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Given that numerous genetic disorders, driven by diverse pathogenic mechanisms, may be amenable to recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-delivered gene therapies, the sustained innovation of rAAV-based therapeutic modalities is crucial. The progression and severity of genetic diseases can be reduced by targeting the toxic transcripts of a defective gene using microRNA (miRNA)-based miQURE technology delivered within an AAV vector. By adapting the delivered cassette, it may be possible to simultaneously regulate the expression profile of multiple genes involved in the pathogenesis of complex genetic diseases. The established miQURE gene silencing strategy was expanded by concatenating several miQURE molecules in a single construct, resulting in the novel linQURE platform. Here, a proof of mechanism is established by demonstrating that linQURE technology enables the concomitant expression of two synthetic miRNAs in vitro and in vivo, allowing more efficient downregulation of their disease-causing mRNA targets. This approach supports the development of multi-targeting therapeutic strategies, enabling gene therapy products to adapt to more complex multigenic indications, thus expanding the toolbox of readily available gene therapies.

Objective: Perform the validation and psychometric evaluation of the Brazilian-Portuguese translation of the Functional Outcome of Sleep Questionnaire 10 (FOSQ10). Materials and methods: 182 patients (65 females 48.3 ± 14.4 years and 117 males 46.9 ± 12.4 years), were evaluated by sleep physicians suspected of having Obstructive Sleep Apnea, underwent polysomnography and completed the FOSQ-10 and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. APA & NCME, 2014 was used to validate the data as the American Educational Research Association recommended. Results: Quality indicators such as Bartlett's test of sphericity (χ2 = 1108.2; gL = 45; p = 0.000010) and KMO (0.83), and adherence measures, attest to the quality of the model. The indicators TLI (0.97), CFI (0.98), and RMSEA (0.04) fall within the expected values. Using the Eigenvalue > 1 technique, two factors explain 53% and 13.3% of the variances. In the Parallel Analysis technique, a single factor explained 59.4653% of the random variance, and the Unidimensionality indicators UniCo = 0.921, ECV = 0.822, and MIREAL = 0.253, were supported. Construct Validity: reliability coefficients Cronbach’s α = 0.87, McDonald’s ordinal Omega index 0.9, and the Composite Reliability 0.891 were satisfactory. Convergent validity: There was a significant Spearman correlation between FOSQ-10 and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (r = 0.364 [−0.487; −0.226]). Criterion validity: Was not possible to differentiate the groups based on the severity of AHI using FOSQ-10P. Conclusions: The Brazilian translation of FOSQ-10 is valid and reliable for identifying significant effects of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Level of evidence: 2.

A gene-silencing platform (miQURE) has been developed and successfully used to deliver therapeutic microRNA (miRNA) to the brain, reducing levels of neurodegenerative disease-causing proteins/RNAs via RNA interference and improving the disease phenotype in animal models. This study evaluates the use of miQURE technology to deliver therapeutic miRNA for liver-specific indications. Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) was selected as the target mRNA because it is produced in the liver and because loss-of-function ANGPTL3 mutations and/or pharmacological inhibition of ANGPTL3 protein lowers lipid levels and reduces cardiovascular risk. Overall, 14 candidate miRNA constructs were tested in vitro, the most potent of which (miAngE) was further evaluated in mice. rAAV5-miAngE led to dose-dependent (≤−77%) decreases in Angptl3 mRNA in WT mice with ≤−90% reductions in plasma ANGPTL3 protein. In dyslipidemic APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, AAV5-miAngE significantly reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels vs. vehicle and scrambled (miSCR) controls when administrated alone, with greater reductions when co-administered with lipid-lowering therapy (atorvastatin). A significant decrease in total atherosclerotic lesion area (−58% vs. miSCR) was observed in AAV5-miAngE-treated dyslipidemic mice, which corresponded with the maintenance of a non-diseased plaque phenotype and reduced lesion severity. These results support the development of this technology for liver-directed indications.

