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Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri Gram positif yang sering dijumpai pada infeksi endodontik. Faktor virulensinya yaitu produksi enzim gelatinase dan β-laktamase, yang berperan menghambat kerja antibiotik sehingga terjadi resistensi antibiotik, seperti amoksisilin. Pemanfaatan bahan herbal dengan kombinasi antibiotik dianggap menjadi alternatif baru untuk mengatasi resintensi antibiotik. Salah satunya adalah dengan pemanfaatan daun sirsak. Daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) mengandung berbagai senyawa metabolik sekunder yang memiliki efek antibakteri seperti senyawa flavonoid, alkakoid, terpenoid, tannin, dan saponin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan ekstrak daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) pada antibiotik amoksisilin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode post-test only group. Sampel yang digunakan adalah ekstrak daun sirsak dengan konsentrasi 0,5%, 1%, 2%, dan 3% dan penelitian dilakukan dengan metode difusi sumuran. Data hasil diameter zona hambat dianalisis menggunakan uji Oneway Anova menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol (p0,05). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) pada medium mengandung antibiotik amoksisilin berdampak pada pertumbuhan Enterococcus faecalis, in vitro.

Periodontitis merupakan penyakit inflamasi multifaktorial yang akan memicu kehilangan tulang secara progresif hingga terjadi kehilangan gigi apabila tidak segera dirawat. Periodontitis dipicu oleh plak biofilm dari mikroorganisme di rongga mulut seperti Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pemberian antibiotik dapat menyebabkan resistensi dalam penggunaan jangka panjang maka perlu mengembangkan agen antibakteri dari bahan alam yaitu rimpang dan bunga Lempuyang Wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Val.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kemampuan antibakteri ekstrak rimpang dan bunga Lempuyang Wangi terhadap P. gingivalis. Metode penelitian secara eksperimental laboratoris dengan menggunakan ekstrak etanol rimpang dan bunga Lempuyang Wangi dengan konsentrasi 50%; 25%; 12,5%; 6,25%; 3,125%. Kontrol positif menggunakan metronidazole. Sampel diuji dengen metode mikrodilusi dan pengukuran nilai absorbansi dengan spektrofotometer (λ = 600 nm). Analisis data menggunakan uji Saphiro-Wilk dan uji non-parametrik Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) ekstrak rimpang dan bunga Lempuyang Wangi berada pada konsentrasi 50%. Uji time killing dengan konsentrasi 50% menunjukkan ekstrak bunga Lempuyang Wangi memiliki kemampuan antibakteri terhadap bakteri P. gingivalis yang lebih baik daripada rimpang pada waktu 48 jam. Disimpulkan bahawa ekstrak rimpang dan bunga Lempuyang Wangi memiliki kemampuan antibakteri yang berbeda terhadap bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that is commonly found in oral cavities and is associated with connective tissue destruction in periodontitis. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyltransferase with enzyme commission number 2.5.1.7 is a transferases enzyme that plays a role in bacterial pathogenesis. Inhibiting binding sites of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyltransferase is needed to find potential antibiotic candidates for periodontitis treatment. Hence, the research aimed to present potential UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyltransferase inhibiting compounds through molecular docking simulation by in silico analysis. DrugBank database was used to obtain the antibacterial candidates, which were further screened computationally using the AutoDock Vina program on Google Colab Pro. The top nine compounds yielded binding affinity ranging from −12.1 to -12.8 kcal/mol, with conivaptan as one of the three compounds having the highest binding affinity. Molecular dynamic study revealed that the ligand–protein complex for conivaptan had root-mean-square deviation values of 0.05–1.1 nm, indicating likeliness for stable interaction. Our findings suggest that conivaptan is the potent UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyltransferase inhibitor, hence its efficacy against periodontitis-causing bacteria.

