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Background The optimal diagnostic strategy for patients with psychiatric and insomnia disorders has not been established yet. Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform cost-effectiveness analysis of six neuroimaging technologies in diagnosis of patients with psychiatric and insomnia disorders. Methods An economic evaluation study was conducted in three parts, including a systematic review for determining diagnostic accuracy, a descriptive cross-sectional study with Activity-Based Costing (ABC) technique for tracing resource consumption, and a cost-effectiveness analysis using a short-term decision-analytic model. Results In the first phase, 93 diagnostic accuracy studies were included in the systematic review. The accumulated results (meta-analysis) showed that the highest diagnostic accuracy for psychiatric and insomnia disorders was attributed to PET (sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 80%) and MRI (sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 78%) respectively. In the second phase of the study, we calculated the cost of each technology. The results showed that MRI has the lowest cost. Based on the results in the model of cost-effectiveness sMRI ($ 50.08 per accurate diagnosis) and MRI ($ 58.54 per accurate diagnosis) were more cost-effective neuroimaging technologies. Conclusion In psychiatric disorders, no single strategy was characterized by both low cost and high accuracy. However, MRI and PET scan had lower cost and higher accuracy for psychiatric disorders, respectively. MRI was the least costly with the highest diagnostic accuracy in insomnia disorders. Based on our model, sMRI in psychiatric disorders and MRI in insomnia disorders were the most cost-effective technologies.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a globally heavily abused illicit substance with epidemic levels worldwide. This study aimed to investigate changes in blood chemistry and pro-inflammatory cytokines following methamphetamine use in experimental rats. A total of forty-five female rats were randomly devoted to three equal groups of experimental receiving METH subcutaneously (0.4 mg/kg, in 0.6 mL volume) for 21 days, sham received similarly 0.6 mL normal saline, and the control received 0.6 mL distilled water, identically. The elevated plus-maze test was used to confirm cognitive and anxiety changes following METH use until three weeks. Blood chemistry and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated after METH use until 21 days. The results showed an increase in anxiety. The serum levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukins of IL-15, IL-17, and adenosine deaminase xanthine oxidase levels were noted. However, white blood cell (WBC) count demonstrated a decreasing trend. There were no other changes in blood chemistry after METH use. It could be observed, however, that methamphetamine increases anxiety and makes some changes in blood chemistry and pro inflammatory cytokines. This study can help make better decisions about the prevention and even treatment of people taking methamphetamine.

Stents are nets which open a stenotic vessel, therefore allowing restoration of the blood stream to peripheral tissues. The advantage of the self-expandable stent with respect to the stainless steel one is that it does not need balloon expansion which possess the risks of further damage of the vascular tissue due to its inflation, it does not require an overexpansion to account for the elastic recoil, and, when positioned, it exerts on the artery a constant force (due to the plateau) unless the artery does not try to occlude the device. The disadvantage, in case of calcified plaques, is that the stent is not able to bring the vessel lumen to the original healthy dimensions. Self-expandable stents are used to treat atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries, the carotid arteries, and in the peripheral arteries. Shape memory alloys, mainly NiTi, are used in numerous applications of the self-expandable vascular stents. Ni-Ti is widely implemented for implants and medical devices because of its excellent biocompatibility, mechanical characteristics, and fatigue performance that make it particularly indicated for long-term installations. Another material for cardiovascular stents are shape memory polymers (SMPs). They provide protection of small blood vessels from collapse, thanks to SME triggered by temperature change or polymer’s hydration. This review has focused on the mechanisms and properties of SMAs and SMPs as promising materials for stent application.

This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) in mothers, a brief self-report measure that assesses parental mentalization capacity. To examine the factor structure and construct validity of the PRFQ, 430 mothers of 3–6-year-old children completed the Persian version of the PRFQ (Persian-PRFQ) along with the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the three-factor structure of the PRFQ. Convergent validity was confirmed for the three subscales of the PRFQ, while divergent validity was only confirmed for the PM and IC. Furthermore, the mean score of the certainty of mental states (CMS) in this sample was higher than in other studies, and contrary to the theoretical foundations, the CMS was positively related to interest and curiosity in mental states (IC). In conclusion, our results provided initial evidence for the use of the Persian-PRFQ in the Iranian population.