Objective: To compare polysomnographic parameters with others from the literature in order to provide more accurate information about Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) for treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children, through raising the question: Is RME a good option for treating OSA in children? Prevention of mouth breathing during children's growth remains a challenge with significant clinical consequences. In addition, OSA induces anatomofunctional changes during the critical period of craniofacial growth and development. Methods: The Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus electronic databases were searched up to February 2021 for systematic reviews with meta-analysis in the English language. Among 40 studies on RME for treating OSA in children, we selected seven in which polysomnographic measurements of the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) had been made. Data were extracted and examined in order to clarify whether any consistent evidence exists for indicating RME as a treatment for OSA in children. Results: We found no consistent evidence favoring RME for long-term treatment of OSA in children. All the studies presented considerable heterogeneity due to variability of age and length of follow-up. Conclusion: Through this umbrella review, the need for methodologically better studies on RME is supported. Moreover, it can be considered that RME is not recommended for treating OSA in children. Further studies and more evidence identifying early signs of OSA are necessary in order to achieve consistent healthcare practice.

We are approaching the 20-month mark on the historic closure of school buildings and the move to remote instruction doe to the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health directives currently allow options for remote, online, blended, and fully in-person educational delivery in some parts of the world, but there is still a need for precautions and vigilance. Due to these circumstances, the need for policies that support online and digital learning has increased. This column argues for the need to consider digital literacies as part of comprehensive plans for online learning inside and outside of pandemic. The author provides background information on the various levels of preparation for pandemic learning in various US states, familiarizes readers with some current plans in state legislatures about online learning, and theorizes how digital literacies might be included in policies moving forward.

Objectives: To investigate the evidence on the association between ankyloglossia and obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out in the databases. Observational and interventional studies that assessed the lingual frenulum in children with sleep-disordered breathing were included. As exclusion criteria: studies in animals, in vitro, letters to the editor, expert opinions, other reviews. The selected articles were analyzed regarding the study design, sample, characterization of the lingual frenulum and sleep assessment, in addition to the main results and conclusions. Results: Ninety-seven articles were identified, but only 4 met the inclusion criteria. Two retrospective studies concluded that the untreated shortened lingual frenulum at birth is associated with obstructive sleep apnea. A prospective study concluded that there was an improvement in speech and deglutition after lingual frenectomy, in addition to improved sleep. A retrospective cohort concluded that lingual frenuloplasty combined with myofunctional therapy is effective in the treatment of snoring and mouth breathing. Conclusion: The studies included in this review contribute to corroborate the association between ankyloglossia and obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Photo-selective shading screens are emerging practices that aim to combine crop physical protection with different solar radiation filtration to achieve desired physiological responses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of photo-selective shading screens on the growth and physiology of purple lettuce for two transplanting seasons in tropical climate in Brazil. A 2 × 4 factorial arrangement was used, being considered the first factor, the transplanting season (spring and fall), and the second factor is the three 35% shading photo-selective shading screens (red, black and silver) and full sun control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The variables studied were: total fresh matter, total dry matter, leaf number, stem diameter, stem length, leaf area, SPAD chlorophyll index, nitrogen balance indexes, chlorophyll, flavonoids and anthocyanins. The photo-selective shading screens influenced the microclimate and the growth variables of purple lettuce, mainly when these plants were sown in the fall. Planting lettuce during spring may result in lower yields due to the higher investment of plants in secondary metabolites to defend against abiotic stress. According to the results, photo-selective shading screens are an appropriate agronomic technique to reduce phenolic compounds and improve lettuce cultivation conditions and can be implemented within protected cultivation practices to improve crop performance.

A energia elétrica é de fundamental importância para o mundo moderno, pois é fonte de luz, calor e força motriz de todas as máquinas e equipamentos eletroeletrônicos. Buscando mostrar a importância da física no cotidiano dos estudantes, propõe-se neste trabalho a construção e estudo de geradores elétricos de corrente alternada dos tipos monofásicos e trifásicos. O estudante ao se deparar com este experimento identificará a importância da lei de Faraday para a compreensão do funcionamento dos geradores. Foi possível entender a partir desta lei, a conexão entre as bobinas e a disposição dos ímãs nos sistemas estudados. Foram construídos gráficos para investigar a relação entre a frequência da onda gerada e a frequência de rotação do gerador, e também, a relação entre a tensão eficaz e a frequência de rotação. Em especial, no sistema trifásico foi possível compreender por meio de ilustrações, as conexões entre as bobinas para geradores com seis ou mais bobinas nas ligações do tipo estrela e triângulo. O aparato experimental é de grande praticidade, fácil de ser construído, de ser montado e desmontado. O custo médio foi em torno de R$ 300,00, o qual varia com a quantidade de sistemas construídos.

