary artery disease (CAD). Previous reports have shown racial and gender differences in statin use in the general population, but this wasn't studied in premature CAD based on different ethnicities., Methods and Results: Our study includes 1917 men and women with confirmed diagnosis of premature CAD. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the high LDL cholesterol control in the groups and the OR with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported as the effect size. After adjustment for confounders, the odds of controlling LDL in women taking Lovastatin, Rosuvastatin, and Simvastatin were 0.27 (0.03, 0.45) lower in comparison with men. Also, in participant who took 3 types of statins, the odds of controlling LDL were significantly different between Lor and Arab compared with Fars ethnicity. After adjustment to all confounders (full model), the odds of controlling LDL were lower for Gilak in Lovastatin, Rosuvastatin, and Simvastatin by 0.64 (0.47, 0.75); 0.61 (0.43, 0.73); 0.63 (0.46, 0.74) respectively and higher for Arab in Lovastatin, Rosuvastatin, and Simvastatin by 4.63 (18.28, 0.73); 4.67 (17.47, 0.74); 4.55 (17.03, 0.71) respectively compared to Fars., Conclusions: Major differences in different gender and ethnicities may have had led to disparities in statin use and LDL control. Awareness of the statins impact on high LDL cholesterol based on different ethnicities can help health decision-makers to close the observed gaps in statin use and control LDL to prevent CAD problems., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Purpose: To evaluate the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the left and right common carotid arteries (CCA) as an indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR)., Methods: This was a case-control study involving patients with CSCR and a matched healthy control group. The mean and difference of the left and right CCA IMT were determined and compared between the two groups using carotid duplex high-resolution B-mode ultrasound equipment., Results: The study enrolled 32 CSCR patients (68.8% female, mean age 38.22 ± 5.42 years) and 32 controls (65.6% female, mean age 39.56 ± 5.33 years). The difference in common carotid IMT between the right and left sides was significantly greater in the CSCR group than in the control group ( p < 0.001). Additionally, according to logistic regression analysis, patients with CSCR had a greater chance of having differences in IMT between the two sides when compared to the control group (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.09-1.52)., Conclusion: Our findings indicated that in the CSCR group, the difference between the right and left sides of CCA IMT was significantly greater than in the control group., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Kobra Nasrollahi et al.)

Background: Premature coronary artery disease (CAD) is still prevalent worldwide and may differ in various ethnicities. Due to the presence of different ethnicities in Iran, the Iran-premature coronary artery disease (I-PAD) study aimed to determine the frequency of premature CAD and related risk factors based on each ethnicity., Methods: In this multi-center case-control study, 4000 patients with premature CAD from ten different ethnicities who lived in different cities of Iran and underwent coronary angiography were enrolled (women aged ≤ 70 and men ≤ 60 years). Patients with CAD defined as obstruction equal or above 75% in at least a single coronary artery or left main ≥ 50% were included in the case group, while patients with normal coronary arteries were included in the control group. Lifestyle behaviors, cardiometabolic risk factors, anthropometric measurements, and other variables were collected. Serum, whole blood, buffy coat, plasma, urine, stool, and saliva samples were stored., Results: The number of patients enrolled until April 2020 was 2071. The mean age of patients was 53.51 ± 7.52 and 934 (45.09%) of patients were women. To date, about 39.6% of the patients were normal. Also, about 26.0% were with one-vessel disease (1VD), 15.0% with two-vessel disease (2VD), and 15.2% with three-vessel disease (3VD). More than 30000 patients' biosamples from across the country have been stored., Conclusion: Knowing the frequency of premature CAD according to different ethnicities with major differences in their lifestyle behaviors and risk factors can assist health decision-makers. In addition, I-PAD biosamples will be an invaluable source., (© 2020 Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center & Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.)

