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The studies show that when using the preparation "Degelm-14" after infection of birds, the histological structure in most of the studied organs was gradually restored. In the glandular stomach and small intestine on the 22nd day after application of the studied preparation the microstructure of the organ recovered completely. Microstructural changes in the cloacal pouch and spleen after application of Degelm-14 indicated restoration of the proliferative activity of the cells of the germinal centers. In the liver, at the final stage of the study, there were no signs of metabolic disorders in hepatocytes, and the dark pink coloration of their cytoplasm indicated an increase in synthetic processes in the cells of the organ parenchyma. But in the kidneys there were still observed signs of impaired glomerular filtration, regulating the function of the organ.

The hierarchical approach while solving the problem of complex scheduling of transferred batches of units using flexible transfer lines is considered, when sets and time limits of flexible transfer lines are formed. Mathematical model of hierarchical game to optimize a mixture of transferred batches is developed. The groups of sets are processing during time intervals of definite lengths. The schedules of batches of units are optimized, using the mathematical model. The way of optimizing a mixture of groups of sets while resulting batches are formed, is developed.

It is generally accepted in practical veterinary medicine that cryptosporidiosis invasion of the gastrointestinal tract of calves is a local pathological process and the disease outcome is completely determined by the local etiological factor. Pathomorphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, detected during the invasion, and metabolic disorders in the body of sick calves cannot occur without changes in the structure of adaptive mechanisms. Therefore, studies of the endocrine organs reaction in acute and chronic forms of the cryptosporidiosis course have been carried out. It has been found that calves during the neonatal period have the acute course of invasion accompanied by severe violations of the most functionally loaded structures of the endocrine organs. This is manifested in the form of increased mechanisms of programmed necrosis, the occurrence of reversible and irreversible degenerative processes, and local hemocirculation disorders. The pathological metamorphosis arising from cryptosporidiosis infection in endocrinocytes led to significant violations of the adaptive systems of the calves’ body and ultimately ended in an unfavorable disease outcome. Pathological changes with a predominance of atrophic, sclerotic, and necrobiotic processes in the chronic course of invasion were manifested in all structures of the studied endocrine organs simultaneously. A prolonged state of structural and functional overstrains of the endocrine organs eventually led to the depletion of adaptive hormone resources. The pluriglandular insufficiency state in the body was crucial in the pathogenesis and outcome of the chronic course of cryptosporidiosis in calves.

Viral diseases of potatoes are among the main problems causing deterioration in the quality of tubers and loss of yield. The growth and development of potato plants largely depend on soil moisture. Prevention strategies require comprehensive protection against pathogens and abiotic stresses, including modeling the beneficial microbiome of agroecosystems combining microorganisms and immunostimulants. Chitosan and its derivatives have great potential for use in agricultural engineering due to their ability to induce plant immune responses. The effect of chitosan conjugate with caffeic acid (ChCA) in combination with Bacillus subtilis 47 on the transcriptional activity of PR protein genes and changes in the proteome of potato plants during potato virus Y (PVY) infection and drought was studied. The mechanisms of increasing the resistance of potato plants to PVY and lack of moisture are associated with the activation of transcription of genes encoding PR proteins: the main protective protein (PR-1), chitinase (PR-3), thaumatin-like protein (PR-5), protease inhibitor (PR-6), peroxidase (PR-9), and ribonuclease (PR-10), as well as qualitative and quantitative changes in the plant proteome. The revealed activation of the expression of marker genes of systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance under the influence of combined treatment with B. subtilis and chitosan conjugate indicate that, in potato plants, the formation of resistance to viral infection in drought conditions proceeds synergistically. By two-dimensional electrophoresis of S. tuberosum leaf proteins followed by MALDI-TOF analysis, 10 proteins were identified, the content and composition of which differed depending on the experiment variant. In infected plants treated with ChCA, the synthesis of proteinaceous RNase P 1 and oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 was enhanced in conditions of normal humidity, and 20 kDa chaperonin and TMV resistance protein N-like was enhanced in conditions of lack of moisture. The virus coat proteins were detected, which intensively accumulated in the leaves of plants infected with potato Y-virus. ChCA treatment reduced the content of these proteins in the leaves, and in plants treated with ChCA in combination with Bacillus subtilis , viral proteins were not detected at all, both in conditions of normal humidity and lack of moisture, which suggests the promising use of chitosan derivatives in combination with B. subtilis bacteria in the regulation of plant resistance.