Fifty years ago, in 1966, the Anglo-American Seminar on the Teaching of English, later known as the Dartmouth Conference, brought together English educators from three nations--the United States, England, and Canada--to discuss the future of the school subject of English. The Dartmouth Conference is now considered to be a watershed moment in the teaching of English. In this article, three English educators, from three generations, reflect on the meaning and significance of the Dartmouth Conference.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema especialista para uso como tutor inteligente, auxiliando no treinamento de técnicos em refrigeração. Foram utilizadas técnicas, como Diagrama de Ishikawa, Análise da Árvore de Falhas (FTA) e Análise dos Modos de Falha e seus Efeitos (FMEA), para o levantamento dos principais modos de falhas e procedimentos de manutenção corretiva. O conhecimento heurístico foi programado em um sistema especialista, utilizando a plataforma CLIPS. O programa interage com o usuário, fornecendo o caminho para correção da falha no refrigerador. Observou-se que o sistema especialista é uma excelente ferramenta para armazenamento de informações heurísticas, podendo ser utilizado como ferramenta de apoio às tarefas de manutenção corretiva básica, como tutor inteligente ou evoluir em incrementos, possibilitando um aperfeiçoamento contínuo do programa.

The research aimed to analyze the scope of training Rural Family House (RFH) in the city of Coronel Vivida-PR based on Pedagogy of Alternation (PA) in the year 2016, identifying limits and challenges of your effectiveness on insertion of the young on the property rural. The subject of research totaling 08 (eight) young people and their families. The study was conducted through a qualitative approach based on the method of dialectical materialism, the elements of the research consisted in bibliographical and documentary research. The process of search and analysis, made possible to reflect the proposal of PA, developed in the RFH, observing potentialities and limitations of this formative practice. In the results, highlight as advances the reduced number of students per class, the full-time study, and the personalized attendance developed by the instructors and teachers. As regards the limiting conditions, the precarious practice in family ownership knowledge acquired, the weakened physical structure, and its adequacy to different theoretical aspects that do not understand work as an educational principle producing a practice that is adaptable to the current social situation.

The regulation of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes is established in humans, but molecular mechanisms of its basal and xenobiotic-mediated regulation in cattle are still unknown. Here, ~10 kbp of the bovine CYP3A28 gene promoter were cloned and sequenced, and putative transcription factor binding sites were predicted. The CYP3A28 proximal promoter (PP; -284/+71 bp) contained DNA elements conserved among species. Co-transfection of bovine nuclear receptors (NRs) pregnane X and constitutive androstane receptor (bPXR and bCAR) with various CYP3A28 promoter constructs into hepatoma cell lines identified two main regions, the PP and the distal fragment F3 (-6899/-4937 bp), that were responsive to bPXR (both) and bCAR (F3 fragment only). Site-directed mutagenesis and deletion of NR motif ER6, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF-1) and HNF-4 binding sites in the PP suggested either the involvement of ER6 element in bPXR-mediated activation or the cooperation between bPXR and liver-enriched transcription factors (LETFs) in PP transactivation. A putative DR5 element within the F3 fragment was involved in bCAR-mediated PP+F3 transactivation. Although DNA enrichment by anti-human NR antibodies was quite low, ChIP investigations in control and RU486-treated BFH12 cells, suggested that retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) bound to ER6 and DR5 motifs and its recruitment was enhanced by RU486 treatment. The DR5 element seemed to be recognized mainly by bCAR, while no clear-cut results were obtained for bPXR. Present results point to species-differences in CYP3A regulation and the complexity of bovine CYP3A28 regulatory elements, but further confirmatory studies are needed.

