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Uvod: Prekinitev nosečnosti predstavlja stisko za žensko, partnerja in družino. Pomembno je, da zdravstveno osebje v celovito zdravstveno obravnavo vključi tudi duhovno oskrbo. Namen pregleda literature je ugotoviti, kakšno duhovno oskrbo najpogosteje potrebujejo ženske po spontani prekinitvi nosečnosti. Metode: Izveden je bil sistematični pregled literature v bazah podatkov CINAHL Ultimative, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library in Web of Science z iskalnim nizom v angleškem jeziku. Za prikaz iskanja, pregleda in izbora člankov za analizo je bil uporabljen diagram poteka PRISMA. Izvedena je bila kritična ocena člankov s kontrolnimi seznami Joanna Briggs Institute. Zbrani podatki so bili analizirani po metodi vsebinske analize. Rezultati: Iskanje je dalo 490 zadetkov, od katerih je bilo v končno analizo vključenih devet raziskav. Glavno kategorijo smo oblikovali na osnovi treh podkategorij: (1) čustvovanje in počutje, (2) medosebni odnosi in (3) duhovna rast. Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da je pri zagotavljanju duhovne oskrbe ključno razumevanje duhovnih potreb in stisk, ki jih doživljajo ženske po spontani prekinitvi nosečnosti. Poleg medicinske oskrbe si zelo želijo tudi dobro duhovno oskrbo. Ženske svoje duhovne potrebe izražajo skozi čustva in občutke, ki jih morajo medicinske sestre in babice prepoznati ter se nanje ustrezno odzvati. Duhovna oskrba mora temeljiti na razumevanju, sočutju in podpori.

Izhodišča: Telemedicina lahko izboljša glikemične in porodne izide nosečnostne sladkorne bolezni (NSB), čeprav še ni jasno, za katere posameznice naj bi bila telemedicinska orodja najbolj primerna. Namen naše raziskave je bil preveriti povezavo nekaterih psiholoških dejavnikov z glikemičnimi parametri pri ženskah z NSB, ki smo jih spremljali s telemedicinsko obravnavo. Analizirati smo želeli zadovoljstvo nosečnic s telemedicinsko obravnavo in opredeliti osebnostne značilnosti žensk, ki jim telemedicinska obravnava bolj ustreza. Metode: Vključene nosečnice so izpolnile Vprašalnik Velikih pet (angl. Big Five Inventory, BFI) in Vprašalnik o opolnomočenju v zvezi z vodenjem sladkorne bolezni (angl. Diabetes Empowerment Scale, DES). Podatke o samomeritvah koncentracije glukoze v krvi smo pridobili iz glukometrov. Povezanost med spremenljivkami smo izračunali s Spearmanovim koeficientom korelacije (Spearman ρ). Rezultati: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 50 žensk (starost 32,0 ± 4,3 let) z NSB, ki so bile vodene telemedicinsko. Od osebnostnih dimenzij sta bili sprejemljivost (Spearman ρ=0.422, p=0.003) in vestnost (Spearman ρ = 0.346, p = 0.016) pozitivno povezani s skupno realizacijo meritev glukoze v krvi. Ugotovili smo povezavo med povprečno koncentracijo glukoze v krvi po obrokih in skupnim dosežkom pri Vprašalniku DES (Spearman q = 0.324, p = 0.030) ter dvema podlestvicama, tj. Obvladovanjem psihosocialnih vidikov NSB (Spearman q = 0.326, p = 0.029) in Nezadovoljstvom in pripravljenostjo na spremembe (Spearman q = 0.363, p = 0.014). Zaključek: Naši rezultati predstavljajo korak k opredelitvi skupka psiholoških značilnosti žensk z NSB, ki bi lahko bil pomemben napovednik učinkovitosti telemedicinske obravnave. Potrebne so še nadaljnje raziskave, tudi o drugih psiholoških vidikih.