Several studies have evaluated the economic evaluation of a group of medications known as novel oral anticoagulant drugs (NOACs) in recent years. The aim of this study is to review and systematically analyze the cost-utility studies results of warfarin compared with other NOAC drugs in atrial fibrillation patients.A systematic review was performed to identify all studies evaluating the NOAC medications in comparison with warfarin. For this purpose, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from 2013 to 2022. Articles were independently screened with inclusion criteria, and full texts were reviewed. First, the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the articles. Then, the costs and outcomes of the studies were analyzed, and findings were appraised critically.A total of 84 costs-per-quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) cases were extracted from the studies in which the share of rivaroxaban, edoxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran were 31%, 13%, 29%, and 27%, respectively. The median cost per QALY of rivaroxaban, edoxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran was 21 910$/QALY, 22 096$/QALY, 17 765$/QALY, and 24 161$/QALY, respectively. Subgroup analysis based on perspective showed that dabigatran had the highest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and edoxaban had the lowest ICER value. Edoxaban and apixaban had the highest and the lowest cost per QALY from an insurance perspective, respectively.Despite the differences and variations in the economic evaluation studies of NOAC drugs, these drugs have shown acceptable cost-effectiveness in developed and developing countries. Among NOAC drugs, apixaban has the lowest ICER and the highest cost-effectiveness.

Carbapenems are beta-lactam antibiotics that can play an important role in infections with multiple and severe resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of carbapenem-producing bacteria in gram-negative isolates of clinical samples obtained from patients291 g-negative bacilli were isolated from the samples of hospitalized patients using gram staining method, conventional methods and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the agar disk diffusion method for 5 different antibiotics. Strains that were resistant to Meropenem antibiotic, KPC enzyme production was examined by the Modified Hodge test method.Out of 291 g-negative bacilli, 14 isolates showed resistance to Meropenem by a disk agar diffusion method where 12 (85.8%) strains were producing KPC enzymeIt was shown that carbapenem-resistant strains are considered as a growing problem in hospitals, especially in the intensive care unit for children and men.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to increased mortality, disability, and liver transplantation if left untreated, and it is associated with a possible increase in disease burden in the future, all of which would surely have a significant impact on the health system. New antiviral regimens are effective in the treatment of the disease yet expensive. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of three medication regimens, namely, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF), velpatasvir/sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (DCV/SOF) for HCV patients with genotype 1 in Iran. Methods: A Markov model with a lifetime horizon was developed to predict the costs and outcomes of the three mentioned medication therapy strategies. The final outcome of the study was quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), which was obtained using the previously published studies. The study was conducted from the perspective of the Health Ministry; therefore, only direct medical costs were estimated. The results were provided as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per QALY. Ultimately, the one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to measure the strength of study results. Results: The results showed that the QALYs for LDV/SOF, DCV/SOF, and VEL/SOF were 13.25, 13.94, and 14.61, and the costs were 4,807, 7,716, and 4,546$, respectively. The VEL/SOF regimen had lower costs and higher effectiveness than the LDV/SOF and DCV/SOF regimens, making it a dominant strategy. The tornado diagram results showed that the study results had the highest sensitivity to chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and compensated cirrhosis (CC) state costs. Moreover, the scatter plots showed that the VEL/SOF was the dominant therapeutic strategy in 73% of the simulations compared to LDV/SOF and 66% of the simulations compared to DCV/SOF; moreover, it was in the acceptable region in 92% of the simulations and below the threshold. Therefore, it was considered the most cost-effective strategy. Moreover, the results showed that DCV/SOF was in the acceptable region below the threshold in 69% of the simulations compared to LDV/SOF. Therefore, the DCV/SOF regimen was more cost-effective than LDV/SOF. Conclusions: According to the present study results, it is suggested that the VEL/SOF regimen be used as the first line of therapy in patients with HCV genotype 1. Moreover, DCV/SOF can be the second-line medication regimen.