Background: Head trauma is one of the common reasons for patient attendance in the emergency ward. This study investigated the effect of tranexamic acid as a cheap, easily available antifibrinolytic drug on reducing the progress of cerebral hemorrhage compared to placebo. Methods: This double-blind controlled clinical trial was performed on 120 traumatized patients presenting to the emergency room of Shahid Rahnemoon hospital during 2014-2015, Yazd, Iran. Those patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group A received tranexamic acid, while group B received placebo parenterally. Finally, 56 patients in Group A and 44 in Group B were analyzed. The patients underwent brain CT scan and were followed up for ICU stay in days. Also, the number of patients who died during the first 7 days of hospitalization was recorded. The data were analyzed with SPSS20 using independent samples t test and chi-square test. Results: The mean age of the patients was 41±20.27 years. Also, 20 patients (20%) were female and 80 were male (80%). There was no significant difference between the drug group and placebo group in the rate of hemorrhage volume progress (p=0.824). Regarding patients' ICU stay, the ICU stay of the tranexamic acid group decreased significantly compared to the placebo group (p=0.001). No significant difference was found between the intervention group and placebo group in the mortality rate of patients during the first 7 days of hospitalization (p=0.236). Conclusion: Tranexamic acid has no effect on reducing cerebral hemorrhage volume in patients. Although this drug was not effective in reducing mortality rate in patients, it decreased their ICU stay., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: None declared, (© 2020 Iran University of Medical Sciences.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of hyoscine on pain and tenderness, rebound tenderness and appendicitis patients before surgery and this study can be considered as the first study investigated the efficacy of hyoscine on pain, tenderness, and rebound tenderness in patients with appendicitis., Methods: In this single-group, prospective interventional study (before-after) according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 70 patients with pain in the right lower abdomen and typical symptoms of appendicitis were evaluated and after surgery, diagnostic accuracy was examined by pathologic results. The pain was evaluated before and after administration of hyoscine by numerical and verbal examination. Tenderness and rebound tenderness were also determined., Results: The mean age of patients was 26.81±7.66. Totally, 42 patients (60%) had reduction in pain, 50 patients (71% percent) had reduction in tenderness, and 39 (55%) had reduction in rebound tenderness after treatment with the drug. A statistically significant reduction of pain and tenderness, rebound tenderness was observed in all of men after administration of hyoscine ( p <0.001) but in women, the reduction of severity of tender results was only significant ( p =0.002). Data analysis in women and men together showed the significant reduction of pain, tenderness, and rebound tenderness ( p <0.001)., Conclusion: According to the results, hyoscine can reduce pain, tenderness, and rebound tenderness. So, it seems that hyoscine is a good candidate for patients with appendicitis., Irct Registration Number: IRCT2015111825123N1., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest/ No funding resources.

Introduction: The quality of interventions in children is largely dependent on their control. Hence, this study compared the sedative effects of subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) Midazolam in pediatric sedation induction., Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on children aged 1-6 years presenting to emergency departments of Shahid Sadoughi and Shahid Rahnemoon Hospitals, Yazd, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to IV or SC midazolam using a jet injector and success rate, degree of sedation, and satisfaction of parents and physician were compared between groups., Results: 60 cases with the mean age of 3.15±1.43 (1-6) years were randomly assigned to the SC (30 cases) or IV (30 cases) groups (56.7% female). SC and IV groups were similar regarding the mean age (p = 0.165) and sex (p = 0.121). Depth of sedation (p=0.900), control of child (p=0.711), in-charge physician's satisfaction (p=0.467), successful sedation and need for rescue dose (p=0.519) were not different between groups. IV midazolam group had a significantly shorter recovery time (about 10 minutes; p=0.040) and SC midazolam group had a significantly higher level of parent satisfaction (p=0.001)., Conclusion: The findings indicate no significant difference in depth of sedation, control of child, in-charge physician's satisfaction, successful sedation (reaching stage 1 of sedation or higher), and need for rescue dose of SC and IV midazolam. Parents' satisfaction was significantly greater with SC administration and IV injection had shorter recovery time., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: Conversion disorder is a condition in which the patient shows psychological stress in physical ways. This study aimed to compare the effects of haloperidol versus midazolam in patients with conversion disorder., Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on patients with conversion disorder who had presented to the emergency department, throughout 2015. Patients were randomly divided into two groups and were either treated with 2.5 mg of intravenous (IV) haloperidol or 2.5 mg of IV midazolam. Recovery rate, time to recovery, and side effects of both drugs 1 hour, 24 hours, and 1 week after treatment were compared using SPSS19., Results: 140 patients were divided into two groups of 70. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the baseline characteristics. 