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Endoglin (ENG) mutation causes type 1 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT1). HHT1 patients have arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in multiple organs, including the brain. In mice, Eng deletion induced by R26RCreER or SM22αCre leads to AVM development in the brain and other organs. We hypothesized that an increase in Eng- negative ECs will enhance AVM severity. To increase EC Eng deletion, we used a codon-improved cre (icre), which is more potent in recombination of the floxed alleles than the wild-type (WT) cre. R26RCreER;Engf/f mice that have a Rosa promoter driving and tamoxifen (TM)-inducible WT cre expression globally, and PdgfbiCreER;Engf/f mice that have a Pdgfb promoter driving and TM-inducible icre expression in ECs were treated with three intra-peritoneal injections of TM (2.5 mg/25 g of body weight) to delete Eng globally or in the ECs. AAV-VEGF was stereotactically injected into the brain to induce brain focal angiogenesis and brain AVM. We found that icre caused more Eng deletion in the brain, indicated by a lower level of Eng proteins (p < 0.001) and fewer Eng-positive ECs (p = 0.01) than mice with WT cre. Mice with icre-mediated Eng deletion have more abnormal vessels (p = 0.02), CD68+ macrophages (p = 0.002), and hemorrhage (p = 0.04) and less vascular pericyte and smooth muscle coverage than mice with WT cre. In addition, arteriovenous shunts were detected in the intestines of icre mice, a phenotype that has not been detected in WT cre mice before. RNA-seq analysis showed that 8 out of the 10 top upregulated pathways identified by gene ontology (GO) analysis are related to inflammation. Therefore, the increase in Eng deletion in ECs exacerbates AVM severity, which is associated with enhanced inflammation. Strategies that can reduce Eng-negative ECs could be used to develop new therapies to reduce AVM severity for HHT1 patients.

Cold spray coatings represent a newly emerging and recently implemented approach to enhance the poor wear and corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy. In this study, the authors applied pure Cu and Cu-50 wt% Al2O3 composite coatings on an AZ31B substrate using the cold spray deposition method and investigated the effects of gas pressure (1, 2, and 3 MPa) and stand-off distance (1, 2, and 3 cm) on their microstructure characteristics. An increase in gas pressure from 1 MPa to 3 MPa resulted in a decrease in porosity, ranging from 33 % to 38 %, across varying stand-off distances. Increasing the stand-off distance from 1 to 3 cm resulted in a nearly four-fold rise in porosity for 2 and 3 MPa pressures and about 1.5 times for 1 MPa. The porosity increased with higher pressure due to the fragmentation of Al2O3 particles but decreased with greater spraying distance due to reduced Al2O3 retention. Additionally, the incorporation of Al2O3 particles into Cu coatings led to a significant improvement in sliding wear resistance, by up to 50 %, compared to the bare substrate. Abrasive wear and delamination were identified as the dominant wear mechanisms for the composite coatings based on friction coefficient values and micromorphology of wear tracks. Electrochemical results indicated a significant increase in the corrosion resistance of the Cu coating compared to both the bare Mg substrate and Cu–Al2O3 coating, attributed to improved resistance to galvanic corrosion.

Background: The increase in the collagen I (COL I)/COL III ratio enhances vessel wall stiffness and renders vessels less resistant to blood flow and pressure changes. Activated microglia enhance inflammation-induced fibrosis. Hypotheses: The COL I/COL III ratio in human and mouse brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is associated with bAVM hemorrhage, and the depletion of microglia decreases the COL I/COL III ratio and hemorrhage. Method: COL I, COL III, and hemorrhages were analyzed in 12 human bAVMs and 6 control brains, and mouse bAVMs induced in three mouse lines with activin receptor-like kinase 1 (n = 7) or endoglin (n = 7) deleted in the endothelial cells or brain focally (n = 5). The controls for the mouse study were no-gene-deleted litter mates. Mouse bAVMs were used to test the relationships between the Col I/Col III ratio and hemorrhage and whether the transient depletion of microglia reduces the Col I/Col III ratio and hemorrhage. Results: The COL I/COL III ratio was higher in the human and mouse bAVMs than in controls. The microhemorrhage in mouse bAVMs was positively correlated with the Col I/Col III ratio. Transient depletion of microglia reduced the Col I/Col III ratio and microhemorrhage. Conclusions: The COL I/COL III ratio in the bAVMs was associated with bAVM hemorrhage. The depletion of microglia reduced the bAVM Col I/Col III ratio and hemorrhage.

