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There are many integral transforms that are widely used to solve numerous real-life, science, and engineering problems. In this article, we present SEE transform for determining the solution of the system of linear Volterra integro-differential equations of the second kind. Some applications have been given and solved by using the SEE transform for illustrating the applicability of the SEE transform. Results of the applications assert that the SEE transform is very effective for obtaining the exact solution of this equation.

Hartha Formation is an overburdened horizon in the X-oilfield which generates a lot of Non-Productive Time (NPT) associated with drilling mud losses. This study has been conducted to investigate the loss events in this formation as well as to provide geological interpretations based on datasets from nine wells in this field of interest. The interpretation was based on different analyses including wireline logs, cuttings descriptions, image logs, and analog data. Seismic and coherency data were also used to formulate the geological interpretations and calibrate that with the loss events of the Hartha Fm. The results revealed that the upper part of the Hartha Fm. was identified as an interval capable of creating potential mud losses, resulting in high NPT. This is due to its diagenetic features such as succrosic dolomites and vuggy zones that could act as thief zones. Seismic potential was used for the prediction of the geological related non-productive drilling time in the Hartha interval. The seismic data quality in this interval was good, with geological observations already made. Detailed interpretation and analysis of the Hartha interval were performed and integrated with the existing seismic interpretation, rock properties, and NPT database to calibrate wells with the loss events to the seismic observations.

In this research we have considered (CH₃NH₃PbX₃) (X=I,Cl,Br) as an absorber layer and Cu2O/spiro-OMeTAD/ P3hT/PEDOT:PSS as (HTM) along with PCBM/TiO₂ as (ETM). It is a solid-state planar heterojunction p-i-n solar cell with low p-type-doped, CH₃NH₃PbX₃ sandwiched between the p-type is called HTM layer and n-type. SCAPS-1D simulation software is used for numerical simulation to examine the influence of various electrical factors on the efficiency PCBM/CH₃NH₃PbCl3/P3hT,PCBM /CH₃NH₃PbI₃/P3hT,PCBM/MAPbCl₃/Cu2O,TiO2/MAPbCl₃/Sipro-OMeTAD, TiO₂/MAPbI3/Sipro-OMeTAD, PCBM /CH₃NH₃PbBr3/ PEDOT:PSS, and PCBM /CH₃NH₃PbI₃/ PEDOT:PSS heterojunction-based perovskite solar cell structures. With these variables an efficiency of 22.46% was obtained at 263.15(k). By using SCAPS simulation software

Background: Color stability of glass ionomers (GIs) could be affected by many factors such as pH and consumption of liquid medications like antibiotics. Most common antibiotics used during childhood are amoxicillin suspension (AM.S) and azithromycin suspension (AZ.S) which have acidic and basic pH respectively. Aim: to evaluate and compare the effect of AM.S and AZ.S on color stability of nano resin-modified GI. Methods: Thirty disc of nano resin-modified glass ionomer (2mm height x 4mm diameter) were divided into three groups (n=10 for each) and independently exposed to AM.S, AZ.S, and artificial saliva (A.S.). Color stability was evaluated in triplicate by VITA Easyshade® before and after three immersion protocols, repeated over a three-week duration with two-days intervals. In each protocol, samples were exposed for two minutes, three times daily for AM.S, once daily for AZ.S, and A.S. full day. GI discs rinsed off after each immersion and kept in artificial saliva until next immersion period. Results: One way ANOVA test and Post-hoc analysis of the changes in color space compartments of nano-resin modified GI samples demonstrated just a significant change (p˂0.05) in yellow-blue axis (Δb*) value after immersion in AM.S in comparison with A.S. Total Color change values (ΔE) of nano resin-modified glass ionomer samples also illustrated a significant effect (p˂0.05) between AM.S and A.S. only. The highest (ΔE) value was recorded for samples immersed in AM.S (ΔE =12.5) followed by AZ.S (ΔE=6.5) while the lowest was recorded for A.S. (ΔE=1.1). Conclusion: AM.S (the acidic medication) exhibited a higher staining effect to nano-resin modified GI samples when compared with AZ.S (the basic medication). Several factors such as low pH, more exposure time and coloring material of the immersion media added critical roles in coloring instability.