Background: It is ensured that nurses’ error reporting and disclosing improve services to patients and are considered a movement toward creating a culture of transparency in the healthcare system. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the nurses' decisions on reporting and disclosing Medical Errors (MEs). Methods: This research followed a mixed-method embedded design that was performed in five hospitals in Iran in 2018. A total of 491 nurses participated in the quantitative phase of the study with stratified sampling, followed by a simple random sampling technique. Also, 22 nurses joined the qualitative phase. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and semi-structured interviews through a scenario-based method. Quantitative data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical statistics by SPSS 21.0 and Expert Choice 10.0 software. The qualitative data were analyzed based on the content analysis approach. Results: The most important perceived barriers with the highest impact coincided with educational (57.17%) and motivational (56.77%) factors based on SEM analysis (ES: 1.33, SE: 0.16). Regression analysis showed that error-reporting mechanisms, educational factors, and reporting consequences were significantly associated with age, sex, and work experience (P-Value ≤0.05). Error scenarios were thematized into three categories: Error perception (including ambiguity and weakness in error definition, the severity of the error, unawareness of guidelines, deviation from standards, and untrained staff), error reporting (including ineffective reporting system, hesitation in reporting to a formal system, increased workload, improper reaction, punitive responses, and concerns about consequences), and error disclosure (including no disclosure, partial disclosure, and full disclosure). Conclusions: The obtained results contributed to a better understanding of the barriers to error reporting and disclosing. In addition, these results can help hospitals encourage error reporting and ultimately make organizational changes, which reduce the incidence of errors.

The bioactive glass (BG) system of 60SiO2–4P2O5–31CaO-xSrO-(5-x) ZnO (0 ≤ x ≤ 5 %mol) was synthesized by sol-gel route. The role of zinc contents and strontium on the in-vitro formation of hydroxyapatite (HA), antibacterial properties, and cell viability of BGs were investigated. XRD (X-ray diffraction analysis), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) were utilized to study the HA morphology, its functional groups and obtained phases, respectively. The results established the formation of HA on the surface of strontium and zinc-containing BGs. The 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after one day immersion in SBF, implied that the viability of samples containing 4 %mol Sr and 1 %mol Zn (S4-Z1) and 3 %mol Sr and 2 %mol Zn (S3-Z2) increases by increasing immersion time, while the sample containing 1 %mol Sr and 4 %mol Zn (S1-Z4) showed a statistically significant increase in osteoblast G292 proliferation. Furthermore, the antibacterial tests showed that all Zn containing BGs created clear inhabitation zones. The zone of clearance around the bioactive glasses demonstrated that sufficient Zn ion was released to create an antibacterial activity around the bioactive glasses.

Background: Although widely used, first-line injectable medicines for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) remain an issue of efficacy and adherence. Recently, new oral medications for MS have contributed to dramatic improvements in MS treatment. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) used in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Methods: A systematic review was conducted on related databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science up to April 2020. The screening of the studies and their quality assessment was carried out independently by the two authors. Results: Three studies fulfilled the predefined criteria of inclusion. One of them compared teriflonomide with subcutaneous interferon beta-1a (IFN β-1a), another compared oral fingolimod with intramuscular (IM) IFN β-1b, and the third article compared oral fingolimod with IM IFN β-1a. No eligible study was found for dimethyl fumarate (DMF). The results indicated that while the efficacy of fingolimod was more than IFN β (IM β-1a and β-1b), teriflunomide 7 mg had less efficacy than subcutaneous IFN β-1a. Regarding safety, the results indicated that the proportion of diabetic patients with adverse events (AEs) in the fingolimod group was higher than in the IFN β-1b group and the overall occurrence of AEs was similar between teriflunomide and IFN β-1a groups. Conclusion: There is evidence for the effectiveness of fingolimod in reducing annualized relapse rates (ARRs) and improving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, but the evidence does not support the effectiveness of teriflunomide and further studies are required to determine its efficacy. Also, fingolimod is associated with more side effects than IFN β-1b, but there is no evidence to suggest any difference in side effects between teriflunomide and IFN β-1a.