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are abnormal vessels that are prone to rupture, causing life-threatening intracranial bleeding. The mechanism of bAVM formation is poorly understood. Nevertheless, animal studies revealed that gene mutation in endothelial cells (ECs) and angiogenic stimulation are necessary for bAVM initiation. Evidence collected through analyzing bAVM specimens of human and mouse models indicate that cells other than ECs also are involved in bAVM pathogenesis. Both human and mouse bAVMs vessels showed lower mural cell-coverage, suggesting a role of pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) in bAVM pathogenesis. Perivascular astrocytes also are important in maintaining cerebral vascular function and take part in bAVM development. Furthermore, higher inflammatory cytokines in bAVM tissue and blood demonstrate the contribution of inflammatory cells in bAVM progression, and rupture. The goal of this paper is to provide our current understanding of the roles of different cellular loci in bAVM pathogenesis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single-stranded RNA virus and a member of the corona virus family, primarily affecting the upper respiratory system and the lungs. Like many other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 can spread to other organ systems. Apart from causing diarrhea, another very common but debilitating complication caused by SARS-CoV-2 is neurological symptoms and cognitive difficulties, which occur in up to two thirds of hospitalized COVID-19 patients and range from shortness of concentration and overall declined cognitive speed to executive or memory function impairment. Neuro-cognitive dysfunction and “brain fog” are frequently present in COVID-19 cases, which can last several months after the infection, leading to disruption of daily life. Cumulative evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 affects vasculature in the extra-pulmonary systems directly or indirectly, leading to impairment of endothelial function and even multi-organ damage. The post COVID-19 long-lasting neurocognitive impairments have not been studied fully and their underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the effects of COVID-19 on vascular dysfunction and how vascular dysfunction leads to cognitive impairment in patients.

Introduction: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a psycho-neuroendocrine disorder in which biological, psychological, and social parameters are involved. Recently, regular and fun sports exercises and the use of some herbal medicines have been considered by researchers as the recommended treatment options for this syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a selected period of exercise training and consumption of Vitex Agnus Castus extract on the psychological and physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in young girls. Method: This research was a quasi-experimental study conducted among female students living in Gachsaran Azad University dormitories. In this study, out of 75 female students with PMS who had the conditions to enter the study, 40 people were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of 10 people, including:1) Aerobic Training, 2)Vitex extract consumption, 3)Aerobic Training+ Vitex, and 4) control. The training group performed 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks and 35 to 45 minutes each session at a maximum intensity of 55 to 65% of maximum heart rate. The Vitex group took 40 drops of Vitex Agnus Castus before breakfast with juice and six days before menstruation up to menstruation for two consecutive cycles. At the end of the eighth week, the PMS questionnaire was completed again by the subjects and the data analysis was performed in SPSS using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)at P≤0.05. Results: Eight weeks of aerobic training and consumption of Vitex extract had a significant effect on the psychological (P≤0.05) and physical (P≤0.05) symptoms of intervention groups compared to the control group (P≤0.05), but there was no significant difference between some intervention groups in terms of reducing physical symptoms(P≤0.05). Also, the effects of treatment in the Vitex+ Training group and the Vitex consumption group were higher than the Aerobic Training group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the fun nature of exercises and low cost and low side effects of Vitexextract, it is recommended that young girls use aerobic training and Vitexextractas as an alternative treatment to treat and reduce PMS symptoms.

Background and Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the scientific outputs of the faculty members of the information science and science departments of Iranian state universities in the Science Research Network and its impact on their scientific outputs in databases and search engines. Materials and Methods: This study was applied in terms of purpose, survey methodology and Altmetrics approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of 118 faculty members in the field of information science and social sciences active in Social- Scientific Network from 29 Governmental universities in the country. Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis were used for data analysis. Results: The findings showed that the authors of Isfahan, Tehran University of Medical Siences and Shahid Chamran of Ahvaz Universities are the most active members of the faculty in ResearchGate in terms of Altmetrics characteristics. In terms of RG score, faculty members with associatechr('39')s degree perform better than the others. There is also a positive correlation between the Altmetrics indicators of ResearchGate network and the scientometric indicators of Scopus citation database and Google Scholar. Conclusion: Since there was a positive correlation between Altmetrics indexes in ResearchGate with Scinientometrics indexes in Google Scholar and Scopus, so this leads to the visibility of their scientific work and their improvement of citation indexes in databases.