This study examines the dialectics of local beliefs and religions in the form of mantras in the Suku Anak Dalam that are difficult to abandon and are still practiced even though they have embraced their new religion (Islam). This research uses a descriptive quality method by taking a location in the Suku Anak Dalam community in Pasir Putih Jambi Village. Data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of this study found that the Jambi Suku Anak Dalam had animist beliefs in their pre-Islamic lives, expressed by mantras in aspects of their lives. After they embraced Islam, the old beliefs they held were not completely abandoned by them. The mantras as expressions of their old beliefs were then elaborated with Islamic teachings in the form of putting basmalah utterances at the beginning of their mantras and replacing the gods with the Lord Allah as the place of asking in the mantras.

Context: Enterococcus faecalis is reported as a biofilm bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of tooth root canal infection. The ability to grow and form biofilms is the reason these bacteria are difficult to be eliminated. Aims: To analyze the antibacterial effect of Citrus aurantiifolia against the growth and biofilm formation of E. faecalis. Methods: This study used E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and ethanol extract of lime peel (Citrus aurantiifolia). The E. faecalis growth was assessed by spectrophotometry, and biofilm formation was examined with 1% violet crystals also visualized by microscope (magnification 400×). Results: Citrus aurantiifolia extract can inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of E. faecalis with varying quantities. Based on period incubations, a concentration of 6.25% had a better ability to suppress the growth of E. faecalis (

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of areca nut extract. The phytochemical content and phenolic composition of the extract were also determined. Materials and Methods: An extract of areca nut was prepared using 96% ethanol and subsequently screened for phytochemical content using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The immunomodulatory activity of the extract was tested in 35 Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into four groups: One control group and three experimental groups in which the rats received 500, 1000, or 1500 mg/kg of oral areca nut extract biweekly (BW). The extract was orally administered 14 days before the intraperitoneal challenge with Staphylococcus aureus (1×108 CFU/mL). On the 14th day of the experiment, rats in all the four groups were sacrificed. Measurement of the levels of red blood cells, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBCs), lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophil, and macrophages were recorded. The activities of serum glutamate oxalate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, urea, and creatinine were also determined. Results: Areca nut was found to contain an alkaloid, tannin, and flavonoid compounds. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of catechin as the major compound along with quercetin. Administration of areca nut extract in rats infected with S. aureus produced a significant increase in the concentration of WBC but did not affect Hct, Hb, and other cell types. Among the different doses tested, 1000 mg/kg BW was found to be most effective in cellular immunity models. No harmful effects on the liver and kidney functions were observed. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of areca nut might be attributed to the presence of catechin and quercetin. Administration of areca nut extract increased the number of WBCs and improved the activity and capacity of macrophages significantly in rats infected with S. aureus.

Kunyit (Curcuma longa linn) merupakan bahan herbal mengandung senyawa aktif Curcuminoid yang terdiri atas Curcumin, Bisdementhoxycurcumin dan Dementhoxycurcumin yang mempunyai sifat anti jamur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis daya hambat ekstrak kunyit terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans, in vitro. Uji daya hambat pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode difusi agar (Kirby-Bauer) dengan nistatin 100μg sebagai kontrol positif dan kertas cakram kosong sebagai kontrol negatif. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan ANOVA satu arah (One Way Analysis of Varians) dengan taraf kepercayaan 5%, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kunyit dengan pelarut etanol 96% pada konsentrasi 12,5%, 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100% dapat menghambat pertumbuhan C.albicans. Diameter zona hambat terbesar terlihat pada konsentrasi ekstrak kunyit 100% yaitu 10,3 mm, dan diameter terkecil terlihat pada konsentrasi 12,5% yaitu 6,6 mm. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kunyit dapat menghambat pertumbuhan C.albicans, dengan demikian berpotensi untuk digunakan sebgai bahan herbal anti-C.albicans. Namun potensi in vivo herbal ini perlu ditetapkan melalui studi lanjut pada hewan coba. Kata kunci: Kunyit, Candida albicans, difusi agar