In this work, sol–gel derived bioactive glasses (BGs) system of 60% SiO2-(36-x) CaO-4P2O5-x SrO (where x = 2, 4, 6 and 8 mol%) were obtained. The bioactivity and proliferation of G292 cells was investigated for Sr-containing BGs. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to study the obtained phases, hydroxyapatite (HA) morphology, and its functional groups, respectively. The XRD and FTIR tests showed that the rate of hydroxyapatite formation on sample 2S was higher than that of other samples. Also 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay performed after one day revealed that the sample containing 6 mol% of Sr (6S) showed higher viability. However, the sample with 8 mol% Sr (8S) showed a decrease in bioactivity in osteoblast G292 cells proliferation. According to the results, 6S BG specimen with 6 mol% SrO exhibited appropriate bioactivity and cell proliferation. This finding showed that the obtained BGs could be potentially used for drug delivery systems as well as dental and orthopedic applications.

Background: Ensuring that nurses report errors and disclose related outcomes to patients is a movement toward creating a culture of transparency. Different factors might contribute to the tendency to under-report or to disclose. This study aim to investigate the barriers of the reporting and disclosing of medical errors via nurses’ perceptions.Methods: A mixed methods study were used to identify barriers of error reporting and disclosing. For the aim of this study, a total of 491 nurses participated in the quantitative phase and 22 nurses in the qualitative phase, Iran, 2018. The data for the quantitative phase was collected based on a questionnaire and were next analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics. Through a scenario-based method, the qualitative data were gathered and analyzed based on content analysis approach.Results: The results showed that the most important perceived barriers with the highest impacts coincided with educational(64%), motivational(64%), and managerial factors (62%) and the univariate analysis showed a significant correlation between error-reporting mechanisms, education, and consequences of reporting errors domains and independent variables(p < 0.05). Based on SEM analysis, the most important perceived barriers were educational and motivational domains (ES:1.33, SE:0.16). Interview results were classified into three categories: error perception, error reporting, and error disclosure. In fact, 55% of the interviewed nurses identified the existence of at least one error in scenarios and 66% of participants stated that they had reported errors. Overall 83% of the participants recruited had negative attitude toward full disclosing the errors to patients.Conclusions: Our results highlight the multifactorial aspects in error reporting and disclosing. Lack of knowledge about error and its reporting, inappropriate feedback and weakness in supportive actions represent the inhibitors of reporting and disclosing errors. Actually, a guideline should be formulated on error disclosure to increase transparency and improve communication with patients.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of five-day course of sunflower oil massage with moderate pressure on the weight gain and length of NICU stay in preterm infants. Methods Forty-four healthy preterm infants with a corrected gestational age of 30–36 weeks at the time of the study, were randomly assigned to the study group receiving body massage with sunflower oil and the control group receiving only routine NICU care. The massage was performed three times per day, each session including three consecutive five-minute stages, for five days. The primary outcome was to evaluate the efficacy of a short course of moderate pressure sunflower oil massage on the weight gain velocity. The secondary outcome was to compare the length of NICU stay between the two groups. Results During the study period, the increase in the average daily and fifth-day weight gain was significant in the intervention group. The length of NICU stay was shorter in the intervention group significantly. Conclusion Our findings suggest that even a short course of body massage with sunflower oil for only five days increases preterm infants’ weight gain and decreases their duration of NICU stay significantly.