Abstract Ischemic stroke is characterized by extensive neuronal loss, glial scar formation, neural tissue degeneration that leading to profound changes in the extracellular matrix, neuronal circuitry, and long‐lasting functional disabilities. Although transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) can recover some of the functional deficit after stroke, retrieval is not complete and repair of lost tissue is negligible. Therefore, the current challenge is to use the combination of NSCs with suitably enriched biomaterials to retain these cells within the infarct cavity and accelerate the formation of a de novo tissue. This study aimed to test the regenerative potential of polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid‐polyethylene glycol (PLGA‐PEG) micelle biomaterial enriched with Reelin and embryonic NSCs on photothrombotic stroke model of mice to gain appropriate methods in tissue engineering. For this purpose, two sets of experiments, either in vitro or in vivo models, were performed. In vitro analyses exhibited PLGA‐PEG plus Reelin‐induced proliferation rate (Ki‐67+ NSCs) and neurite outgrowth (axonization and dendritization) compared to PLGA‐PEG + NSCs and Reelin + NSCs groups (p

In this paper, a numerical technique is proposed to solve optimal control problems (OPCs) of Volterra integral equations (VIEs). We apply the linear B-spline polynomials to solve OPCs by VIEs. The B-spline function divides the interval into sub-intervals and then built a different approximating polynomial on each sub-interval. In this method, optimal trajectory and control functions are expanded in terms of B-spline functions. The linear B-spline operational matrix of integration and multiplication are utilized in the proposed method.The main characteristic this method is that by using the suggested numerical technique and the related operational matrices, optimal control problem governed by Volterra integral equations is converted to a system of equations. Suffice it to say that this scheme simplifies The main problems and also makes to obtain a good approximate solution for them. In the end, there are two illustrative examples which numerical results show the validity and applicability of our method.

Introduction: It is generally accepted that cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important health problem in the world which is caused by leishmaniasis protozoan. This disease is also considered as a health problem in some regions of Iran including Bushehr province. The present study investigated the geographical dispersion and epidemiological characteristics of subjects with the cutaneous leishmaniasis in this province during 2011-2015. Methods: In this cross-sectional and analytical study, the epidemiologic data including the age, gender, residential area, and counties with this disease was analyzed and collected from 663 patients who were followed up and treated during 2011 to 2015. Results: 422 (63.7%) of studied people were residents of urban areas and 241 (36.3%) lived in rural areas. 59.4% (394 people) were male and 40.6% (269) were female. The mean age of subjects was 21.91± 17.01 (ranging from 1 to 80 years). Kangan County with an average 5-year incidence of 17.72 per a hundred thousand people had the highest incidence, but Tangestan County with the incidence of 8.47 per a hundred thousand people had the lowest average incidence. Based on GIS results, Jam County, which was not recognized as the focus of this disease in the past, has been considered as a new focus of disease in recent years. Conclusion: The geographic information system (GIS) is an effective tool for the organization of diseases and health data. The crisis can be identified and controlled by taking proper measures with the discovery of spatial accumulation of diseases.

The Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) based Wind Turbines (WT) are widely used in WTs connected to power systems. Traditionally the back-to-back converters are used in order to control the DFIG. In this paper, an Indirect Matrix Converter (IMC) is utilized. Compared with back-to-back converters, IMCs have numerous advantages such as: higher level of robustness, reliability, reduced size and weight due to the absence of bulky electrolytic capacitor. According to the recent grid codes it is required that wind turbines remain connected to the grid during grid faults. It means that the plant must be in operation and be able to tolerate the fault conditions. This feature is called Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capability of wind plants. To improve FRT capability of the wind turbine, in this paper an adaptive gain scheduling controller is proposed. The proposed method could increase the damping of fault currents and hence attribute more time to controller for reactive power injection. Therefore, the new FRT standards are satisfied. PSIM simulation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.

Background and Objectives: In each life cycle stage, special relationship with the other person involved is that this relationship can improve individual health and social or damaged individual. The present study aimed to compare the early maladaptive schemas, coping strategies and emotional maturity of students with emotional injuries and no damage was emotional. Material and Methods: The causal-comparative study was conducted. From 422 students living in dormitories Damghan University and Azad University in the academic year 2015-16, 150 students were selected randomly. Participants blow to the questionnaire love, coping strategies questionnaire, the young schema questionnaire and emotional maturity questionnaire responded. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as variance univariate and multivariate multiple regressions used. Results: Results showed that signifiantly cuts and the exclusion (P