O trabalho apresenta resultados da pesquisa que objetivou compreender e analisar a formação continuada dos professores e monitores relacionada à pedagogia da alternância e como ela tem contribuído para a prática profissional. Foram sujeitos da pesquisa três professores cedidos pela Secretaria do Estado de Educação (SEED) e três monitores de nível superior, subsidiados pela ARCAFAR/SUL (Associação Regional das Casas Familiares Rurais do Sul do Brasil). Para a coleta de dados utilizamos um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. O processo de análise partiu das questões evidenciadas pelos professores e monitores, buscando conhecer: quais cursos de formação continuada sobre a pedagogia da alternância que eles têm participado? Como isso tem influenciado em sua prática? Como compreendem a pedagogia da alternância? A pesquisa bibliográfica fundamentou as reflexões sobre formação de professores e a pedagogia da alternância, com o aporte teórico de autores como Borges (2012), Caldart (2013), Ribeiro (2013) e Manacorda (2007). Com este trabalho concluímos que professores e monitores não tiveram em sua formação superior momentos que contemplassem a pedagogia da alternância, que a formação continuada oferecida para ambos os grupos é insuficiente, insatisfatória ou mesmo inexistente.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in a population-based approach, the association of extreme sleep duration with sociodemographic factors, health, and well-being. METHODS We analyzed the data from the 2014/2015 Health Survey in the city of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil (ISACamp), performed with 1,969 individuals (≥ 20 years old). Associations between the independent variable and short (≤ 6 hours) and long (≥ 9 hours) sleep were determined using the Rao-Scott chi-square test. The analyses were adjusted with multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS Men, individuals aged 40 to 59, those with higher schooling, those who have one (OR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.02–2.12), two (OR = 1.73, 95%CI 1.07–2.80), or three or more (OR = 1.62, 95%CI 1.16–2.28) chronic diseases, and those with three or more health problems (OR = 1.96, 95%CI 1.22–3.17) were more likely to have a short sleep. The chance of long sleep was higher in widowers and lower in those who have more years of schooling, with higher income, worked, lived with more residents at home, and reported three or more diseases (OR = 0.68, 95%CI 0.48–0.97) and health problems. The chance of either short (OR = 2.41, 95%CI 1.51–3.87) or long sleep (OR = 2.07, 95%CI 1.23–3.48) was higher in unhappy individuals. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the higher chance of short sleep duration among men, among persons in productive age, and among those with a higher level of schooling in a Brazilian city. The association of short sleep with comorbidities and the association of happiness with extremes of sleep duration were also important results to understand the relation of sleep duration with health and well-being.

O objetivo central trabalho é compreender o significado da formação superior universitária para os jovens do campo dos cursos de Pedagogia e Geografia – licenciatura da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – Unioeste e para seus pais, a partir das características atribuídas, por eles, a essa formação. Para tanto, analisa o modo como os alunos advindos do campo se relacionam com produção do conhecimento na universidade e a sua relação com a vida no campo. Nesse sentido a investigação se configura em um estudo de caso. A pesquisa foi realizada através de uma abordagem qualitativa, fundamentada no método do materialismo histórico dialético. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram entrevistados 13 (treze) acadêmicos do curso de Pedagogia e 13 (treze) acadêmicos do curso de Geografia no período de março de2014 a dezembro de 2014. Os resultados demonstram elementos das experiências dos alunos sobre ser ou não no campo, e, suas perspectivas de carreira profissional por meio da educação.

A análise de falhas potenciais compreende o uso de técnicas sistemáticas que utilizam conhecimentos de engenharia para mitigar possíveis falhas, tanto do projeto quanto dos sistemas analisados, e propor ações que evitem a ocorrência dessas falhas. O problema prático de uma falha por corrosão em linha de overboard de água do mar demonstra as dificuldades que a indústria offshore enfrenta, por causa das condições extremas e a falta adequada de uma seleção de materiais para certas aplicações. Nesta pesquisa foi realizada a utilização de ferramentas de análise de falha e os conceitos para destacar a importância da melhor seleção de revestimentos internos em tubulações de aço do sistema de refrigeração com água salgada, pois quando esses revestimentos são mal selecionados acabam comprometendo a função que é a inibição dos agentes corrosivos, deixando, dessa forma, que a corrosão seja acentuada nos pontos onde o revestimento falha. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para auxiliar a indústria na seleção e aplicação de revestimentos em tubulações de aço dos sistemas de refrigeração com água salgada.

In the author's effort to find out more about how "English Journal" articles have led to meaningful changes, he asked several teachers to write about "an "English Journal" article that made a difference." Several council members write about influential articles they read in the pages of NCTE's century-old journal. The brief stories they tell capture the way in which, year after year, decade after decade, the right article in the hands of the right person at the right time has shaped the profession.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome has a high prevalence among adults. Cephalometric variables can be a valuable method for evaluating patients with this syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To correlate cephalometric data with the apnea-hypopnea sleep index. METHODS: We performed a retrospective and cross-sectional study that analyzed the cephalometric data of patients followed in the Sleep Disorders Outpatient Clinic of the Discipline of Otorhinolaryngology of a university hospital, from June 2007 to May 2012. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients were included, 45 men, and 51 women, with a mean age of 50.3 years. A total of 11 patients had snoring, 20 had mild apnea, 26 had moderate apnea, and 39 had severe apnea. The distance from the hyoid bone to the mandibular plane was the only variable that showed a statistically significant correlation with the apnea-hypopnea index. CONCLUSION: Cephalometric variables are useful tools for the understanding of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The distance from the hyoid bone to the mandibular plane showed a statistically significant correlation with the apnea-hypopnea index.