Prevalensi infeksi fungal oportunistik semakin meningkat terutama kandidiasis oral yang disebabkan oleh Candida albicans. Salah satu alternatif pengobatan antifungal yang bersumber dari hewani adalah susu kambing. Secara umum susu yang digunakan sebagai bahan aktif antifungal terlebih dahulu dilakukan pasteurisasi, baik Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT) maupun High Temperature Short Time (HTST). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antifungal susu kambing Peranakan Etawa terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans berdasarkan perubahan suhu dan lama pemanasan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Standard Plate Count (SPC) dengan 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu K1 susu pasteurisasi LTLT, K2 susu pasteurisasi HTST, K3 kontrol positif, K4 kontrol negatif dengan 3 kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan jumlah rata-rata koloni Candida albicans pada pengenceran 10-3 dengan perlakuan susu pasteurisasi LTLT adalah 14,33 x 103 CFU/mL, pada susu pasteurisasi HTST 21 x 103 CFU/mL, pada kontrol positif 5,67 x 103 CFU/mL, sedangkan pada kontrol negatif 29 x 103 CFU/mL. Data hasil perhitungan dianalisis dengan ANOVA dengan α=0,05 dan dilanjutkan dengan Least Significance Difference (LSD). Berdasarkan hasil analisis disimpulkan bahwa susu kambing Peranakan Etawa dengan pasteurisasi HTST dan LTLT dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans, namun antara kelompok susu pasteurisasi LTLT dan HTST tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna. Kata kunci : Antifungal, Candida albicans, susu kambing.

Enterococcus faecalis adalah salah satu flora normal rongga mulut yang sering ditemukan pada kasus kegagalan perawatan endodontik. Kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) merupakan tanaman herbal yang sering digunakan sebagai rempah-rempah, namun juga memiliki sifat antibakteri karena kandungan kimia yang dimilikinya berupa alkaloid, saponin, tanin, polifenol, flavonoid, kuinon dan triterpenoid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) terhadap pertumbuhan E. faecalis. Enterococcus faecalis yang telah dikultur pada media CHROMagar VRE Base diinkubasi pada suhu 37°C dalam suasana anaerob. E. faecalis yang telah dikultur dan diidentifikasi, dipaparkan ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) untuk uji aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode Standart Plate Count menggunakan media MHA. Dari hasil analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Kruskal-Wallis didapatkan nilai p=0,003 (p0,05). Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan koloni pada setiap konsentrasi kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol negatif mengalami penurunan, pertumbuhan koloni E. faecalis pada konsentrasi 1,5% adalah 299,3 x 104 CFU/ml dan pada konsentrasi 7,5% adalah 6 x 104 CFU/ml. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan Enterococcus faecalis dengan Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) berada pada konsentrasi ekstrak 1,5%.

This study was carried out to investigate the phenotype and genotype of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients with periapical lesions. Eighteen adult male and female individuals suffering from primary endodontic infection, either had or had not periapical lesions, were involved in this study. Root canal scraping and saliva were collected from each subject and used for bacterial quantitation using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enterococci were isolated using ChromAgar medium and then identified using both biochemical (Gram staining and catalase tests) and molecular biology (conventional PCR) methods. Gelatinase activity, polysaccharide capsul profile and mRNA ace expression level were determined using microbiological, biochemical and molecular biology approach, respectively. Genotype of E. faecalis was determined based on nucleotide sequence of ace and gelE genes analyzed using web-based 3730xl DNA Analyze software. The results showed that high proportion of E. faecalis found in both root canal and saliva of is related to the incidence of periapical lessions in the primary endodontic patients. This is contrast to the insignificant relationship found between Cps polymorphism, gelatinase activity, and mRNA ace expression with periapical lesions in the patients, respectively.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v23i1.960