Introduction: This study was conducted aimed to consider the effects of culture medium and the concentration of growth regulators on proliferation, rooting and the acclimatization of Myrobalan29C. This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications where each plot contained five explants. Given the role of trees rootstock of growth rate vegetative in the early maturity٫ yield and disease resistance will be suitable rootstock that has an important role in program garden management. In total rootstock of fruit trees have be propagation sexual and asexual methods, however٫ given that in sexual reproduction the resulting dispersion characteristics and the resulting seedlings changed by genetics, it is tried for decades to asexual propagation methods in specially tissue culture methods healthy rootstock for mass propagation and used the development of orchards. Seedling rootstock Myrobalan had been used in the past. The rootstock can be positive features cited the ease of access, to be cheap, good yields after maturity. In study, the effects of NAA and BAP on proliferation of Gisala5 rootstock showed the most shoot treated in mediacontaining 1mg/l BAP. Investigated Chinese plum in vitro micropropagation showed that 1/2 MS media had the highest percentage rooting, and acclimatization rooted plantlets to greenhouse conditions was using the system miss successfully. Due to the importance and essential to achieve an efficient protocol for the mass propagation of Myrobalan 29C in Iran, this study was conducted with the main purpose of evaluating the most suitable media culture and plant growth regulators in micropropagation of Myrobalan 29C. Material and methods: The explants were collected from shoots of Myrobalan 29C rootstock maintained in the experimental greenhouse of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre (of Mashhad, Iran), on June 25, 2013. The explants were washed by water and dishwashing liquid to removed surface contamination. Then they were divided to some parts containing one bud and were sterilized with ethanol 70% 1 min and sodium hypochlorite 10% at 10 min. Proliferation was performed in two kind of culture medium (MS and DKW) that supplemented with plant growth regulators BAP (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg l-1). The rootstocks of in this step, after subculture three (21 days between each subculture), the numbers, the length and quality of the shoots (explants strong growth, with no signs of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing terminal meristem), b– less than 15% have the symptoms of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing terminal meristem, and c– explant weak, 15-30% have the symptoms of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing Terminal meristem) were measured. This stage was carried with four replications and each replicates with five samples. Two culture media (MS and DKW) were used for rooting, which supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at four levels (0, 1, 2, 3 mg l-1). This stage was carried with four replications and each replicates with three samples. After being rooted explants, the best cultured media and combination of rooting growth regulators number and root length, leaf number and stem length and quality of explants were recorded. Acclimatization used in substrate including Coco Peat - Perlite 3:0/5 V, Coco Peat 100%V٫ Coco Peat - Perlite 0.5:3V, Perlite100%V and Coco Peat - Perlite1:1V). Results and Discussions: Results showed that the 10% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, with 4% decay was the best treatment for sterilization. The results showed that the proliferation average was 6/16 in MS medium with 2 mgl-1 BAP and the most percent of rooting and root length were about 100% and 2/51 cm in MS medium with 2mgl-1 of IBA, respectively. The acclimatization of plantlets to greenhouse conditions was successful. The highest rate of plantlets survival (about 70%) was obtained from substrate Cocopit and Prlit (1; 1 V). In the present study, explants year compared annual explant least contamination had enjoyed. It seems that the young explants, smooth the surface of the skin, having the least amount of crack depend on the type of surface depressions explants and the crack and lower depressions the surface explants increase surface contact area disinfectants and also improve its impact. In this study found that the type of medium a significant impacted on the health of plants and so the proliferation of explants was successful. Usually root production in plants under the influence of synthesis, metabolism, and transport is auxin signaling pathways. Therefore acclimatization directly affected the rooting of plants that had high quality and the best rate of induction. Conclusions: The results of this research showed that we can duplicate Myrobalan29c rootstock by in vitro method. According in this research, MS media including BAP and IBA plant growth regulators are the most suitable for micro propagation.

Background & Aim: Different factors are involved in the reduction of MS disease and can help the patient in the process of disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict the psychosocial adjustment in patients with MS based on the components of coping strategies and religious orientation. Methods & Materials: The research method was descriptive and is one of the correlation studies. The statistical population is all of the patients with MS who referred to the associations in Tehran in the first quarter of 2016. A sample of 100 patients with MS (at least 19 years old and without psychiatric disorders) were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected by Lazarus and Fulkman coping styles questionnaire, Dreguits psychological and social adjustment scale, and Allport religious orientation. To analyze the data, correlation coefficients and hierarchical multi-variable regression analysis were used. Results: The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between religious orientation and psychological compilation (p