Endophytic Bacillus subtilis is a non-pathogenic beneficial bacterium which promotes plant growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses, including drought. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, the potential role that endogenous salicylic acid (SA) plays in regulating endophytic B. subtilis -mediated drought tolerance in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was examined. The study was conducted on genotypes with contrasting levels of intrinsic drought tolerance (drought-tolerant (DT) cv. Ekada70; drought-susceptible (DS) cv. Salavat Yulaev). It was revealed that B. subtilis 10-4 promoted endogenous SA accumulation and increased the relative level of transcripts of the PR-1 gene, a marker of the SA-dependent defense pathway, but two wheat cultivars responded differently, with the highest levels exhibited in DT wheat seedlings. These had a positive correlation with the ability of strain 10-4 to effectively protect DT wheat seedlings against drought injury by decreasing osmotic and oxidative damages (i.e., proline, water holding capacity (WHC), and malondialdehyde (MDA)). However, the use of the SA biosynthesis inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole prevented endogenous SA accumulation under normal conditions and the maintenance of its increased level under stress as well as abolished the effects of B. subtilis treatment. Particularly, the suppression of strain 10-4-induced effects on proline and WHC, which are both contributing factors to dehydration tolerance, was found. Moreover, the prevention of strain 10-4-induced wheat tolerance to the adverse impacts of drought, as judged by the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA) and plant growth (length, biomass), was revealed. Thus, these data provide an argument in favor of a key role of endogenous SA as a hormone intermediate in triggering the defense responses by B. subtilis 10-4, which also afford the foundation for the development of the bacterial-induced tolerance of these two different wheat genotypes under dehydration.

A small family of ARGOS genes encodes transmembrane proteins that act as negative regulators of ethylene signaling. Recent studies show that ARGOS genes are involved in the regulation of plant growth under the influence of stress factors. However, the role of ARGOS genes in this process is poorly known. Thereby, our goal was to determine the expression profile of these genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum in response to phytohormone treatment and stress factors. We discovered that expression of the AtARGOS and AtARGOS-LIKE genes of A. thaliana is regulated by ethylene and depends on environmental conditions. The highest expression level of the NtARGOS-LIKE1 gene of tobacco (NtARL1) was observed in blooming flowers and young organs. It was induced by auxins, ethylene, ABA, methyl jasmonate as well as hypothermia, drought, salinity and heat stresses. To evaluate the impact of ARGOS genes on plant growth under stress, we created transgenic tobacco plants with constitutive expression of the AtARGOS-LIKE gene of A. thaliana (AtARL), controlled by a strong Dahlia mosaic virus promoter. Overexpression of the AtARL gene contributed to an increase in the volume and quantity of mesophyll cells in the leaves of tobacco under normal conditions, and also to an improvement in root growth under salinity, cold and cadmium treatment. The AtARL transgene produced a positive effect on shoot growth when exposed to drought and high salinity, and a negative effect under cold stress. Accordingly, genes of the ARGOS family can be recommended as targets for genetic engineering and genome editing in order to enhance productivity and stress tolerance of economically important plants., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Important role in treatment and prophylaxis for vibration disease due to local vibration is played by physical factors. If high frequency components prevalent in occupational vibration, treatment with electric therapy, laser, magnetic fields, lymphatic drainage, hydrotherapy provides influence on leading chains of systemic microangiopathies pathogenesis - dysbalance of regulation influences by vegetative nervous system, vasoconstriction and intravascular changes, vascular permeability and microcirculation disorders. If low frequency coomponents prevalent in occupational vibration, treatment of polyneuropathies and locomotory disorders incorporates trophic processes activation: transcranial electroanalgesia, surface application of mineral waters, manual and subwater massage, ozone therapy, local spark discharges, peloids. Complex use of physical methods also increases human adaptational resources.

Influence of mediators of the signal systems of salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids and their mixture on reactive oxygen species' (ROS) (superoxide radical O2*- and H2O2) generation and activity of oxidoreductases (oxalate oxidase, peroxidase and catalase) in leaves of wheat Triticum aestivum L. infected by Septoria leaf blotch pathogen Septoria nodorum Berk. has been studied. Presowing treatment of seeds by SA and JA decreased the development rate of fungus on wheat leaves. SA provided earlier inductive effect on production of O2*- and H2O2 compared with JA. The protective effect of the salicylic and jasmonic acids against Septoria leaf blotch pathogen was caused by activation of oxalate oxidase, induction of anion and cation peroxidases, and decrease of catalase activity. Ability of compounds to stimulate ROS in the plant tissues can be used as criteria for evaluation of immune-modulating activity of new substances for protection of the plants.