O livro apresenta 11 capítulos em que os autores enfrentam o desafio de analisar a formação para a docência, efetivada no curso de Pedagogia da (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná) Unioeste, campus de Francisco Beltrão – PR, em que são formadores. Apresenta resultados de pesquisa realizada pelo grupo de pesquisadores do curso de Pedagogia e de licenciatura em Geografia, com professores dos anos iniciais e profissionais da gestão escolar em escolas públicas de uma rede municipal de educação, um grupo de egressos do curso de Pedagogia. A obra é prefaciada pela Professora Joana Paulin Romanowski. Os 11 capítulos se unem em complementaridade em torno da temática comum e estão organizados em duas partes. Na primeira, três capítulos tratam de formação inicial em curso de Pedagogia, pesquisa com professores, organização curricular de curso de Pedagogia, do histórico da pesquisa e do perfil dos sujeitos. Os oito capítulos da segunda parte contemplam análises relacionadas ao universo de formação e de atuação dos pedagogos sujeitos da pesquisa.

When someone uses the term "standards," one tends to assume the topic under discussion is K-12 education, but standards for teacher preparation have their own parallel history. In English teacher education, that history has two strands: the NCTE Guidelines for the Preparation of Teachers of English Language Arts, which predate the "standards movement" (and which, as their title states, are guidelines rather than standards); and the NCTE/NCATE Standards for Initial Preparation of Teachers of Secondary English Language Arts, Grades 7-12 (sometimes known as "SPA" [Specialty Professional Association] standards), which were developed for use in NCATE accreditation. During the past 2 years, however, what might be described as a merging of these two strands has been underway. It is an administratively complex process that may be of real interest only to those who are directly involved. However, given the importance of standards and accreditation in today's world, the authors believe that Conference on English Education (CEE) members should have access to information about the making of standards and the ongoing evolution of the accrediting process. This paper discusses CEE's activities in these areas. (Contains 1 table.)

As coeditor of the April 2006 issue of this journal, Tara Star Johnson wrote an eloquent essay in which she explored "the increasing bureaucratic pressure to mass-produce, homogenize and monitor students" as manifested in the No Child Left Behind Act and the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) accreditation process. The story the author wishes to tell in this article parallels Johnson's, and, he hopes, adds to it in useful ways. In the fall of 2007, his professional life was influenced by three experiences. One was a class he taught for teachers in a small New Mexico town. The second was preparing for the visit of an NCATE team to his university. The third was reading James C. Scott's "Seeing Like a State" (1998). The first two showed the author how completely educators now live and work in the policy-saturated world Johnson described; the third helped him understand the underlying purpose of these policies and how educators might begin to regain control over their work.

Don Zancanella challenges us to step away from the everyday tasks of teaching English to reimagine the larger idea, asking, "What should high school English be?" Eight teachers, researchers, and writers briefly answer this question, offering their versions of what high school English could be.