The Mangavai and Ganjnameh pegmatitic rocks are part of the Alvand granitoid pluton in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The composition of tourmaline in Mangavi is Schorl and that of the Ganjnameh lies in the Schorl- foitite fields. The amounts of aluminum and X-vacancy in the Ganjnameh tourmalines are more than those of Mangavi. But commonly, the main substitution of both types of tourmaline is proton production and Al increase types that Al increase; X-vacancy and Fe reduce occurred. During these substitutions, olenite and foitite, Al-tourmaline and X-vacancy have been formed, respectively. The absence of dravite and the Fe # value over 0.8 in analyzed samples indicate that the tourmalines in pegmatites are related to magmatic types. In addition, the substitution of X-vacancy and Na+Al (olenite) type of tourmaline point to its magmatic nature and so, the required elements (i.e. boron, iron, sodium and aluminum) provided by magmatic fluids. The HREE amount of the Mangavi tourmalines due to accompanied garnet are very low but in the absence of garnet, the Ganjnameh tourmaline have high levels of these elements. Although tourmalines have the extensive substitutions but do not have a tendency to absorb all rare earth elements and the greatest impact on the control of these elements in tourmaline related to paragenesis minerals.

The purpose of presnt study was to investigate how to answer to children’ questions about God. The main research question therefore was how we answer to children’s questions about God in a way that the answers be easily and fully comprehended and simultaneously do not cause any misunderstanding. For doing so, descriptive and inferential research methods were used. The findings of the study revealed two foundations as follows: children conceptions of God are totally influenced by their surrounding culture and the conception of God is abstract formed based on abstraction of the features of every day conceptions. This research also found that main principles in responding to children's questions about God are: providing active and dynamic social environment, attention and perception, scaffolding, and creating basic concepts. The result showed the main ways of responding to children’s questions are as: parable, simple intellectual reasoning, and step by step question-answer, storytelling, and group discussion methods.

Background: Aspirin is the drug of the century, and is a multifunctional drug and one of the most prescribed drugs in the world. Aspirin is a safe drug at low doses but also it has life-threatening side effects when administered at high doses. This study investi-gates the effects of aspirin on renal cortical and medullary tissue in rat embryos.Methods: In this study, 30 pregnant female rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Control group with no intervention, sham group received 2 ml distilled water (as a sol-vent of aspirin) received from days 8 to 20 of pregnancy, and four experimental groups received different doses of 75, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of aspirin by gavage. Pregnant rats were sacrificed on the twenty days of pregnancy and the fetuses were removed. Weight of the fetuses and placenta and Crown-Rump length were measured. Fetal kid-neys were fixed in formalin processed, sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin- Eosin. Thickness of renal cortical and medullary tissue by using a Motic hardware and soft-ware system were measured and recorded. A significance level of 0.05 was predeter-mined for all statistical analyses.Results: No apparent fetal anomalies were observed in experimental groups. In addi-tion, no significant differences were shown in the mean of fetal weight, placental weight, mean of Crown-Rump length in experimental groups 75, 200 and 300 mg/kg compared to control and sham groups. Mean fetal and placental weight in experimental group 100 significantly increased compared to control and sham groups. Mean ratio of renal cortex to renal medulla in experimental group 75, 100 and 300 were significantly decreased compared to control and sham groups (respectively P= 0.03, P= 0.013, P= 0.03).Conclusion: It seems that maternal use of aspirin during pregnancy can not cause fetal abnormalities. However, it can cause some changes in renal cortical and medullary tis-sue of rat embryos.

This research is aimed at comparing the effect of critical thinking on the decision-making process in scientific and social elites. In this causal- comparative study, the sample was selected via cluster and purposive sampling. The ability of critical thinking, which has previously been created, is measured by stimulating analytical, inferential, and evaluative thinking skills during the group and strategic decision-making process and social conflicts. The major findings of this study indicate that critical thinking and decision making skills were more in scientific elite than social ones, and the effect of critical thinking on the decision-making process in scientific elites is significant. Also, the inferential thinking explains 11% of the decision-making process.

We consider step and soft skew products over the Bernoulli shift which have an -dimensional closed manifold as a fiber. It is assumed that the fiber maps Hölder continuously depend on a point in the base. We prove that, in the space of skew product maps with this property, there exists an open domain such that maps from this open domain have dense sets of periodic points that are attracting and repelling along the fiber. Moreover, robust properties of invariant sets of diffeomorphisms, including the coexistence of dense sets of periodic points with different indices, are obtained.