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This study investigates the impact of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach on students' critical thinking skills and learning outcomes in elementary schools. The research employs a literature review method by analyzing findings from previous studies, including experimental and quasi-experimental designs. The RME approach, characterized by its emphasis on real-world problems and contextual learning, enables students to connect mathematical concepts with practical applications, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Various studies indicate that students using the RME approach exhibit significantly improved critical thinking skills compared to those taught using conventional methods. For example, one study showed an increase in the average critical thinking score from 63.29 to 80.29, with a significance value of 0.001 < 0.05, confirming the approach's effectiveness. Additionally, students demonstrated the ability to apply mathematical formulas in daily life and actively engage in learning activities, leading to higher academic achievement. The analysis highlights three key aspects of the RME approach: its ability to transform abstract concepts into relatable experiences, its adaptability to diverse student needs, and its effectiveness in promoting active participation. These attributes make RME a viable alternative for improving mathematics education in elementary schools. In conclusion, the RME approach provides a practical and effective solution for enhancing students' critical thinking skills and mathematical understanding, bridging the gap between theory and real-world application. This study recommends integrating the RME approach into mathematics curricula to achieve more meaningful and engaging learning experiences for elementary students.

Background: Sea cucumbers, particularly Stichopus herrmanni, are known for their medicinal value in Asian traditional medicine owing to the abundant presence of saponins, terpenoids, and phenols. Investigations on these bioactive compounds have revealed their cytotoxic propensity against various cancer cell lines, indicating their therapeutic potential. However, limited research exists on the potential application of sea cucumber extracts specifically in cervical cancer. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the bioactive components of Stichopus herrmanni extract, determine their association with potential targets in cervical cancer, and evaluate their cytotoxic effects on cervical cancer cells. Study Design: This experimental study employed both in vitro and in silico methods to evaluate the potential cytotoxic effects of Stichopus herrmanni extracts on cervical cancer cells. Methods: Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify and quantify the bioactive constituents of Stichopus herrmanni crude extract. An in silico approach was used to identify the active components, potential targets, and signaling pathways of the extract. Furthermore, the MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the extract. Results: LC-MS analysis identified the presence of rengyol, eucommiol, ganoderic acid, and 6-isoinosine in the extracts. An in silico study based on structural analysis identified ganoderic acid and isoinosine as crucial active components capable of regulating majority of the targets associated with cervical cancer. Overlapping targets, namely, CASP3, CAT, FASLG, IL24, TP53, TP53BP1, ALB, BDNF, and COX2 between cervical cancer and the extract highlighted new therapeutic prospects for cervical cancer following protein-protein interaction network screening. The in vitro cytotoxic effects of the extracts were established in HeLa cells. Conclusion: Research indicates that Stichopus herrmanni may be a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in the treatment of cancer and the induction of apoptosis

Butea monosperma is a deciduous tree, widely distributed throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon. The present study was intended to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Butea monosperma on the induced inflammatory model by evaluating pro-inflammatory biomarkers and their computational analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity may be attributed to the phyto-constituents for inhibitory effects on the two pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-8 and TNF-α). For this purpose, rats (n = 48) were equally divided in each group, i.e., 8 each in the negative and positive control and 32 in the experimental group with 8 rats for each dose, i.e., 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. TNF-α and IL-8 were tested by serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA results showed 400 mg/kg dose as the potent anti-inflammatory. The binding sites of target proteins (TNF-α and IL-8) were docked with the active compounds (butrin and butein) of Butea monosperma. The butrin (target: TNF-α) and butein (target: IL-8) showed −8.4 and −6.0 kcal/mol binding energies, respectively, compared to the (diclofenac) standard drug with −6.8 kcal/mol binding energy. Hence, we concluded that Butea monosperma can be subjected to as a useful anti-inflammatory drug.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes many infections worldwide. Multidrug-resistant bacteria are mostly watched in hospital-acquired infections and are linked with high mortality rates. This study aims to find a possible cure for P. aeruginosa by using an additive and synergistic combination of drugs. The Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa were isolated and identified by using clinical and laboratory standards institute protocols and their antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using disc and well diffusion method. In computational analysis, all of the ligands and proteins were selected and docking was done using PYRX. Hundred samples were taken of isolated Gram-negative bacteria of which 25% were P. aeruginosa. Additive combinations (meropenem [MPM] + tobramycin [TOB] was 100% sensitive and imipenem + TOB was also 100% sensitive) and synergistic combinations (MPM + ciprofloxacin were 90% sensitive and amikacin and imipenem) were 100% sensitive according to CLSI protocol. In computational analysis, TOB gave the highest binding energy of −11.4, whereas MPM shows a binding energy of −9.3. In conclusion, Additive and synergistic combination of drugs showed good antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hence it can be used as a good treatment option for P. aeruginosa.