This study was carried out in Kheda district of Central Gujarat to fi nd out the knowledge of farmers about use of ICT tools in agricultural development and the study revealed that majority of farmers belonged to middle age group, had primary to secondary level of education, had three to fi ve family members, 500001 to 100000 annual income, 1.1 to 2 hectare of land and majority of respondents belonged to farming occupation only and majority of respondents had knowledge about ICT tools to collect information like improved variety, postharvest management, soil analysis and market rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the recent research in the field of application of ultraviolet (UV) protection finishes in textile functionalisation. The aim and the UV protecting mechanisms of UV protection finishes on textile substrates are described. The standard methods for determination of UV protective properties are presented. Contemporary research directions in the application of environmentally friendly organic UV absorbers and inorganic UV blockers are highlighted and discussed. The bioactive substances as novel organic UV absorbers are exposed. Novel multifunctional properties of textiles including the inorganic UV blockers are described. The ecological issues of the use of UV protection finishes are presented.

Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers derived from the draft genome sequence of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3), strain Rhs 1AP, were designed and characterized from the potato-infecting soil fungus R. solani AG-3. All loci were polymorphic in two field populations collected from Solanum tuberosum and S. phureja in the Colombian Andes. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from two to seven, while gene diversity (expected heterozygosity) varied from 0.11 to 0.81. Considering the variable levels of genetic diversity observed, these markers should be useful for population genetic analyses of this important dikaryotic fungal pathogen on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Razprava se ukvarja s pojmovanjem ekspresionizma in nove stvarnosti, kakor ga je v svoji literarnokritiški in literarnozgodovinski publicistiki podal France Vodnik. Ob tem obravnava tudi njegovo vrednotenje posameznih literarnih del in njegov pogled na umetnost nasploh, pri čemer je mogoče zaznati občuten vpliv križarske miselnosti.

To investigate the impact of paracrine IL-2 signals on memory precursor (MP) cell differentiation, we activated CD8 T cell in vitro in the presence or absence of exogenous IL-2 (ex-IL-2). We assessed memory differentiation by transferring these cells into virus-infected mice. Both conditions generated CD8 T cells that participate in the ongoing response and gave rise to similar memory cells. Nevertheless, when transferred into a naive host, T cells activated with ex-IL-2 generated a higher frequency of memory cells displaying increased functional memory traits. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis indicated that without ex-IL-2, cells rapidly acquire an MP signature, while in its presence they adopted an effector signature. This was confirmed at the protein level and in a functional assay. Overall, ex-IL-2 delays the transition into MP cells, allowing the acquisition of effector functions that become imprinted in their progeny. These findings may help to optimize the generation of therapeutic T cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors.)

To increase the antitubercular potency, we synthesized a series of novel pyrazolylpyrazoline derivatives ( 9a - p ) using the one-pot multicomponent reaction of the substituted heteroaryl aldehyde ( 3a , b ), 2-acetyl pyrrole/thiazole ( 4a , b ), and substituted hydrazine hydrates ( 5 - 8 ) in the presence of base NaOH as a catalyst in ethanol as the solvent at room temperature. Substituted heteroaryl aldehyde ( 3a , b ) was synthesized from 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H -pyrazole-4-methyl-carbaldehyde on protection with ethylene glycol followed by treatment with 4-amino triazole/5-amino tetrazole and then deprotection using acid. The salient features of the green protocol are the one-pot reaction, shorter reaction time, and straightforward workup procedure. All of the compounds were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Rv, wherein compounds 9i , 9k , 9l , 9o , and 9p were found to be most effective. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were determined using spectral methods. Furthermore, molecular docking investigations into the active site of mycobacterial InhA yielded well-clustered solutions for these compounds' binding modalities producing a binding affinity in the range from -8.884 to -7.113. Theoretical results were in good accord with the observed experimental values. The docking score of the most active compound 9o was found to be -8.884, and the Glide energy was -61.144 kcal/mol. and it was found to accommodate well into the active site of InhA, engaging in a network of bonded and nonbonded interactions., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Species harbor extensive structural variation underpinning recent adaptive evolution. However, the causality between genomic features and the induction of new rearrangements is poorly established. Here, we analyze a global set of telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies of a fungal pathogen of wheat to establish a nucleotide-level map of structural variation. We show that the recent emergence of pesticide resistance has been disproportionally driven by rearrangements. We use machine learning to train a model on structural variation events based on 30 chromosomal sequence features. We show that base composition and gene density are the major determinants of structural variation. Retrotransposons explain most inversion, indel and duplication events. We apply our model to Arabidopsis thaliana and show that our approach extends to more complex genomes. Finally, we analyze complete genomes of haploid offspring in a four-generation pedigree. Meiotic crossover locations are enriched for new rearrangements consistent with crossovers being mutational hotspots. The model trained on species-wide structural variation accurately predicts the position of >74% of newly generated variants along the pedigree. The predictive power highlights causality between specific sequence features and the induction of chromosomal rearrangements. Our work demonstrates that training sequence-derived models can accurately identify regions of intrinsic DNA instability in eukaryotic genomes.