Sperm cryopreservation is the process of storing sperm for an extended period of time in order to maintain male fertility. Cryopreservation involves exposing germ cells to substances that prevent freezing, cooling them to below-freezing temperatures, storing, melting, and then removing the anti-freezing material when it has been used. It is helpful in cancer patients before chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Spermatozoa can be adversely impacted by reactive oxygen species by its detrimental effects on sperm membrane lipids, which cause ice crystal formation and the induction of oxidative stress (OS) during cryopreservation. Owing to the tight relationship between OS induction and cryopreservation, several recent researches have concentrated on the function of antioxidants in preserving male fertility. A variety of antioxidants have been developed for in vitro supplementation in an attempt to prevent the cellular harm brought on by cryopreservation. Examples of antioxidants include melatonin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids. When added to sperm extenders, melatonin, a natural hormone that plays a role in a number of sperm physiological processes, has frequently increased sperm viability and fertility. In order to determine whether it can protect human sperm from the damaging effects of cryopreservation, it was added to the sperm cryopreservation solution. Melatonin was added to freezing extenders in recent studies on mammals, and this increased the post-thaw activities of human sperm. Therefore, this study was aimed to review the background documents on the state-of-the-art scientific literature in this area of work. Also, this study reviewed the feasibility of employed melatonin in cryopreservation because it has antioxidant ability.

Introduction: We aimed to examine the effect of amoxicillin and azithromycin suspensions on the microhardness of sliver-reinforced glass ionomer and nano-resin modified glass ionomer (GI). Method: Thirty discs (2 mm height x 4 mm diameter) of each type of GI were prepared, which were randomly assigned to amoxicillin, azithromycin, and artificial saliva groups. Microhardness was evaluated by Vickers hardness test before and after three immersion cycles. Results: The overall model (P < 0.001), before/after intervention (P < 0.001), intervention group (type of antibiotic) (P = 0.013), and type of glass ionomer (P

High stocking density is a stress factor that potentially affects physiological and immune responses. In this study, the effects of medlar (Mespilus germanica) extract (ME) supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant, immune status, and stress responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied. Six hundred fish (40.19 ± 1.09 g; average fish weight ± standard error) were distributed randomly into five experimental groups (assayed in triplicates). The experimental diets were formulated as follows: 0 (T1, control), 0.5% (T2), 1% (T3), 1.5% (T4), and 2% (T4). After 60 days feeding trial, the fish were confined, and the density increased (60 kg/m3) for further 14 days. Results showed significant increases in final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, and feed intake in the T4 compared to the control (P

A filed experiment was carried out at one of the private farms at Al-Suwaira District, Wasit Governorate during the spring season 2021, in order to evaluate the effect of adding Fulyzme plus (biofertilizer) and the foliar application of green tea extract (organic nutrient) on growth and yield of pepper plant cv. California wonder. A factorial experiment (43) was carried out using RCBD Design with three replicates. The Fulyzme plus treatment was applied with four concentrations (0, 10, 20. and 30 g. L-1). The foliar application of green tea extract was applied with three concentrations which were 0, 2 and 4 ml. L-1. Results revealed significant effects of Fulyzme plus at 30 g. L-1 and the foliar application of green tea extract at the 4 ml. L-1 in plant height (89.62 cm), number of branches (9.44 branch. Plant-1), number of leaves (38.28 leaf. Plant-1), leaves area (40.79 dcm2. Plant-1), number of flowers (35.77 flower. Plant-1) and fruits set (62.45%), number of fruits (17.96 fruit. Plant-1), plant yield (4.16 kg. plant-1), productivity (137.93 t. ha-1) and Vitamin. C in fruits (34.74 ml.100g-1). Therefore adding bio-fertilizer and spraying with organic nutrient improved vegetative growth and increase yield of pepper plants.