OBJECTIVES: It was to compare cephalometric measures of mouth-breather boys and girls and with the cephalometric pattern observed in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients. METHODS: Craniofacial measurements of lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained from 144 children aged 7-14 years were compared between boys and girls, and both were compared to cephalometric pattern of OSAS patients. RESULTS: Mouth-breather boys and girls had no gender differences regarding to craniofacial morphology while nose-breather boys and girls showed those expected differences. Nose-breather boys presented a more retruded mandible and proinclined upper incisor when compared to nose-breather girls, but mouth-breather boys and girls had no differences. The measure NS.GoGn was the only variable with an interaction with gender and breathing. CONCLUSIONS: There were no cephalometric difference in mouth breather-boys and girls related to normal growth, suggesting that oral breathing make the same craniofacial morphology and both have craniofacial morphology close to that of OSAS patients.OBJETIVOS: Foi comparar medidas cefalométricas entre meninos e meninas respiradores bucais com o padrão cefalométrico de pacientes com síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS). MÉTODOS: Medidas craniofaciais de radiografias cefalométricas laterais de 144 crianças com idade entre 7 e 14 anos foram comparadas entre meninos e meninas, e estas comparadas com o padrão cefalométrico de pacientes com SAOS. RESULTADOS: Meninos e meninas respiradores bucais não apresentaram diferenças em relação à morfologia craniofacial, enquanto meninos e meninas respiradores nasais mostraram as diferenças fisiologicamente esperadas. Meninos respiradores nasais apresentaram mandíbula mais retraída e incisivos superiores inclinados para frente quando comparados com meninas respiradoras nasais, mas os respiradores bucais não apresentaram diferenças. A medida NS.GoGn foi a única variável com interação entre gênero e tipo de respiração. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença cefalométrica entre os respiradores bucais em relação ao crescimento craniofacial, sugerindo que a respiração bucal determina a mesma morfologia, e ambos os gêneros têm morfologia craniofacial semelhante àquela dos pacientes com SAOS.

This article presents results from a research carried out by former students and undergraduate students from the Pedagogy Course for Rural Educators of the State University of the West of Paraná (Unioeste), from the Francisco Beltrão and Cascavel campuses with the aim of answering the question “Why does the Landless Workers Movement looks for Higher Education for its militants? “ The article discusses the relationship between the university and social movements and analyzes the higher education of the militants of the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST Portuguese acronym). The article also discusses the right to higher education of rural populations, the responsibility of the university and its commitment with civil society, the role of the state to guarantee the fundamental rights of individuals and groups. The results demonstrate that the actions of the social movements reflect in their social, political and cultural accomplishments, and that the higher education is conceived as a fundamental perspective to the MST´s militants as it gives access to practical-theoretical knowledge that can be applied to work, a goal that includes the political formation of its base. Resumo: O artigo apresenta resultados de pesquisa realizada com egressos e graduandos do Curso de Pedagogia para Educadores do Campo da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), campi de Francisco Beltrão e Cascavel, com o objetivo de analisar “O que move o MST na busca do ensino superior para os seus militantes?”. Aborda a relação entre universidade e movimentos sociais, analisando a formação superior universitária dos militantes do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). Discutem-se o direito da população do campo ao acesso ao Ensino Superior, a responsabilidade da universidade e seu compromisso com a sociedade civil, e o papel do Estado na garantia dos direitos fundamentais dos indivíduos e grupos. Os resultados evidenciam que as ações dos movimentos sociais refletem-se nas suas conquistas no âmbito social, político e cultural, e que a formação superior universitária é concebida como uma perspectiva fundamental na luta dos militantes do MST, sob o ponto de vista do acesso ao conhecimento prático-teórico aplicável no trabalho, objetivo que inclui a formação política de sua base.

