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How Do We Legislate For Space Sustainability Without International Cooperation?: After around 60 years of space exploration sustainability has come to the forefront of international efforts. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals outline the global aims to reduce, reuse and recycle in order to mitigate some of the effects of human activity on the environment both on Earth and beyond. Since the very beginning of the space era planetary protection mechanisms have been put in place to ensure that earthly bacteria and biological material don't reach the virgin landscapes of other celestial bodies. More recently, private companies have launched a range of projects tackling the rising issue of space debris and governments adopted new space strategies and plans to decrease the human impact on pollution in Earth's orbit. Whilst space sustainability is an undeniable priority for humanity due to the strategic importance of space infrastructure, how does one ensure the implementation of much needed measures if international cooperation is staggering? For the past 30 years the space industry has benefited from ongoing cooperation on all levels leading to a exponential increase in New Space ventures relying on multigovernmental infrastructure or legal framework to flourish. Whilst sovereign states are free to enact their own legislation tackling sustainability issues, arguably none of them would be truly meaningful if the mechanisms don't have the support of the global community. This paper aims to answer the question of legislation in the case of discontinued international cooperation through historical parallels with the legislative process during the Cold War era, taking into account the recent developments of space sustainability and analysis of the current situation in the industry through the eyes of the law maker. Drawing experience from other industries and taking into account the fact that humanity has already accumulated a high number of debris orbiting the planet, the paper will recommend potential measures and regimes to alleviate the burden on technology makers and address the ongoing problems with space sustainability. Finally, the paper will reflect on the practicality of any legislation enacted internationally in the context of the current political situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution: Matching Dynamics and Flexibility for the New Space Age One of the main tasks of international law is to establish the foundations for peace and stability. As Art. 2, par. 3 of the Charter of the United Nations states: "All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered". Keeping this objective in mind, one must consider the close correlation between the exponential growth of actors aiming to operate in the space market and the potential increase of possible disputes between them. Furthermore, emphasis must be placed on a consideration which is as important as it is obvious, namely that a peaceful environment is conducive to the well-being of the market and business. In this respect, the use of legislative instruments to define the parameters for a rapid and effective resolution of disputes arising from space activities, can contribute to the development of an environment which is able to coordinate the entry and permanence of all actors in the sector. Starting from this indefectible presupposition, this paper examines the peculiar position of the new private actors operating in the space market, which require rethinking of traditional dispute resolution dynamics, highlighting their specific needs, including agile paths in the attribution of competence with respect to the peculiarities of a dispute, a faster resolution of disputes and clarification and development of the applicable legal standards in the sector. This study continues with an analysis of the three means of dispute settlement that appear closer to these needs, shedding light to their pros and cons: arbitration, mediation and conciliation. On the basis of this analysis, particular attention is placed on the benefits of arbitration, also through a comparison of its use in other emerging industries that seem to have similarities with the space sector demands. This will lead to an inevitable reflection on the PCA Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes relating to Space Activities, ten years after their adoption. Starting from its key Provisions, this paper intends to point out the aspects that have caused a poor application of these rules, operating on which its effectiveness can be implemented. Our study concludes with a reflection on the adequacy of arbitration as a means of resolution of space-related disputes, with reference to the desirability of setting up ad hoc courts in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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