The purpose of this work was to prepare new isatin- and monothiomalondiamide-based indole derivatives, as well as to study the properties of the new compounds. The four-component reaction of 5-R-isatins (R = H, CH3), malononitrile, monothiomalonamide (3-amino-3-thioxo- propanamide) and triethylamine in hot EtOH yields a mixture of isomeric triethylammonium 6′-amino-3′-(aminocarbonyl)-5′-cyano-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1′H- and 6′-amino-3′-(aminocarbonyl)- 5′-cyano-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3′H-spiro[indole-3,4′-pyridine]-2′-thiolates. The reactivity and structure of the products was studied. We found that oxidation of spiro[indole-3,4′-pyridine]-2′-thiolates with DMSO-HCl system produced only acidification products, diastereomeric 6′-amino-5′-cyano-5-methyl-2-oxo-2′-thioxo-1,2,2′,3′-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro-[indole-3,4′-pyridine]- 3′-carboxamides, instead of the expected isothiazolopyridines. The alkylation of the prepared spiro[indole-3,4′-pyridine]-2′-thiolates upon treatment with N-aryl α-chloroacetamides and α-bromoacetophenones proceeds in a regioselective way at the sulfur atom. In the case of α-bromoacetophenones, ring-chain tautomerism was observed for the S-alkylation products. According to NMR data, the compounds consist of a mixture of stereoisomers of 2′-amino-6′-[(2-aryl-2-oxoethyl)thio]-3′-cyano-2-oxo-1′H-spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyridine]-5′-carboxamides and 5′-amino-3′-aryl-6′-cyano-3′-hydroxy-2-oxo-2′,3′-dihydrospiro[indoline-3,7′-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine]-8′-carboxamides in various ratios. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR spectroscopy, HRMS, 1H and 13C DEPTQ NMR studies and the results of 2D NMR experiments (1H-13C HSQC, 1H-13C HMBC). Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate suitable binding modes of some new compounds with respect to the transcriptional regulator protein PqsR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The docking studies revealed that the compounds have affinity for the bacterial regulator protein PqsR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a binding energy in the range of −5.8 to −8.2 kcal/mol. In addition, one of the new compounds, 2′-amino-3′-cyano-5-methyl-2-oxo-6′-{[2-oxo-2-(p-tolylamino)ethyl]thio}-1′H-spiro-[indoline-3,4′-pyridine]-5′-carboxamide, showed in vitro moderate antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and good antioxidant properties in a test with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Finally, three of the new compounds were recognized as moderately active herbicide safeners with respect to herbicide 2,4-D in the laboratory experiments on sunflower seedlings.

This study was performed in isolation of some pathogenic fungi from milk of apparently healthy cows. Eighty milk samples were collected from four quarters of twenty cows in the Abu Ghraib. Each sample was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose Agar at 28±2 ºC for 4-7 days. The most predominant mold and yeast were Acremonium spp. and Rhodotorula spp. that had used in the experimental infection. The number of experimental mice used in this study was 30 which divided into three equal groups. The 1st group was infected with Acremonium spp. by injection of 0.2 ml of 2*107 conidia/ml intraperitoneally. The 2nd group was inoculated with same dose and route with Rhodotorula spp., while the3rd group served as control group. All mice were sacrificed after 2 weeks of injection, Serum was obtained for biochemical analysis of hepatic and renal enzymes. Some of internal organs of infected groups were taken for histopathological study. The result recorded that the total percentage of fungal infection was 53 (66.3%) of these Acremonium spp. 9 (24.3%) and Rhodotorula spp. 7 (43.8%). Histopathological sections of the 1st group showed severe lesions in kidney than 2nd group although both groups showed lesions in most internal organs. Blood biochemical results showed the yeast has highest significant differences on ALT levels, while the mold has highest effect on serum creatinine, with insignificant difference on urea. In conclusion it could be said that in spite of Acremonium spp. and Rhodotorula spp. are considered as contaminant fungi, but they can cause disseminated mycosis in mice.