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that might infect the oral cavity. Increased colony numbers of C. albicans in the mouth can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, weakened immune system, antibiotics use and immune-compromised condition. Smoking can increase expression of virulence factors of C. albicans and make it stronger. One virulence factor of C. albicans is biofilm formation. The ability of creating biofilm makes C. albicans more tolerant to commercial antifungal agents. The objective of this preliminary study was to examine the ability of the seaweed G. verrucosa extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans isolated from the saliva of a smoker. Methods: The extract of G. verrucosa was prepared by maceration using 96% methanol and subjected for phytochemical analysis. C. albicans was isolated from the saliva of a smoker who voluntarily participated in the study after providing informed consent. In triplicate, the fungus was cultured in the growth medium containing increased concentrations of G. verrucosa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% ).The same reaction using fluconazole 0.31 µg/ml C. albicans was prepared as positive control. Biofilm formation was accessed based on optical density of cell mixtures using an ELISA reader. The data obtained were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of 0.05. Results: Methanol extract of seaweed G. verrucosa contained three bio-active compounds namely steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. Inhibitory activity of seaweed extracts on C. albicans biofilm formation increased as their concentration increased. The highest inhibitory effect was recorded at fungus culture treated with seaweed concentration of 25% at 24 hours of time exposure. Conclusions: Seaweed G. verrucosa extract contained steroids, terpenoids and tannins that were able to effectively inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans at the concentration of 25% after 24 hours of time exposure.

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that might infect the oral cavity. Increased colony numbers of C. albicans in the mouth can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, weakened immune system, antibiotics use and immune-compromised condition. Smoking can increase expression of virulence factors of C. albicans and make it stronger. One virulence factor of C. albicans is biofilm formation. The ability of creating biofilm makes C. albicans more tolerant to commercial antifungal agents. The objective of this preliminary study was to examine the ability of the seaweed G. verrucosa extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans isolated from the saliva of a smoker. Methods: The extract of G. verrucosa was prepared by maceration using 96% methanol and subjected for phytochemical analysis. C. albicans was isolated from the saliva of a smoker who voluntarily participated in the study after providing informed consent. In triplicate, the fungus was cultured in the growth medium containing increased concentrations of G. verrucosa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% ).The same reaction using fluconazole 0.31 µg/ml C. albicans was prepared as positive control. Biofilm formation was accessed based on optical density of cell mixtures using an ELISA reader. The data obtained were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of 0.05. Results: Methanol extract of seaweed G. verrucosa contained three bio-active compounds namely steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. Inhibitory activity of seaweed extracts on C. albicans biofilm formation increased as their concentration increased. The highest inhibitory effect was recorded at fungus culture treated with seaweed concentration of 25% at 24 hours of time exposure. Conclusions: Seaweed G. verrucosa extract contained steroids, terpenoids and tannins that were able to effectively inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans at the concentration of 25% after 24 hours of time exposure.

Background: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the acid tolerance response and pH adaptation when Enterococcus faecalis interacted with extract of lime ( Citrus aurantiifolia). Methods: We used E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and lime extract from Aceh, Indonesia. The microbe was analyzed for its pH adaptation, acid tolerance response, and adhesion assay using a light microscope with a magnification of x1000. Further, statistical tests were performed to analyze both correlation and significance of the acid tolerance and pH adaptation as well as the interaction activity. Results: E. faecalis was able to adapt to a very acidic environment (pH 2.9), which was characterized by an increase in its pH (reaching 4.2) at all concentrations of the lime extract (p < 0.05). E. faecalis was also able to provide acid tolerance response to lime extract based on spectrophotometric data (595 nm) (p < 0.05). Also, the interaction activity of E. faecalis in different concentrations of lime extract was relatively stable within 6 up to 12 hours (p < 0.05), but it became unstable within 24–72 hours (p > 0.05) based on the mass profiles of its interaction activity. Conclusions: E. faecalis can adapt to acidic environments (pH 2.9–4.2); it is also able to tolerate acid generated by Citrus aurantiifolia extract, revealing a stable interaction in the first 6–12 hours.