OBJETIVO: Verificar o risco de trabalhadores metalúrgicos para desenvolver alterações vocais, e se tais alterações estariam relacionadas a fatores ambientais de seu local de trabalho. MÉTODOS: Duzentos e oitenta metalúrgicos responderam a um questionário sobre o ambiente de trabalho, sintomas vocais, hábitos vocais negativos, aspectos vocais, auditivos e saúde geral. Após a entrevista realizou-se uma triagem vocal, classificando-se a voz em adaptada ou alterada. Foi realizada análise estatística de correlações entre variáveis. RESULTADOS: Considerando o ambiente de trabalho, 278 (99,3%) dos metalúrgicos referiram estar expostos a ruído, 194 (69,3%) a produtos químicos, 244 (87,1%) a poeira e 171 (61,1%) a fumaça. Quanto aos sintomas vocais mais citados, 204 (72,9%) referiram ter garganta seca, 193 (68,9%) dor ou irritação na garganta, 185 (66,1%) pigarro, 163 (58,2%) episódios de rouquidão e 141 (50,4%) tosse. Os resultados da triagem vocal indicaram que 226 (80,7%) dos metalúrgicos apresentaram vozes adaptadas e 54 (19,3%) vozes alteradas, o que sugere elevada ocorrência de possível alteração vocal. A análise estatística revelou relação significante entre as médias das idades, tempo de trabalho e o tempo máximo de fonação dos metalúrgicos em relação às vozes alteradas, mostrando que quanto maior a idade e o tempo de trabalho, menor o tempo máximo de fonação. Também encontramos resultados estatisticamente significantes na correlação voz alterada e referência de exposição à poeira, rouquidão, garganta seca e pigarro. CONCLUSÃO: Os trabalhadores metalúrgicos apresentaram elevada ocorrência de alterações vocais, que podem estar relacionadas ao ambiente de trabalho e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de disfonia.PURPOSE: To check whether metallurgic workers are likely to develop vocal problems and whether these problems are related to environmental working aspects. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty individuals answered a questionnaire about their work environment, vocal signs and symptoms, negative vocal habits, voice and hearing aspects and general health. After the interview a vocal screening was carried out, classifying the voices as adapted or deviated. Data were statistically analized using variable correlations. RESULTS: Regarding work environment, 278 (99.3%) of the individuals reported exposure to intense noise, 194 (69.3%) to chemicals, 244 (87.1%) to dust and 171 (61.1%) to fumes. The most reported vocal symptoms were frequent dry throat (204 - 72.9%), sore throat (193 - 68.9%), throat clearing (185 - 66.1%), hoarseness episodes (163 - 58.2%) and coughing (141 - 50.4%). Voice screening showed that 226 (80.7%) subjects had adapted voices and 54 (19.3%) had deviated voices, suggesting a high occurrence of possible voice problems. Statistical analysis showed a significant relation between subjects' age, years of work and maximum phonation time with voice deviation, evidencing that the older the subject and the longer he had been working, the smaller the maximum phonation time. There was also a significant correlation between voice deviation on the screening and reports of exposure to dust, hoarseness, dry throat and throat clearing. CONCLUSION: Metallurgic workers presented high occurrence of voice deviation that might be related to work environment, which can contribute to the development of dysphonia.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a eficácia dos valores da diferença entre os dois primeiros harmônicos para diferenciar vozes adaptadas de vozes levemente soprosas (B) ou tensas (S), durante a emissão da vogal "é" prolongada. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 30 mulheres com vozes normais e alteradas. Foi gravada a vogal "é" de cada sujeito para posterior extração da intensidade dos dois primeiros harmônicos, por meio do gráfico FFT. Foi feita a subtração da amplitude do primeiro pelo segundo harmônico (H1-H2) e os dados foram tratados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: A variação entre os valores de H1-H2, entre os sujeitos com grau 0 de soprosidade e tensão e os sujeitos com grau 1, também nos dois parâmetros, foi muito grande, portanto os valores não foram estatisticamente significativos. Entretanto, quando a soprosidade e tensão atingem o grau 2 a variação dos valores aproxima-se das descrições da literatura. CONCLUSÃO: A medida estudada não é eficaz para diferenciar vozes adaptadas daquelas levemente soprosas e tensas, em emissões da vogal "é" prolongada.PURPOSE: To verify the efficacy of the values of the difference between the first two harmonics to distinguish adapted voices from slightly breathy (B) or tense (S), during the emission of the long vowel /é/. METHODS: Thirty women with normal and altered voices were evaluated. Each subject's vowel "é" was recorded in order to extract the intensity of the first two harmonics, using the FFT graph. The range of the second harmonic was subtracted from the range of the first, and data were treated statistically. RESULTS: The variation between the values of H1-H2 between subjects rated 0 breathiness and tension and subjects rated 1, also in both parameters, was very high, therefore the values were not statistically significant. However, when the degrees of breathiness and tension get to 2, the variation values become more compatible with descriptions in literature. CONCLUSION: The measure studied is not efficient to distinguish adapted voices from those slightly breathy and tense, during the emission of the long vowel /é/.

The influence of state-mandated tests on thoughts and actions of three middle school or junior high school literature teachers was studied. Case studies indicated that the changes that tests caused in teacher thinking were a function of teachers' preferred approach to teaching literature and their place in curricular decision making. (SLD)

Describes the literary lives of four adolescents and explores the reasons why students stop reading as they get older. Discusses what teachers can learn from the opinions of their adolescent students. (PRA)

Investigates the relationships between five junior high school teachers' personal approaches to literature and their teaching of literature. Suggests that pedagogically useful knowledge exists in these five teachers' personal approaches to literature but that institutional constraints and the teachers' lack of a theoretical framework for literary studies prevent such knowledge from being utilized. (MG)