 ABSTRACK This thesis research has two objectives, the first objective is to find out the efforts of PAI teachers in improving student learning competence in the independent curriculum at SMAN 1 Tambun Selatan, and second objective is to find out the obstacles for PAI teachers in improving studet learning competency in the independent curriculum in SMAN 1 Tambun Selatan. This research uses qualitative research methods and this type uses descriptive observation through phenomena and is also carried out using interview techniques by interviewing two PAI teachers anda two class XI students, then analyzing the interviews by researchers with objective data and facts. Wich was taken from the two teachers and two students and explained vleary and objectively. The results of this thesis research are that a PAI teacher's efforts to improve students' learning competence in the independent curriculum, namely before carrying out learning activities or before the teacher delivers material, the teacher carries out a test in reading the Al-Qur'an, then gives a test regarding knowledge of PAI material, so that the teacher can carry out learning activities according to the capacity of his students, and the teacher provides inclusive guidance to his students before carrying out learning. Furthermore, the obstacles are a lack of motivation for students, limited time, and a lack of learning methods. Keywords: PAI Teacher Efforts, Learnig Competencies, Independent Curriculum  ABSTRAK Penelitian skripsi ini mempunyai dua tujuan ialah yang pertama tujuannya untuk mengetahui upaya guru PAI dalam meningkatkan kompetensi belajar siswa pada kurikulum merdeka di SMAN 1 Tambun Selatan, dan yang kedua tujuannya itu ialah untuk kendala-kendala guru PAI dalam meningkatkan kompetensi belajar siswa pada kurikulum merdeka di SMAN 1 Tambun Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan jenisnya itu memakai deskriptif dengan cara pengamatan melalui fenomena dan juga dilakukannya dengan teknik wawancara dengan mewancarai dua guru PAI, dan dua orang siswa kelas XI, lalu di analisis hasil wawancaranya oleh peneliti dengan data yang objektif dan fakta yang di ambil dari ke dua guru dan dua siswa tersebut dan dipaparkan dengan jelas dan objektif. Hasil dari penelitian skripsi ini ialah bahwa upaya seorang guru PAI dalam meningkatkan kompetensi belajar siswa pada kurikulum merdeka yaitu sebelum melaksanakan kegiatan belajar atau sebelum guru menyampaikan sebuah materi guru tersebut melakukan test dalam membaca Al-Qur’an, lalu memberikan test tentang pengetahuan materi PAI, supaya guru tersebut bisa melaksanakan kegiatan belajarnya sesuai kapasitas dari siswa-siswanya, dan guru memberikan bimbingan yang inklusif kepada siswanya sebelum melaksanakan pembelajaran. Selanjutnya kendala-kendalanya ialah kurangnya motivasi kepada siswa, kendala dengan terbatasnya waktu, dan kurangnya metode pembelajaran. Kata Kunci: Upaya Guru PAI, Kompetensi Belajar, Kurikulum Merdeka

Congenital heart disease is a concerning disease among those affected since it affects the patient's quality of life. One of which is Ebstein Anomaly (EA), with a prevalence of 1 in 200,0000 births with a clinical characteristic of displacement of the tricuspid valve that causes atrialization of the right-side heart. Women of childbearing age are at risk because they especially have asymptomatic EA, compromised to hemodynamic consequences, and risk of maternal complications. A 25-year-old woman visited the emergency department with worsening shortness of breath since last week, during rest, accompanied by decreased physical activity tolerance, bilateral ankle edema, cyanosis to the lips, and nail bed. She had echocardiography and cardiac multi-slice computed tomography to identify EA before and after her first child's birth. She was well controlled with a loop diuretic, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, and beta-blocker but could not care for her child due to her condition. The patient was discharged after symptoms subsided, awaiting further interventional evaluation. Although EA is rare, it has high morbidity and mortality, especially in women of childbearing age since it may be asymptomatic during childhood. Therefore, early recognition of EA is probably necessary for women who are planning pregnancy.

Pendidikan melalui televisi telah memberikan banyak manfaat, terutama di lingkungan sekolah. Dengan teknologi canggih dan konten yang menarik, TV Sekolah dapat memberikan pengalaman belajar yang menarik dan interaktif bagi siswa. Acara-acara yang ditayangkan menampilkan konten-konten pendidikan, hiburan, media ekspresi dan juga bisa menjadi media promosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana penggunaan TV sekolah dapat menjadi media pembelajaran yang efektif dalam era modernisasi pada PAUD Baitul Haq. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik mengumpulkan data lapangan, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan TV sekolah dapat memberikan berbagai manfaat dalam proses pembelajaran di era modernisasi pada PAUD Baitul Haq.

