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Citizen science's (CS) deployment and benefit over the last ten years have been remarkably substantial in their contributions to the massification of citizen participation in tech-based CS projects. Insights into how CS projects influence community changes through proposals of actions and public policies are essential to understanding how they facilitate citizens' advocacy in decision-making at various ecosystem levels. To this end, we conducted a systematic literature review of tech-based CS projects published between 2017 and 2022, in which the participation of the tertiary education sector played a central role. We used a guideline that education plays a fundamental role in developing technology-based CS projects. The more educational processes, such as incorporating activities that strengthen complex thinking in citizens, the greater their involvement in decision-making to propose public policies that address their current problems. Findings suggested that a) there is significant involvement of the educational system with CS; b) CS projects do not comply with the innovation helixes; c) tech-based CS projects usually indirectly develop competencies and sub-competencies of complex thinking, and d) social actions are clearly articulated through these competencies and sub-competencies that determine the complete cycle of tech-based CS projects, which result in organized actions or public policies. To sum up, this study serves as a call for long-term co-design projects that consider both the individual development of the participants and the integral impact on decision-making at all levels.

AbstractMariachi music has long been recognized as a—perhaps the—central genre of vernacular music in Mexico, with scattered academic studies investigating its ties to Mexican culture, myth, and national identity. But the music itself, still propagated largely through oral instruction, has received little attention. Good Mariachi practice is based on a holistic model of performance that includes a prescribed repertoire of bass lines, harmonic changes, meters, forms, and instrumental voicings that operate in synchrony. Despite having coalesced around distinct regional styles both within and outside of Mexico, the musical tradition of Mariachi rests on select formal principles drawn from the Mexican Ranchera, Mexican Son and the historic instrumentation of trumpet, violin, vihuela/ guitar, and guitarrrón, transmitted primarily through aural instruction. This makes Mariachi an ideal case study for unique schema prototypes inspired by Robert Gjerdingen’s Music in the Galant Style and modeled on foundational examples in the core Mariachi repertoire known as Cajón. These archetypes incorporate specific harmonic motions, bass patterns, and instrumental voicings within a single, well-defined unit. We will also address the practice of marrying instrumental performance practice to vocal delivery and describe how those units shape larger musical narratives. We further address these paradigms as they shape repertoire expansion and the expression of regional style within other genres of Norteño music.Keywords: Mariachi, Cajón, schema theory, Ranchera, NorteñoResumenSe ha reconocido al mariachi durante mucho tiempo como un género –quizás el género– central de la música vernácula en México, con estudios académicos dispersos que investigan sus vínculos con la cultura, el mito y la identidad nacional mexicana. Sin embargo, la música en sí, que aún se transmite en gran medida a través de la instrucción oral, ha recibido poca atención. La buena práctica del mariachi se basa en un modelo holístico de interpretación que incluye un repertorio determinado de líneas de bajo, cambios armónicos, compases, formas y disposiciones instrumentales que operan en sincronía. A pesar de haberse consolidado alrededor de estilos regionales distintos tanto dentro como fuera de México, la tradición musical del mariachi se basa en principios formales preferidos y extraídos de la ranchera mexicana, el son mexicano y la instrumentación histórica para trompeta, violín, vihuela/guitarra y guitarrón, transmitidos principalmente a través de la instrucción aural. Todo esto significa que el mariachi es un caso de estudio ideal para prototipos únicos de esquemas, inspirados en Music in the Galant Style de Robert Gjerdingen y modelados a partir de ejemplos fundamentales en el repertorio central del mariachi conocido como Cajón. Estos arquetipos incorporan movimientos armónicos específicos, patrones de bajo y disposiciones instrumentales dentro de una unidad clara y bien definida. También abordaremos la práctica de unir la interpretación instrumental con la emisión vocal y describiremos cómo esas unidades dan forma a narrativas musicales más amplias. Abordaremos además estos paradigmas a medida que dan forma a la expansión del repertorio y la expresión del estilo regional dentro de otros géneros de música norteña.Palabras clave: mariachi, cajón, teoría de esquemas, ranchera, norteño

Connectedness to nature influences the well-being and health of individuals, communities, and the planet. Although many validated scales exist, none includes the three fundamental aspects of any attitude: the affective, behavioural, and cognitive components. The study's main objective was to develop and validate an integral tool, the ABC e (ABC-CNS), which would enable the measurement of the affective, behavioural, and cognitive aspects of this construct. The questionnaire was administered to 1,375 students (878 Ecuadorian and 497 Spanish). Exploratory factor analysis retained the three expected factors. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a robust adjustment for the tridimensional structure, but cross-cultural invariance was not attained: Although the ABC-CNS is valid for both Ecuador and Spain, the scores cannot be compared in both cultural contexts analysed. The pattern of relations with other psychological variables (proenvironmental values, appreciation and preservation of nature, and individual and classmates' proenvironmental behaviours) provided evidence of the structure and construct validity. The ABC-CNS scale is an integral, reliable, and short tool to measure connectedness to nature through the proposed dimensions. The tool is suitable for environmental professionals and researchers to assess individuals' connectedness to nature, a psychological variable that may affect a person's mental health and proenvironmental behaviour.

Connectedness with nature is considered a key element for the future of conservation. There are both internal and external factors that determine the levels of connectedness with nature. Among these factors are gender, age, knowledge about the environment and place of residence. In the latter case, there may be differences in how urban and rural dwellers perceive nature, based on their experiences and contact with it. The main objective of this research is to evaluate and establish the factors that influence and determine the levels of connection with nature, examining how these factors relate and interact with each other, taking the urban and rural context as starting point. The ABC-CNS scale, which addresses the affective, behavioural and cognitive aspects of the connection with nature, was applied via online questionnaire to a sample of university students from two countries, Spain (496 students) and Ecuador (872 students), who were also clustered according to career, age, gender, and place of residence. The results obtained through four General Linear Mixed Models (ABC-CNS and its dimensions as response variables) and LSD test, demonstrated that the ABC-CNS scale presented significant differences for all the variables analyzed (place of residence, gender, age, and career), also demonstrating which levels influence and interact in higher ABC-CNS values. Finally, the study concludes that the analyzed factors contribute to the development of the connection with nature. In the case of place of residence, attention should be given to the specific settings of the environments under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]