Background: Areca nut ( Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum ( Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum), and normal group (without ulcer and treatment). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and the positive control group (Dependent t-test, p Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

Background: Areca nut ( Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum ( Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum), and normal group (without ulcer and treatment). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and the positive control group (Dependent t-test, p Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

Background: Areca nut ( Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum ( Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

Background: Areca nut ( Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum ( Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

Background: Areca nut ( Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum ( Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

Background: Areca nut ( Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum ( Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2 and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p Conclusions: A balanced combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that might infect the oral cavity. Increased colony numbers of C. albicans in the mouth can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, weakened immune system, antibiotics use and immune-compromised condition. Smoking can increase expression of virulence factors of C. albicans and make it stronger. One virulence factor of C. albicans is biofilm formation. The ability of creating biofilm makes C. albicans more tolerant to commercial antifungal agents. The objective of this preliminary study was to examine the ability of the seaweed G. verrucosa extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans isolated from the saliva of a smoker. Methods: The extract of G. verrucosa was prepared by maceration using 96% methanol and subjected for phytochemical analysis. C. albicans was isolated from the saliva of a smoker who voluntarily participated in the study after providing informed consent. In triplicate, the fungus was cultured in the growth medium containing increased concentrations of G. verrucosa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% ).The same reaction using fluconazole 0.31 µg/ml C. albicans was prepared as positive control. Biofilm formation was accessed based on optical density of cell mixtures using an ELISA reader. The data obtained were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of 0.05. Results: Methanol extract of seaweed G. verrucosa contained three bio-active compounds namely steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. Inhibitory activity of seaweed extracts on C. albicans biofilm formation increased as their concentration increased. The highest inhibitory effect was recorded at fungus culture treated with seaweed concentration of 25% at 24 hours of time exposure. Conclusions: Seaweed G. verrucosa extract contained steroids, terpenoids and tannins that were able to effectively inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans at the concentration of 25% after 24 hours of time exposure.

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that infects the oral cavity. Increases in colony numbers of C. albicans can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, a weakened immune system, taking antibiotics and with immune-compromised individuals. Smoking can increase the virulence factor of C. albicans and make it stronger. One of the virulence factors of C. albicans is the biofilm it forms. The C. albicans biofilm makes it more tolerant to extracts of the seaweed Gracil aria verrucosa, which has antifungal activity. The objective of the study was to examine the ability of the G. verrucosa extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by C . albicans obtained from the saliva of smoker. Methods: A total of six concentrations of G. verrucosa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were tested in this study. The positive control was fluconazole 0.31 µg/ml C. albicans was taken from the saliva of one smoker in Faculty of Dentistry, Syiah Kuala University. The total amount of biofilm was assessed using an ELISA reader. The data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of p Results: The seaweed extract has three bio-active compounds: steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. The results showed that the inhibitory activity of seaweed on C. albicans biofilm formation increases as its concentration increases. The highest effectiveness was recorded at a seaweed concentration of 100% at 48 h of exposure. Conclusions: The optimal inhibition of the C. albicans biofilm formation was recorded at the concentration of 100% G. verrucosa after 48 hours of exposure.

Background : The objective of the present study was to evaluate the acid tolerance response and pH adaptation when E nterococcus faecalis interacted with extract of lime ( Citrus auranti i folia). M ethods : We used E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and lime extract from Aceh, Indonesia. Both materials were analyzed for their pH adaptation, acid tolerance response, adhesion assay, and mass profiles using a light microscope with a magnification of x1000. Further, statistical tests were performed to analyze both correlation and significance of the acid tolerance and pH adaptation also the interaction activity. Results : E. faecalis was able to adapt to a very acidic environment (pH 2.9), which was characterized by an increase in its pH (reaching 4.2) at all concentrations of the lime extract (p < 0.05). E. faecalis was also able to provide acid tolerance response to lime extract based on spectrophotometric data (595 nm) (p < 0.05). Also, the interaction activity of E. faecalis and the lime extract was relatively stable within 6 up to 12 hours (p < 0.05), but it became unstable within 24–72 hours (p > 0.05) based on the mass profiles of its interaction activity. Conclusions : E. faecalis can adapt to acidic environments (pH 2.9–4.2); it is also able to tolerate acid generated by Citrus aurantiifolia extract, revealing a stable interaction in the first 6–12 hours.