Infections by more than one strain of a pathogen predominate under natural conditions. Mixed infections can have significant, though often unpredictable, consequences for overall virulence, pathogen transmission and evolution. However, effects of mixed infection on disease development in plants often remain unclear and the critical factors that determine the outcome of mixed infections remain unknown. The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici forms genetically diverse infections in wheat fields. Here, for a range of pathogen traits, we experimentally decompose the infection process to determine how the outcomes and consequences of mixed infections are mechanistically realized. Different strains of Z. tritici grow in close proximity and compete in the wheat apoplast, resulting in reductions in growth of individual strains and in pathogen reproduction. We observed different outcomes of competition at different stages of the infection. Overall, more virulent strains had higher competitive ability during host colonization, and less virulent strains had higher transmission potential. We showed that within-host competition can have a major effect on infection dynamics and pathogen population structure in a pathogen and host genotype-specific manner. Consequently, mixed infections likely have a major effect on the development of septoria tritici blotch epidemics and the evolution of virulence in Z. tritici., (© 2021 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, a major pathogen of wheat globally and the most damaging pathogen of wheat in Europe. A gene-for-gene (GFG) interaction between Z. tritici and wheat cultivars carrying the Stb6 resistance gene has been postulated for many years, but the genes have not been identified. We identified AvrStb6 by combining quantitative trait locus mapping in a cross between two Swiss strains with a genome-wide association study using a natural population of c. 100 strains from France. We functionally validated AvrStb6 using ectopic transformations. AvrStb6 encodes a small, cysteine-rich, secreted protein that produces an avirulence phenotype on wheat cultivars carrying the Stb6 resistance gene. We found 16 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms among the tested strains, indicating that AvrStb6 is evolving very rapidly. AvrStb6 is located in a highly polymorphic subtelomeric region and is surrounded by transposable elements, which may facilitate its rapid evolution to overcome Stb6 resistance. AvrStb6 is the first avirulence gene to be functionally validated in Z. tritici, contributing to our understanding of avirulence in apoplastic pathogens and the mechanisms underlying GFG interactions between Z. tritici and wheat., (© 2017 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2017 New Phytologist Trust.)

Zymoseptoria tritici is an ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria tritici blotch, a globally distributed foliar disease on wheat. Z. tritici populations are highly polymorphic and exhibit significant quantitative variation for virulence. Despite its importance, the genes responsible for quantitative virulence in this pathogen remain largely unknown. We investigated the expression profiles of four Z. tritici strains differing in virulence in an experiment conducted under uniform environmental conditions. Transcriptomes were compared at four different infection stages to characterize the regulation of gene families thought to be involved in virulence and to identify new virulence factors. The major components of the fungal infection transcriptome showed consistent expression profiles across strains. However, strain-specific regulation was observed for many genes, including some encoding putative virulence factors. We postulate that strain-specific regulation of virulence factors can determine the outcome of Z. tritici infections. We show that differences in gene expression may be major determinants of virulence variation among Z. tritici strains, adding to the already known contributions to virulence variation based on differences in gene sequence and gene presence/absence polymorphisms.

Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) on wheat. The disease interaction is characterized by clearly defined temporal phases of infection, ultimately resulting in the death of host tissue. Zymoseptoria tritici is a highly polymorphic species with significant intraspecific variation in virulence profiles. We generated a deep transcriptomic sequencing dataset spanning the entire time course of an infection using a previously uncharacterized, highly virulent Z. tritici strain isolated from a Swiss wheat field. We found that seven clusters of gene transcription profiles explained the progression of the infection. The earliest highly up-regulated genes included chloroperoxidases, which may help the fungus cope with plant defences. The onset of necrotrophy was characterized by a concerted up-regulation of proteases, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and lipases. Functions related to nutrition and growth characterized late necrotrophy and the transition to saprotrophic growth on dead plant tissue. We found that the peak up-regulation of genes essential for mating coincided with the necrotrophic phase. We performed an intraspecies comparative transcriptomics analysis using a comparable time course infection experiment of the genome reference isolate IPO323. Major components of the fungal infection transcriptome were conserved between the two strains. However, individual small, secreted proteins, proteases and cell wall-degrading enzymes showed strongly differentiated transcriptional profiles between isolates. Our analyses illustrate that successful STB infections involve complex transcriptomic remodelling to up-regulate distinct gene functions. Heterogeneity in transcriptomes among isolates may explain some of the considerable variation in virulence and host specialization found within the species., (© 2015 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.)

Since its first report in Brazil in 1985, wheat blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (anamorph: Pyricularia oryzae), has become increasingly important in South America, where the disease is still spreading. We used 11 microsatellite loci to elucidate the population structure of the wheat blast pathogen in wheat fields in central-western, southeastern, and southern Brazil. No subdivision was found among the wheat-infecting populations, consistent with high levels of gene flow across a large spatial scale. Although the clonal fraction was relatively high and the two mating type idiomorphs (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) were not at similar frequencies, the clone-corrected populations from Distrito Federal and Goiás, Minas Triangle, and São Paulo were in gametic equilibrium. Based on these findings, we propose that populations of the wheat blast pathogen exhibit a mixed reproductive system in which sexual reproduction is followed by the local dispersal of clones. Seedling virulence assays with local wheat cultivars differentiated 14 pathotypes in the current population. Detached head virulence assays differentiated eight virulence groups on the same wheat cultivars. There was no correlation between seedling and head reactions.

Chromosomal rearrangements are a major driver of eukaryotic genome evolution, affecting speciation, pathogenicity and cancer progression. Changes in chromosome structure are often initiated by mis-repair of double-strand breaks in the DNA. Mis-repair is particularly likely when telomeres are lost or when dispersed repeats misalign during crossing-over. Fungi carry highly polymorphic chromosomal complements showing substantial variation in chromosome length and number. The mechanisms driving chromosome polymorphism in fungi are poorly understood. We aimed to identify mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We combined population genomic resequencing and chromosomal segment PCR assays with electrophoretic karyotyping and resequencing of parents and offspring from experimental crosses to show that this pathogen harbors a highly diverse complement of accessory chromosomes that exhibits strong global geographic differentiation in numbers and lengths of chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes carried highly differentiated gene contents due to numerous insertions and deletions. The largest accessory chromosome recently doubled in length through insertions totaling 380 kb. Based on comparative genomics, we identified the precise breakpoint locations of these insertions. Nondisjunction during meiosis led to chromosome losses in progeny of three different crosses. We showed that a new accessory chromosome emerged in two viable offspring through a fusion between sister chromatids. Such chromosome fusion is likely to initiate a breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle that can rapidly degenerate chromosomal structure. We suggest that the accessory chromosomes of Z. tritici originated mainly from ancient core chromosomes through a degeneration process that included BFB cycles, nondisjunction and mutational decay of duplicated sequences. The rapidly evolving accessory chromosome complement may serve as a cradle for adaptive evolution in this and other fungal pathogens., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.