Jabodetabek is a megapolitan area with a high rate of migrating students from all over Indonesia to continue their higher education. The Karawang Islamic Student Family (KMIK) Jakarta is a forum for Islamic students from Karawang who are in Jabodetabek to continue to work, accommodate aspirations, and serve the Karawang community. The wide scope of KMIK Jakarta requires an effective communication pattern that makes members wherever they are, will feel bound and belonging. The purpose of this study is to determine communication patterns and communication barriers that arise in the cohesive formation of the group. This study used descriptive qualitative approach and phenomenological research method. Data collection was done by interviews, and informant selection techniques by purposive sampling. The cohesive analysis of the group in this study used the Gorupthink Theory of Irvin L. Janis. Four indicators were obtained in this study, namely complex communication, effective communication, communication that is able to build enthusiasm, and high-intensity communication. Communication barriers that occur are differences in communication patterns in each management period. The existence of cohesive groups makes KMIK Jakarta able to face communication barriers that occur with star communication patterns or to all familial channels.

Diabetes mellitus and heart failure have a bidirectional relationship and can affect one another. Ventricular dysfunction that occurs in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus is termed diabetic cardiomyopathy. Lipotoxicity, increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are a few of the mechanisms implicated in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Patients with diabetes mellitus undergo cardiac structural changes leading to heart failure. The novel glucose-lowering medication that is now preferred for diabetic patients with heart failure is the SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitor. Emerging targeted therapies are showing beneficial effects but require further evaluation. We review the literature describing the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac structural changes, along with the novel glucose-lowering therapies and targeted therapies for diabetic cardiomyopathy.

State Defence Program is a program held by the Indonesian government in the efforts to form backup military troops which consist of citizens, combining military roles with a civil career which is called Military Reserve (Komponen Cadangan). This program is aimed at the general public as a place to develop human resources, especially the younger generation who are the nation’s successors. There has been a discourse around implementing military education through State Defence’s education program as one of the backups for defense and security in Indonesia, which raises pros and cons among citizens. This program’s main targets are the nation’s youth, which includes university students. Efforts are made with plans for collaboration between State Defence and Independent Campus (Kampus Merdeka) programs. Hence, an analysis of university students’ opinion about this program has to be done to give us an illustration that is useful for the government and citizens. Writers’ method in analysing is done by collecting data from a survey, in which the respondent target is university students to see their perspectives about the program.

Ekosistem padang lamun merupakan salah satu ekosistem yang berperan penting pada pesisir laut yang bekerja sama dengan ekosistem terumbu karang dan hutan bakau. Padang lamun memiliki banyak manfaat dan peranan bagi kehidupan manusia diantaranya yang utama adalah pada bidang perekonomian dan pangan. Selain untuk keberlangsungan hidup manusia, lamun juga bermanfaat untuk hewan-hewan atau berbagai biota laut sebagai tempat hidup dan mencari makan. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas peranan padang lamun sebagai tempat tinggal berbagai biota laut khususnya gastropoda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur dan dengan data sekunder yang dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber. Hasil yang didapatkan pada penelitian ini adalah terdapat gastropoda Thalassia hemprichii yang berasosiasi dengan lamun secara positif dan bertipe penyebaran secara berkelompok. Padang lamun membutuhkan gastropoda untuk membantu pada saat lamun berfotosintesis, sedangkan gastropoda membutuhkan lamun sebagai sumber makanannya.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the most common diabetes type characterized by hyperglycemia, is caused by abnormal secretion and activity of pancreatic insulin enzymes. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a vital role in keeping β pancreatic cells intact and undissociated. The ECM in the pancreas can play a role in influencing insulin function and production. The most abundant ECM in the pancreas is collagen type VI. Collagen type VI has an essential role in the survival of pancreatic islet cells, including pancreatic β cells. Nowadays, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology is widely utilized for molecular biology analysis. One of the most critical factors for successful PCR is designing the correct specific PCR primers. The objective of this study was to design a specific primer for collagen VI in the pancreas of Rattus norvegicus. The primer was designed and analyzed using MEGA.11, primer three-plus, and primer-BLAST. Five primer pairs were analyzed based on the characteristics of primer length, product amplicon length, Tm value, GC percentage, and secondary structure. Primer pair 3 (F:5’-TGTTTGGCTTTGTCGCGGGC-3’ and R:5’-TTGTTGCTGCCGACACTGGC-3’); Col6a2 (F:5’-TGTGGTCAACAGGCTGGGCG-3’ and R:5’-TCTGGCGCCGGCTCTCTTTG-3’) were considered as the best primer for the Collagen VI expression detection from the pancreas of Rattus norvegicus, which produce amplicon about 250pb and 245pb, respectively.