Background: This study was conducted in pursuit of gaining an understand effects of the low level laser irradiation on whole blood is very essential way in revealing the mechanisms of the action of laser radiation on biological tissues. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vitroeffect of laser radiation on some hematological parameters and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Subject and Method: Blood samples were obtained from 30 healthy volunteers, each sample was divided into four new samples, one of them was considered as control while the other three were exposed to three different laser doses. Thewavelength of532nm was used for irradiation with 4mm diameter beam spot on blood samples, with power density of 796.17mW/cm2. The irradiation times were 1.8, 3.7and 6.2 secand so the different doses of irradiation 1.5,3 and 5 J/cm2, respectively. Results: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was measured after laser irradiation and compared with un-irradiated control sample. The results of this study showed thaterythrocyte sedimentation rate value increased significantly with a dose of 1.5J/cm² but not with the othertwo doses’ values in male persons but not in females. Moreover, the mean cell volume shows significant decrement post irradiation. Conclusion: Laser irradiation induces physical changes in red blood cell membrane permeability and blood viscosity and consequently alters erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

The Present study was aimed to evaluate the responses of sixteen species of barley Hordeum vulgar L. cultivated in Iraq against drought stress through treatments of seedling with varying concentrations of Polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) to reach the water stress(-3,-6,-9) in addition to control (without PEG 6000). The results showed variation of barley species in their ability to tolerate the drought stress. For instance, Boraq and Arefat were shown to be the most tolerable species, since their percentage of seeds germination were non significantly affected by the highest water potential (-9) bar, while (bawadi,amal,nor alqadsea and nomar) were shown to be moderately drought tolerable, since their percentage of seeds germination were significantly affected at water potential (-9)bar. In contrast, the rest of species,i.e. Alkhair,alwarkaa, ebaa99 ,shoaa ,alrafidian ,sameer ,rehana3 ,forat9 ,Jazera1 and ebaa7 species, were all shown to be the most drought sensitive species, since their percentages of seeds germination were significantly affected at-3 and -6 bar.The results also showed that the averages of seeds percentage germination ,root length, dry weight, vigor index lowered significantly at (-6,-9) bar but they were significantly affected in -3 bar, while plumule length and fresh water significantly affected from -3 bar. The ratio of root to plumule length gave significantly increasment at -6,-9 bar and it was not affected significantly at -3 bar. In conclusion, barley species showed great variation in their response to the different water stress, This means that, there was a wild range of barley riddling tolerating the drought in germination stage and seedling growth.

The genetic diversity was studied in sixteen barley Hordeum vulgar L. species cultivated in Iraq , which are differ in their ability to drought stress tolerance by using random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD - PCR ) .Barley species was evaluated to drought stress after treatment the plant seedling at germination stages to different concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEDG6000) . The results showed that the Broaq and Arefat species have the highest tolerance to drought stress in contrast the rest of Barly species like Alkhair, Alwarkaa, Ebaa99, Shoaa, Alrafidain,Sameer Rehana 3 , forat9 , jazeral ,and ebaa7 revealed sensitivity to drought stress . The primes which used RAPD technique for all the studied species were produced 203 bands . The percentage of monomorphic bands is 10.39 % , while the polymorphic bands scored 89.70% raning from 71.4 % for OP-B11 primer to 100% for OP-C16 primer .Some primers produced specific or distinguished bands for some Barley species , such as primer OP-N13 which produced band with 450 bp molecular weight. and this band was appeared in sensitive drought stress species only like Forat 9 ,Jazera 1 and Ebaa7. Primer P27 produced band with 2000 bp molecular weight and this band was appeared in highest tolerance Boraq Barley species .This band maybe associated with drought tolerant. Cluster analyses by using jaccard scale for genetic similarity revealed a dendogram with three major groups with 75% similarity degree .The first and second sub group of group one included the tolerant and moderately tolerant species excluding Alkhair and Alwarkaa species which they are separated according to their genetic origin with one of the parents (Arefat) . The second and the third groups with the third sub group of group one included the sensitive species. The results of RAPD markers indicated the presence of high percentage of genetic diversity within the studies Barley species cultivated in Iraq .Moreover .these result enable the researches to separate the samples which differ in their ability to drought stress tolerance by using few numbers of genetic sites.