12 (17.1%) patients who were treated with IV haloperidol experienced drug side effects within 1 hour and 12 (17.1%) within 24 hours, while only 3 (4.3%) patients in IV midazolam experienced side-effects within 1 hour after drug administration (p = 0.026). The symptoms of the disease subsided in 45 (success rate: 64.3%) patients in midazolam and in 64 (success rate: 91.5%) participants in haloperidol group (P<0.001). Mean recovery time was 31.24 ± 7.03 minutes in IV midazolam and 30.53 ± 7.11 minutes in IV haloperidol group (p = 0.592). Absolute risk reduction (ARR) of treating patients with haloperidol compared to midazolam is about 27%., Conclusion: The response of patients to treatment with haloperidol is clearly better than midazolam. Although more transient and minor side-effects were observed in the group treated with haloperidol compared to midazolam group, serious side-effects were rare for both treatments., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Background: Doppler sonography is a type of sonography used for imaging the blood flow in the vessels and heart. This technique uses ultrasound waves with high frequency. In some patient candidates for venous graft, the identification of the suitable vein is not possible with clinical examination., Objective: This study compared the effects of preoperative color Doppler sonography of lower extremity veins on the postoperative outcomes of saphenectomy., Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 100 candidates of an off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) hospitalized in Afshar Hospital in Yazd in 2015. Patients were divided into two groups: 50 patients in the study group and 50 patients in the control group. Patients in the study group underwent color Doppler sonography of lower extremity veins using the Medison 8000 Live device. Patients in the control group were assessed preoperatively by routine venous examination without undergoing color Doppler sonography. The prepping and draping methods and also the preoperative antibiotics were the same for both groups. The patients were assessed for wound infection, edema, hematoma, and DVT 2 days, 1 week, and 1 month after surgery. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using t-test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact test., Results: The length of incision for saphenectomy was 29.20 ± 3.71 cm in the Doppler group and 28.98 ± 3.72 cm in the non-Doppler group with no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.768). The two groups were not significantly different with respect to age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and history of peripheral vessels disease, postoperative infection, postoperative organ edema, postoperative hematoma, and postoperative DVT., Conclusion: Preoperative color Doppler sonography of the saphenous vein before saphenectomy has no effect on reducing the postoperative complications, and saphenectomy on the basis of intraoperative examination of the vein course by the surgeon has acceptable consequences., Clinical Trial Registration: The trial was registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR) (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) with the TCTR ID: TCTR20160708001., Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest to be declared.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: According to the Chinese, European, Iranian and Indian traditional medicines, oleo gum resin of Ferula assa-foetida (asafoetida) has therapeutic effects on different kinds of diseases. Some of these effects are related to the diseases of nervous system such as hysteresis and convulsion. In recent studies, some anti-epileptic and neuroprotective roles were also considered for it and we examined its possible role on treatment of peripheral neuropathy., Material and Methods: in vitro studies were carried out to identify the response of isolated sciatic nerves to different concentrations of oleo gum resin of asafoetida solved in Lock׳s solution. Then, in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate its effect on amelioration of peripheral neuropathy in mice. Peripheral neuropathy was induced by intraperiotoneal injection of high doses of pyridoxine in adult Balb/c male mice. Tail flick tests were performed to identify the incidence of neuropathy in animals. After 10 days treatment with asafoetida, the efficiency of treatment was assessed by behavioral, electrophysiological and histological studies., Results: in vitro experiments confirmed that incubating the nerves in aqueous extract of oleo gum rein of asafoetida increased the amplitude and decreased the latent period of nerve compound action potential (CAP). Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and amplitude of CAP also improved in asafoetida treated animals. Histological and behavioral studies showed that asafoetida was able to facilitate the healing process in peripheral nerves., Conclusions: in vitro experiments showed that asafoetida is a nerve stimulant and its administration in neuropathic mice exerted neuroprotecting effects through stimulating axonal regeneration and remyelination and decrement of lymphocyte infiltration., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: During off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB), the heart is subjected to ischemic and reperfusion injury. Preconditioning is a mechanism that permits the heart to tolerate myocardial ischemia. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Adenosine preconditioning with ischemic preconditioning on the global ejection fraction (EF) in patients undergoing OPCAB., Methods: In this single-blind, randomized controlled trial, sixty patients undergoing OPCAB were allocated into three equally-numbered groups through simple randomization: Adenosine group, ischemic group, and control group. The patients in the Adenosine group received an infusion of Adenosine. In the ischemic group, ischemic preconditioning was induced by the temporary occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery twice for a 2-minute period, followed by 3-minute reperfusion before bypass grafting of the first coronary vessel. The control group received an intravenous infusion of 0.9% saline. Blood samples at different times were sent for the measurement of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). We also recorded electrocardiographic indices and clinical parameters, including postoperative use of inotropic drugs and preoperative and postoperative EF., Results: History of myocardial infarction, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, preoperative arrhythmias, and utilization of postoperative inotrope was the same between the three groups. The incidence of postoperative arrhythmias was not significant between the three groups. Also, there were no significant differences in preoperative and postoperative EF and the serum levels of enzymes (cTnI and CK-MB) between the groups., Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, there was no significant difference in the postoperative EF between the groups. Although the incidence of arrhythmias was higher in the ischemic preconditioning group than in the other groups, the difference between the groups did not constitute statistical significance.