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. It often presents with unspecified clinical manifestation that leads to misdiagnosis. We report a case of a 36-year-old woman who suffered from multiple bone tumours and recurrent bone fracture for 3 years ago, and misdiagnosis as only a giant cell tumours of the bone. Then, the patient continued to develop another mass in the neck that kept growing and the mass move on swallowing. The clinician diagnosed her as a colloid goitre based on cytological examination from fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Elevated parathyroid hormone level, hypercalcemia, and suspected parathyroid adenoma in the Sestamibi Parathyroid scan led the clinician to perform a frozen section in this patient with subsequent histopathological of diagnosis as parathyroid carcinoma. The diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma continues to be a challenge. Understanding the pathogenesis and multidisciplinary collaboration is important to define an accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Plant root symbiosis with Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improves uptake of water and mineral nutrients, improving plant development under stressful conditions. Unraveling the unified transcriptomic signature of a successful colonization provides a better understanding of symbiosis. We developed a framework for finding the transcriptomic signature of Arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization and its regulating transcription factors in roots of Medicago truncatula. Expression profiles of roots in response to AM species were collected from four separate studies and were combined by direct merging meta-analysis. Batch effect, the major concern in expression meta-analysis, was reduced by three normalization steps: Robust Multi-array Average algorithm, Z-standardization, and quartiling normalization. Then, expression profile of 33685 genes in 18 root samples of Medicago as numerical features, as well as study ID and Arbuscular mycorrhiza type as categorical features, were mined by seven models: RELIEF, UNCERTAINTY, GINI INDEX, Chi Squared, RULE, INFO GAIN, and INFO GAIN RATIO. In total, 73 genes selected by machine learning models were up-regulated in response to AM (Z-value difference > 0.5). Feature weighting models also documented that this signature is independent from study (batch) effect. The AM inoculation signature obtained was able to differentiate efficiently between AM inoculated and non-inoculated samples. The AP2 domain class transcription factor, GRAS family transcription factors, and cyclin-dependent kinase were among the highly expressed meta-genes identified in the signature. We found high correspondence between the AM colonization signature obtained in this study and independent RNA-seq experiments on AM colonization, validating the repeatability of the colonization signature. Promoter analysis of upregulated genes in the transcriptomic signature led to the key regulators of AM colonization, including the essential transcription factors for endosymbiosis establishment and development such as NF-YA factors. The approach developed in this study offers three distinct novel features: (I) it improves direct merging meta-analysis by integrating supervised machine learning models and normalization steps to reduce study-specific batch effects; (II) seven attribute weighting models assessed the suitability of each gene for the transcriptomic signature which contributes to robustness of the signature (III) the approach is justifiable, easy to apply, and useful in practice. Our integrative framework of meta-analysis, promoter analysis, and machine learning provides a foundation to reveal the transcriptomic signature and regulatory circuits governing Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and is transferable to the other biological settings.

To compare the severity of Plasmodium vivax malaria with that of P. falciparum malaria, we conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of 356 adults hospitalized with malaria (2009–2011) in Pakistan. P. vivax and P. falciparum accounted for 83% and 13% of cases, respectively; 79.9% of patients with severe malaria were infected with P. vivax.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an encapsulated rod-shaped, Gram-negative microbe that can form biofilm. It is an opportunistic Enterobacter usually involved in nosocomial infection, conferring resistance to almost all antibiotics and hence become therapeutically challenging. In the current study, the Protein Interaction Network (PIN) of MDR K. pneumoniae has been identified. The proteins are the building blocks of all organisms. Proteins interact with each other to carry out their physiological functions. The interactions are integrated to form Protein Interaction Network (PIN). The strain DA48896 has been selected as it was isolated from Pakistan and harboring bla-oxa-181, conferring resistance to carbapenem. Total 20,936 high confidence interactions of 3782 proteins have been predicted from the STRING database. The predicted interactions were annotated functionally and mapped on their corresponding pathways. The predicted PIN was verified using semantic similarity between the Gene Ontology. The topological properties were calculated and retrieved topologically significant proteins consisting of 390 proteins. Among them 49 proteins are non-homologous essential that can serve as the potential drug targets. These proteins were further explored for druggability, their association with pathways involved in drug resistance and eventually prioritized as potential drug targets. This study will be helpful to design drug candidates against prioritized proteins.