This study is designed to diagnosis blood Toxoplasmosis in human (women and men) and sheep (male and female) by using Elisa test; as well histopathological examination of heart, liver and lung of sheep were also done, internal organs were also obtained heart, liver and lung. Women diagnosis was performed by collection 96 samples from aborted women ageing from 15-45 years and divided into three groups; first group 15-25 years involved 50 sample, second group 25-35 years include 37 samples; and the third group 35-45 years included 9 samples. The results of Elisa test showed six positive of IgG, (two for each group) and one positive IgM for the second group, a significant (P

This study was designed to explore the pathological effect of alcoholic plant agolanceolata crude extracts effect on some Salmonella species invitro and in vivo study by using laboratory mice .plant agolanceolata crude extract were dealing in vitro study against some virulent bacteria including Salmonella typhimurium ,Salmonella typhiond Salmonella hadar. And using the concentrations (100,150,200,250 and 300) mg for plan tagolanceolata crude extract ,concentration at 300 mg and the highest inhibitory effect on the three types of salmonella ,when compared with the other concentrations .The pathological study of plant agolanceolata crude extract was done against the infection of Salmonella typhimurium as in vivo study by using white laboratory mice. Twenty four mice were randomly divided into six groups, each group contain four animals. First group was administrated orally o.3 ml of Salmonella typhimuriumof bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally for one week of infection. Second group administrated orally with 0.3 ml of bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally of Salmonella typhimurium for two weeks as infection. Third group administrated orally with 0.3 ml of bacterial suspension containing 1x106cfu orally Salmonella typhimurium for three weeks as infection. Fourth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for one week daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Fifth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for two weeks daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. And sixth group was administrated orally with o.3 ml of plant agolanceolata extract for three weeks daily after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. The histopathological study showed pathological changes in theintestine of the first , second and third groups that infected with Salmonella typhimuriumbacteria, (sixfhgroup)no clear pathological changes were reported except some lesions. For all, the plantagolanceolata extract apparently has therapeutic effect whenused in high concentration invitro and for long time invivo.

This study was designed to evaluate the histopathological changes for internal organs of white female mice after inoculation with Salmonella typhimurium in dose 1x108.Sixteen white mice apprrximatly age (one-two months) and body weight were (25-30) gram divided into 2 equal groups. The first group was inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium orally and killed after24hr.Group2 was inoculated with normal saline as control group. The histopathological changes of the liver were showed infiltration of kupffer cells and aggregation of mononuclear cells around the central vein with congestion of blood vessels and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The intestinal changes showed hyperplasia of goblet cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of atrophic villi. The results of the electron microscope were showed S. typhimurium lie close to the brush border of the villi of ileum of infected mice, and in another section noticed degeneration of the brush border and the apical cytoplasm with cavity formation occurs near a bacterium (arrow). In addition,budding, swelling and elongation of microvilli are evident.In summary to the above, the microorganisms Salmonella typhimurium have the ability to infect ileum and penetrate to other internal organs.

The influence of fiber orientation and water absorption on fatigue crack growth resistance for cold cure acrylic (PMMA) reinforced by chopped and woven -glass-fibers were investigated. A weight of 2 g for chopped fibers and the same weight for woven -glass-fibers (one layer) were used to prepare samples. Some of these samples would storage in dry condition; the others were immersed in water for 15 days. Fatigue test was carried out. The results shows that, for PMMA, the initial bending stress for dry specimen was 3.392 N/cm2 and the number of cycles were 1364, the initial bending stress for wet samples was 4.20 N/cm2, and the number of cycles was 2411. The samples would cut in two pieces because of the cracks would propagated fast during the test. Reinforcement PMMA with different kinds of glass fibers would increase the initial bending stresses for all specimens. The cracks would appear slowly during the test, and the specimens will not separate during the test except the samples which reinforced by Woven-Glass-Fibers