In this research TiO 2 nanocrystals of 20 nm size were synthesized through a hydrothermal method. These nanocrystals were deposited on FTO glass substrates with 6 μm thickness. A layer of TiO 2 nanorods were over-grown on this nanocrystalline sub-layer by another hydrothermal process. The inclined TiO 2 nanorods were well-formed and randomly directed on the top of the TiO 2 nanocrystals layer. The length and diameter of the nanorods and corresponding thickness of this over-layer was controlled by the growth time. This bi-layer structure was applied as the photoanode of the dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The nanocrystalline TiO 2 sub-layer could create enough dye adsorption and acceptable sensitization. Besides, the nanorods over-layer could increase the light scattering and light travelling distance within the photoanode. These two parameters resulted in an increased light absorption and energy conversion efficiency. A maximum efficiency of 6.2% was achieved for the optimized cell with bi-layer photoanode with over-grown nanorods in 20 h. This efficiency was increased about 47% compared to that of the DSC with just nanocrystalline photoelectrode. Final improvements were carried out on the thickness of nanocrystalline TiO 2 sub-layer and its post-treatment before the nanorods growth. The energy conversion efficiency was increased to 7.5% due to the application of these modifications.

Background Building upon decades of continuous reforms, since 2014 under the banner of health transformation plan (HTP), Iran has been implementing various initiatives to strengthen its health system. Improving efficiency of the health system is fundamental to achieve better performance and reach universal health coverage (UHC). This article aimed to measure the efficiency and productivity changes in the Iranian health system during 2010-2015 in comparison with 36 selected other upper-middle income countries. Methods We used panel data to measure the variations in technical efficiency (TE) and total factor productivity (TFP) through an extended data envelopment analysis (EDEA) and Malmquist productivity index, respectively. General Government Health Expenditure (GGHE) per capita (International dollar) was selected as input variable. Service coverage of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis; family planning; antiretroviral therapy; skilled attendants at birth; Tuberculosis treatment success rate; and GGHE as % of Total Health Expenditure (THE) were considered as output variables. The data for each indicator were taken from Global Health Observatory data repository and World Development Indicator database, for a period of six years (2010-2015). Results The TE scores of Iran’s health system were 0.75, 0.77, 0.74, 0.74, 0.97 and 0.84 in the period 2010-2015, respectively. TFP improved in 2011 (1.02), 2013 (1.01), and 2014 (1.30, generally). The overall efficiency and TFP increased in 2014. Changes made in CCHE per capita and GGHE/THE attributed to the increase of efficiency. ConclusionThere is a growing demand for efficiency improvements in the health systems to achieve UHC. While there are no defined set of indicators or precise methods to measure heath system efficiency, EDEA helped us to draw the picture of health system efficiency in Iran. Our findings also highlighted the essential need for targeted and sustained interventions, i.e. allocation of enough proportion of public funds to the health sector, to improve universal financial coverage against health costs aiming to enhance the future performance of Iran’s health system, ultimately. Such tailored interventions may be also useful for settings with similar context to speed up their movement towards improving efficiency, which in turn might lead to more resources to reach UHC.

Background Stroke has been considered one of the most common life-threatening neurological disease and a global health problem. It causes disability in adults and ranked as the third leading causes of human mortality worldwide. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the quality of life in patients with stroke in both treated and not-treated groups with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Methods We conducted a cohort study on 126 patients with stroke, including 42 and 84 patients treated with rt-PA and without rt-PA, respectively. We used a disease-specific questionnaire for stroke, including (SSQOL) and EQ5D. Both groups were tested for potential differences regarding socio-demographic characteristics. A multiple linear regression model was exerted to find factors that affected the different aspects of QOL of the whole samples of the patients. Results The result of this study showed a significant correlation in the intensity of stroke and patients’ quality of life between two groups of patients with stroke. In other words, the severity in the patients treated with rt-PA is less than a stroke three months after a stroke, and the desirability of living in this group is higher. The results of regression models for each subscale showed that age, sex, utility, hemisphere, and NHISSS were associated with several subscales of the SSQOL; NIHSS was significantly relevant to “language”, “mobility”, “personality” “social roles” and hemisphere damaged significantly correlated with “energy”, “thinking”,” language” (P < 0.05). The patient’s utility was significantly associated with “energy”, “family roles”, “language”, “mobility”, “mood”, “personality”, “self-care”, “social roles”, “upper extremity function”, “work productivity”, and “third severity” subscales (P < 0.05). Conclusions In this study, it was seen that there are significant differences between QOL of with rt-PA and without rt-PA, but the limitation of our study was that the results may be different in other countries and even various areas in Iran.