The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) along with the various newly discovered major SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28, constitute the Variant of Concerns (VOC). It's difficult to keep these variants from spreading over the planet. As a result of these VOCs, the fifth wave has already begun in several countries. The rapid spread of VOCs is posing a serious threat to human civilization. There is currently no specific medicine available for the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we present the findings of methods that used a combination of structure-assisted drug design, virtual screening, and high-throughput screening to swiftly generate lead compounds against Mpro protein of SARs-CoV-2. Therapeutics, in addition to vaccinations, are an essential element of the healthcare response to COVID-19's persistent threat. In the current study, we designed the efficient compounds that may combat all emerging variants of SARs-CoV-2 by targeting the common Mpro protein. The present study was aimed to discover new compounds that may be proposed as new therapeutic agents to treat COVID-19 infection without any adverse effects. For this purpose, a computational-based virtual screening of 352 in-house synthesized compounds library was performed through molecular docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation approach. As a result, four novel potent compounds were successfully shortlisted by implementing certain pharmacological, physiological, and ADMET criteria i.e., compounds 3, 4, 21, and 22. Furthermore, MD simulations were performed to evaluate the stability and dynamic behavior of these compounds with Mpro complex for about 30 ns. Eventually, compound 22 was found to be highly potent against Mpro protein and was further evaluated by applying 100 ns simulations. Our findings showed that these shortlisted compounds may have potency to treat the COVID-19 infection for which further experimental validation is proposed as part of a follow-up investigation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Campylobacter jejuni (CJJ) is a source of bacterial foodborne diarrhea globally. Mostly found prevalent in children in the developing countries that may lead to mortality. The upsurge in antimicrobial resistance is causing hindrance in the treatment, as highlighted by CDC and WHO. The study hypothesized the application of subtractive genomics approach coupled with metabolic pathway to reveal unidentified essential proteins that could serve as potential drug target (s). The approach was employed to model the druggable proteome of C. jejuni resistant strain 81-176. We obtained 728/1744 non-homologous essential proteins by performing sequence similarity search against host proteome and DEG server, respectively. The KAAS annotated metabolic pathway information; PSORTb predicted their sub cellular localization and SVMPro functional annotated 104 hypothetical proteins while the Drug Bank for the druggability analysis. We found 04/104 protein druggable viz. synaptic vesicular amine transporter, Uracil-DNA glycosylase, Laccase domain protein YfiH, and Phosphoenolpyruvate protein phosphor transferase. The study has revealed a formerly uncharacterized pool of C. jejuni proteins that can play a significant role in controlling CJJ infection and presented previously uncharacterized four proteins as potential drug targets. These potential drug targets can further be explored employing structure-based and other biochemical methods by the scientific community.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health challenge. It has been afflicting human for thousands of years and is still severely affecting a huge population. The etiological agent of the disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that survives in the human host in latent, dormant, and non-replicative state by evading the immune system. It is one of the leading causes of infection related death worldwide. The situation is exacerbated by the massive increase in the resistant strains such as multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensive drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). The resistance is as severe that it resulted in failure of the current chemotherapy regimens (i.e. anti-tubercular drugs). It is therefore imperative to discover the new anti-tuberculosis drug targets and their potential inhibitors. Current study has made the use of in silico approaches to perform the comparative metabolic pathway analysis of the MTBXDR1219 with the host i.e. H. sapiens. We identified several metabolic pathways which are unique to pathogen only. By performing subtractive genomic analysis 05 proteins as potential drug target are retrieved. This study suggested that the identified proteins are essential for the bacterial survival and non-homolog to the host proteins. Furthermore, we selected glucosyl-3-phosoglycerate phosphatase (GpgP, EC 5.4.2.1) out of the 05 proteins for molecular docking analysis and virtual screening. The protein is involved in the biosynthesis of methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLPs) which regulate the biosynthesis of mycolic acid. Mycolic acid is the building block of the unique cell wall of the MTB which is responsible for the resistance and pathogenicity. A relatively larger library consisting of 10,431 compounds was screened using AutoDock Vina to predict the binding modes and to rank the potential inhibitors. No potent inhibitor against MTB GpgP has been reported yet, therefore ranking of compounds is performed by making a comparison with the substrate i.e. glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate. The obtained results provide the understanding of underlying mechanism of interactions of ligands with protein. Follow up study will include the study of the Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs), and to propose the potential inhibitors against them., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)