This study was designed to evaluate the anticancer, effects of the ethanolic (EE), cold aqueous (CAE), and hot aqueous (HAE) extracts of Sonchus oleraceus on cancer cell lines (in vitro). In vitro study was performed on three cancer cell lines (murine mammary adenocarcinoma AMN-3 cell line, laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cell line) and rat embryogenic fibroblast (REF) as normal cell line. Periods of exposure of cell lines were measured at 24, 48, and 72-hr in a microtitration plate under complete sterile conditions. Different concentrations starting from (78.125 to 10000) μg/ml of two fold dilution for each extract were prepared and tested on each cell line, with three replicates for each concentration. The three extracts showed concentration and time dependence with growth inhibitory effects, and the highest effect was obtained from ethanolic extract at higher concentrations after 48 hr. of exposures on both AMN3 and Hep-2 cell lines, while the cytotoxic effect of both cold aqueous and hot aqueous extracts on AMN-3 and Hep-2 cell lines exhibited that the higher concentrations gave a significantly (P

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Recognition and modelling of driver behavior (DB) have lately been crucial in intelligence transportation systems (ITS), human-vehicle, and intelligent vehicle systems (IVS). The evidence that drivers are distracted most often causes accidents and incidents involving vehicles is growing. Using camera sensors in the vehicle or sensors worn by the driver can help detect and prevent drivers from engaging in distracting behaviors like talking on the phone, eating, drinking, adjusting the radio, interacting with navigation systems, or even combing their hair while behind the wheel. However, this system requires a lightweight data processing module and a powerful training module for real-time detection. Data must be collected from certain cameras or wearable sensors to detect distracted drivers and ensure a rapid reaction from the administrator on safe driving. Therefore, this paper suggests a Machine Learning Driver Distraction Prediction Model (MLDDPM) with a decision-support system (DSS) that can alert the driver to possible dangers on the road by analyzing both internal (vehicle parameters) and external (road infrastructure messages) data. This research MLDDPM employed semi-supervised algorithms to reduce the expense of labelling training data for driver attention detection in actual driving scenarios. Two attentive and cognitively distracted driving states were used to assess support vector machines: i) as a supplementary parameter for the aggregate risk assessment of driving and ii) as a parameter for providing the driver with the most appropriate message type on possible road dangers. Finding the optimal approach to driver assistance to guarantee secure transportation is the primary goal of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a common cause of chronic foot pain that leads to functional limitations in individuals. There has been recent research on plantar fasciitis, but no studies have compared the effects of the active release technique and post-isometric relaxation in patients to determine which manual therapy technique improves foot pain and function. Objective This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the active release technique and post-isometric relaxation on proximal foot pain and functional status and to assess muscular tightness among patients with traffic police wards and plantar fasciitis. Methods A quasi-experimental study (pre-test, post-test) was conducted in the Physiotherapy Department of Police Hospital, Gujranwala, Pakistan, between October 2022 and April 2023. We included 30 consecutively aged 25- to 60-year-old symptomatic police wardens diagnosed with planter fasciitis, who complained of pain on walking and standing for more than 3 months and met the inclusion criteria. They were equally assorted into two groups (n = 15 in each group) using convenient sampling. Group A received an active release exercise technique, group B received a post-isometric relaxation technique, and the participants in both groups received a similar baseline treatment protocol that consisted of calf stretching and stretching of the plantar fascia (5 repetitions and holding for 15 s). In the outcome measures, we included the Foot Function Index to assess the function of the foot and the Visual Analog Scale to examine the pain intensity measured during rest. The participants in both groups performed the selective protocol 3 days per week for 3 weeks, and we calculated the results at baseline and on the third day of the third week. We analyzed the data using SPSS software version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). We compared within-group differences in the VAS score and FFI using paired t tests and analyzed between-group differences in the VAS score and FFI before and after performing the ART and PIR using independent t tests. Results The 8-week intervention therapy revealed a demographic age mean and standard deviation of 36.60 ± 6.11 for group A and 35.60 ± 4.85 for group B. Within-group analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in VAS (pain) score following ART intervention (1.80 ± 0.862, p 0.05), suggesting non-significant differences. Conclusion The active release exercise intervention is more effective than post-isometric relaxation in improving pain and foot function disability in patients with plantar fasciitis. The present study aimed to help physical therapists choose the most efficient manual therapy exercise intervention to improve functional limitations.