One of the problems that mothers of neonates having colostomy face is their disability in caring colostomy at home. This article is going to demonstrate the impact of educational program for these mothers on their sense of empowerment in caring their neonates.This clinical trial was performed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) to evaluate the level of stress, anxiety and depression of mothers of neonates having colostomy before and after the educational program. In this program, 42 mothers were divided into two groups: experimental group (21 mothers who went under educational plan) and control group (21 mothers who only received the routine care). The levels of stress, anxiety and depression in all mothers were evaluated before and after the educational program with DASS 21 questionnaire.The results showed that educational program in the NICU for experimental groups made them independent and also empowered to care better for their babies. In addition, their depression, anxiety and stress levels were decreased.Since the educational program led to a decrease in the levels of stress, anxiety and depression in mothers, this program is recommended to mothers of neonates having colostomy.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a motile, gram negative, catalase and oxidase positive bacteria that produce strong urease. H. pylori has been recognized as an etiologic agent of gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric MALT lamphoma. H. pylori infections have been correlated with many throat and larynx disease. More recently it is introduced as group 1 carcinogen. The existence of H. pylori within bouccal cavity and dental plaque has been reported. The nasal cavity can be colonized easily with H. pylori. Objectives: The aim of this Study is to report the result of an investigation of H. pylori genome within the larynx popilomatosis biopsy samples. Materials and Methods: 41 biopsy samples were provided from papillomatosis cases during therapeutic surgery. The biopsy samples were preserved at -80°C until use. The DNA extractions were achieved by the phenole- chloroform method. The cagA of H. pylori were amplified by specific primer sets. Results: H. pylori DNA were detected from 3 out of 41 (0.7%) papilloma samples. Conclusions: This result is in agree with another reports about correlation between laryngeal papilomatosis and H. pylori infections

This research examines the role of education in purging violence and preventing immoral acts in individual and social upbringing. According to the content of this research, we can acknowledge this: education is the process of notifying the trainee and caring for him in a manner that he is accustomed to some behaviors and abandons some of them, and also recognizes behavioral trauma and errors. The child develops a behavioral pattern. Therefore, he does what he observes in a family environment, including mother and father and the other members of the family. Gradually, he grows and enters a larger setting: school. The important point in here is the role of adopting pattern from one’s peers, teacher, and teaching staff, including the principal also seems essential. Furthermore, the child, who is called student in here, directly receives instructions and develops recognition regarding values and disvalues. He finds that if he shows a disvalued behavior, it is called an abnormal behavior. This type of behavior appears in various forms, including social personality disorders. Since abnormal and disvalued behavior is an anti-social phenomenon and bears many losses (life and property), the government attempts to oppose this anti-social phenomenon. In this research, the dimensions and types of violence are studied. This study suggests that the school, as a bridge between family and society, would have a more effective role in education and preventing violence.

Collocation is one of the most problematic areas in second language learning and it seems that if one wants to improve his or her communication in another language should improve his or her collocation competence. This study attempts to determine the effect of applying three different kinds of collocation on collocation learning and retention of Iranian EFL university students. In this study collocations were presented in highlighted (bold), non highlighted and L1 glossed forms and these three groups of collocations were distributed among three 20 member groups of Iranian TEFL university students in Jahad daneshgahi university in Isfahan. Participants were upper intermediate sophomores and juniors. Participants read three passages under three different conditions (bold collocations, L1 glossed collocations, and non highlighted (text only) collocations). Afterwards, participants answered two collocation tests, one administered immediately after reading the texts and another two weeks later. One way repeated measures of ANOVA and follow up Scheffe post hoc tests (p