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We conduct a meta-analysis on the relationship between top management team (TMT) task-related diversity and firm innovation output. Empirical evidence from 74 primary studies containing 25,968 firm observations shows that TMT task-related diversity has a positive relationship with innovation output. Building on this finding, we demonstrate that TMT task-related diversity has a positive association with radical innovation, but not with incremental innovation output. Moreover, we find positive relationships between TMT task-related diversity and innovation output quantity as well as innovation output quality. In some additional analyses, we further show that TMT bio-demographic diversity is not related to firm innovation output. Thus, it seems that diversity in expertise, skills, and knowledge are important for fostering innovation in firms. The study contributes to research on the TMT diversity-firm innovation relationship. Based on the findings, we develop opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) is the best predictor of actual social entrepreneurial behavior rendering the development of SEI relevant for entrepreneurship research and practice. However, we still lack a full theoretical understanding of how affective processes, specifically passion, influence the formation of SEI. Hence, we draw on the dualistic model of passion to investigate the distinct relationships that harmonious and obsessive passion for social commitment have with SEI. We theorize that harmonious passion for social commitment enhances SEI through four different mediators: empathy, moral obligation, social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived social support, whereas obsessive passion for social commitment increases SEI directly. To validate our research model empirically, we employ data from 490 students from several disciplines of five German universities. Using structural equation modeling, we find support for most hypotheses, except for the proposed relationship between harmonious passion for social commitment and SEI mediated by empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to extant literature, exploration, exploitation, and ambidexterity all positively affect performance in large firms. However, due to small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) unique characteristics (i.e., limited resources, high managerial discretion, owner-management, and institutional sensitivity) it is unclear whether existing findings equally apply to such firms. The present paper tailors existing theory to the unique SME context and studies the absolute and relative effect sizes of exploration, exploitation, and ambidexterity on SME performance. Further, we examine the moderating influence of property rights protection on the direct relationships. Meta-analytically aggregating data from 5,655 unique firms in 30 independent studies, we find positive direct effects of exploration, exploitation, and ambidexterity on SME performance. However, contrary to extant theorizing on ambidexterity in larger firms, exploration and exploitation have significantly larger effects on SME performance than ambidexterity. We also find property rights protection to decrease the impact of exploration on SME performance. We discuss the implications of these findings for researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB) explains considerable variance of entrepreneurial intention, the immediate precursor of actual entrepreneurial behavior, based on cognitive variables. However, recent research emphasizes that a solitary focus on cognitions offers only an incomplete picture of the entrepreneurial mind. Drawing on the affect infusion model (Forgas, 1995), our aim is to investigate the moderating influence of entrepreneurial passion on the relation between the attitudinal variables (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) of the TPB and entrepreneurial intention. Expanding the TPB in entrepreneurship research enhances our theoretical understanding of the mechanisms, how affect influences the development of entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, integrating entrepreneurial passion as a contextual factor in the TPB facilitates a better understanding of the boundary conditions of entrepreneurial intention formation. This approach contributes to resolving previously inconclusive findings regarding the relationship between attitudinal variables - specifically subjective norm - and entrepreneurial intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper explores which control beliefs with regard to starting a business influence individual's perceived behavioral control moderated by the extent of individual's optimism. Grounding on the Theory of Planned Behavior, we elicit salient control beliefs from a pilot sample and subsequently test the empirical relationship between control beliefs and perceived behavioral control using a sample of 450 German students. We find evidence that especially financial reserves, an innovative idea and a supportive social environment determine perceived behavioral control. Moreover, individual's optimism biases the relationship between individual's control beliefs and perceived behavioral control. In contrast, founding knowledge significantly affects entrepreneurial intention directly. Our study contributes to evaluating the relative importance of different success factors and barriers underlying individuals' perceived behavioral control in light of individual's extent of optimism as boundary condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms' foreign market entry mode choice attracted considerable research attention over the last years, yet with inconclusive findings regarding performance implications. This paper develops a theoretical model tailored to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in order to study the boundary conditions of the SME entry mode choice and performance association. Testing our hypotheses on 124 German SMEs, we show that a resource (i.e., international experience) and a capability (i.e., product adaptation) substitute resource commitment and control, while simultaneously safeguarding against foreign market risks. Our findings contribute to the SME entry mode literature and have implications for practitioners and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite considerable research on the individual-level determinants of entrepreneurship, a comprehensive understanding of how personal history factors form entrepreneurial intention is yet missing. The present paper provides meta-analytical evidence on which and how personal history factors (i.e., prior founding experience, entrepreneurial role models, work experience as well as general and entrepreneurial education) influence individual's entrepreneurial intention. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), we aim at clarifying the path leading to entrepreneurial intention by investigating the effect of personal history factors on entrepreneurial intention mediated through attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Using meta-analytical structural equation modeling (MASEM), we test our path model by drawing on broad existing empirical evidence in the literature. We contribute to resolving the previously inconclusive relationships between individuals' personal history factors and entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, by integrating the TPB as a mediator between the personal history factors and entrepreneurial intention our study goes beyond eliciting which factors significantly influence entrepreneurial intention and additionally sheds light on how the underlying path occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic orientations attracted considerable research attention from management, marketing, and entrepreneurship scholars. However, the majority of studies focused on a particular orientation and the relationship between strategic orientations attracted limited research attention. The present paper takes a configurational perspective and investigates the joint effect (three-way-interaction) of EO, MO, and LO to explain the performance of high-technology firms. The results of our study indicate that a firm's ability to align EO, MO, and LO to a unique configuration of firm capabilities enables the company to achieve superior competitive advantages enhancing firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]