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Abstract Maternal dietary quality may alter the nutrient content of breast milk. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the healthy eating index (HEI) and alternative healthy eating index (AHEI) of a breastfeeding mother’s diet with the antioxidant profile of her breast milk and her infant’s urine. This study included 300 healthy mother-infant pairs. The participants’ dietary intake was estimated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The diet quality of participants was assessed using the HEI and AHEI. The total antioxidant content of the breast milk and infant’s urine was evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and Thiol quantification assays. After adjusting for confounding factors, the odds of a low malondialdehyde (MDA) content of breast milk were significantly higher in the highest quartile of HEI than in the lowest quartile. The odds of low DPPH and FRAP in infant urine decreased in the highest quartile of HEI compared to the lowest quartile. No significant relationship was found between AHEI and antioxidant levels of breast milk and the infant’s urine. Our findings demonstrate that a high quality diet of breastfeeding mothers, identified by a higher HEI, can affect the oxidant-antioxidant balance of a mother’s breast milk and her infant’s urine.

Abstract Background This study aims to explore the experiences of Behvarzes regarding the reasons behind the insufficient participation of some individuals with the preventive protocols established during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A qualitative study was conducted from July 2021 to December 2022 using the conventional content analysis method. Purposive sampling was employed to select 14 Behvarzes working in villages covered by Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth individual interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results The study identified seven subcategories which were grouped into two main categories of reasons for inadequate compliance with health protocols by some individuals. These include: (1) Intentional non-compliance with preventive protocols, with the following subcategories: perceived obligation and adherence to social customs, denial of risk, belief in external health locus of control, and fear and distrust of prevention and treatment methods. (2) Unintentional non-compliance with preventive protocols, with the following subcategories: insufficient or contradictory information, negligence, and inevitability. Conclusion The findings suggest that ensuring compliance with health guidelines is not a one-size-fits-all approach. providing empowerment and obstacle removal solutions to those forced to violate preventive protocols for various reasons are all critical components of successful interventions. Also, cultural familiarity can aid in the design of appropriate interventions to address these challenges.

In this study, we aimed to utilize phospholipids from the bacterium Pseudomonas putida (PP) as a plentiful, safe, and accessible resource for creating nanoliposomes to deliver doxorubicin (Dox) to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. This bacterium provides a cost-effective source of phospholipids commonly used in nanoliposome production, with no toxicity or adverse environmental impact. To this end, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were first conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this approach and to analyze the behavior and interaction of Dox with the nanoliposomes. The phospholipids of PP were then extracted using Folch's technique. Subsequently, Dox-loaded PP-derived nanoliposomes (PNL-Dox) were developed using the thin-film method. The physicochemical properties of the fabricated nanocarrier were then investigated and the anticancer effects of this system were tested on MCF-7 cells. The results of the MD simulations indicated that Dox reacted with all of the phospholipids through hydrogen bonds without affecting the fluidity, stability, and thickness of the nanoliposome membrane. Additionally, a small number of Dox molecules interacted with the nanocarrier membrane, while the remaining were located in its interior. The physicochemical investigation results showed that PNL-Dox had an average particle size and zeta potential of 271.7 ± 7.1 nm and −8.8 ± 3.3 mV, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the particles were spherical and did not show any signs of aggregation. Drug release of PNL-Dox was gradual at pH 7.4 and 6.5, with a significantly higher release at pH 6.5. In vitro studies demonstrated successful uptake of PNL-Dox by MCF-7 cells, resulting in cytotoxicity within 24 and 48 h of treatment. Also, it increased apoptosis and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells. Our study showcased the potential of PP phospholipids to form a promising anti-cancer drug delivery system, opening up new possibilities for the treatment of all types of cancers.

AbstractAdvancements in mixed reality (MR) have led to innovative approaches in image-guided surgery (IGS). In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of MR in image-guided procedures across various surgical domains. Using the Data Visualization View (DVV) Taxonomy, we analyze the progress made since a 2013 literature review paper on MR IGS systems. In addition to examining the current surgical domains using MR systems, we explore trends in types of MR hardware used, type of data visualized, visualizations of virtual elements, and interaction methods in use. Our analysis also covers the metrics used to evaluate these systems in the operating room (OR), both qualitative and quantitative assessments, and clinical studies that have demonstrated the potential of MR technologies to enhance surgical workflows and outcomes. We also address current challenges and future directions that would further establish the use of MR in IGS.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and one of the main challenges for health systems worldwide. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of socio-demographic, lifestyle, psychological and anthropometric factors and underlying diseases such as hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome (MS) with CVD risk among a subpopulation of Iranian adults.Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 235 CVD patients along with 8405 healthy and non-symptomatic individuals who participated in MASHAD cohort study were enrolled. CVD diagnosis was performed by taking electrocardiogram (ECG) and medical history and performing physical examination for each participant. Health and lifestyle questionnaires, the Beck’s anxiety inventory (BAI), Beck’s depression inventory (BDI) and the James and Schofield human energy requirements equations were completed for all participants. Anthropometric measurements were also recorded for all subjects. All statistical analyses including chi-square and student independent T-test were performed using SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at a significant level of 0.05.Results: We found that there were significant associations between CVD risk and age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), diabetes mellitus (DM) and family history (FH) of CVD in both genders; though, there was a significant negative correlation between physical activity level (PAL) and risk of CVD among men and women. Also hypertension (HTN), metabolic syndrome (MS), depression and anxiety were positively and higher education level was negatively associated with CVD events only in females. While, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was an independent predictor of CVD among males (P-value< 0.05).Conclusion: There are several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that are independently considered as CVD predictors among the MASHAD study population. It is recommended to prioritize the lifestyle modification, development of local risk calculators and gender-related stratified strategies in order to prevent and manage CVD among the Iranian population.

Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women diagnosed with covid-19 in Shahid Jalil and Imam Sajjad hospitals in Yasuj from April 2020 to July 2021 Zahra Asadi Kalemeh1, Parvinsadat Eslamnik1*, Seyed Eisa Salehi Dehno 2 1Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecolog , School of Medicine Yasuj University of Medical Sciences,iran. 2Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, iran Abstract Introduction: In the period of emerging outbreaks such as new virus diseases, pregnant women and their fetuses are more vulnerable than other populations. On the other hand, there are limited studies and findings on the possible consequences of this disease during pregnancy in pregnant women. It was done from April 2020 to July 2021. Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, 227 healthy pregnant women and 109 pregnant women with Covid 19 who were referred to Shahid Jalil and Imam Sajjad (AS) Hospitals in Yasouj for delivery from April 2016 to July 2015 were studied. . Demographic information, pregnancy, Covid's disease 19, delivery and postpartum were collected using a questionnaire and data were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS version 22) and descriptive indicators. Results: The most common age group in this study was 31-35 years. 18.3% of women were in the 22nd week of pregnancy and in the group of healthy women 20.7% were between 38 and 39 weeks and 17.2% were between 39 and 40 weeks of pregnancy. They were experiencing their second pregnancy. Both groups had a history of miscarriage, stillbirth and multiple births. Blood groups O + and A + were the most common blood groups in pregnant women with Covid 19. 63.3% of infants born to infected mothers and 90.7% of infants born to healthy mothers had an Apgar score of 10-9. 55% of women with Covid 19 birth by cesarean section. Premature labor Respiratory diseases, preeclampsia and preterm labor were the most common complications of Covid 19 in pregnant women with Covid 19. Conclusion: It seems that for pregnant women, Covid 19 can increase the patient and its complications and pose a risk to maternal and fetal health. Also, careful prenatal care, health protocol training, close monitoring of the mother and fetus during and after delivery are essential to reduce maternal and neonatal complications. Keywords: Pregnant women, Maternal outcomes, Neonatal outcomes and Covid 19

Abstract Protein-based nanocarriers have demonstrated good potential for cancer drug delivery. Silk sericin nano-particle is arguably one of the best in this field. In this study, we developed a surface charge reversal sericin-based nanocarrier to co-deliver resveratrol and melatonin (MR-SNC) to MCF-7 breast cancer cells as combination therapy. MR-SNC was fabricated with various sericin concentrations via flash-nanoprecipitation as a simple and reproducible method without complicated equipment. The nanoparticles were subsequently characterized for their size, charge, morphology and shape by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nanocarriers chemical and conformational analysis were done by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) respectively. In vitro drug release was determined at different pH values (7.45, 6.5 and 6). The cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were studies using breast cancer MCF-7 cells. MR-SNC fabricated with the lowest sericin concentration (0.1%), showed a desirable 127 nm size, with a net negative charge at physiological pH. Sericin structure was preserved entirely in the form of nano-particles. Among the three pH values we applied, the maximum in vitro drug release was at pH 6, 6.5, and 7.4, respectively. This pH dependency showed the charge reversal property of our smart nanocarrier via changing the surface charge from negative to positive in mildly acidic pH, destructing the electrostatic interactions between sericin surface amino acids. Cell viability studies demonstrated the significant toxicity of MR-SNC in MCF-7 cells at all pH values after 48 h, suggesting a synergistic effect of combination therapy with the two antioxidants. The efficient cellular uptake of MR-SNC, DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation was found at pH 6. Nutshell, our result indicated proficient release of the entrapped drug combination from MR-SNC in an acidic environment leading to cell apoptosis. This work introduces a smart pH-responsive nano-platform for anti-breast cancer drug delivery.

Abstract Aim There is mounting evidence that eating habits affect sleeping patterns and their quality. The goal of this study was to evaluate the associations between major dietary patterns, identified using principal component analysis (PCA) and insomnia in young women. Methods The study subjects comprised 159 healthy young women aged 18–25 years. Neuropsychological assessment was performed using standard instruments, including a cognitive ability questionnaire (CAQ), depression and anxiety stress scales (DASS‐21), insomnia severity index (ISI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and quality of life questionnaire (QLQ). Dietary patterns were obtained from a 65‐item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in this study, using PCA. Results Two major dietary patterns were identified that were termed: “Traditional” and “Western.” The Western pattern was characterized by a high intake of snacks, nuts, dairy products, tea, fast foods, chicken, and vegetable oils. Subjects with moderate/severe insomnia were found to have lower scores for total cognitive ability task, nocturnal sleep hours, and physical and mental health, but higher scores for depression, anxiety, stress, and daytime sleepiness compared to those without insomnia (p

Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and highly debilitating mental disorder that often occurs following accidents and natural disasters. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of PTSD among flood victims in Lorestan, Iran and examine its relationship with coping strategies. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study included 470 flood victims in Lorestan, Iran within the first year after the flood in 2019. Participants were selected through simple random sampling. The research utilized the PTSD checklist and coping strategies questionnaire as data collection instruments. Data analysis involved independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, with a significance level of 0.05, using SPSS software version 22. Results: The prevalence of PTSD among flood victims in Lorestan, Iran was found to be 12.8 %. Women, individuals over 35 years old, those with an education level below high school, married individuals, and people with low income exhibited higher PTSD prevalence and average total coping strategies scores. Passive coping strategies (r = 0.267, p < 0.001), social coping strategies (r = 0.148, p = 0.004), and the overall coping score (r = 0.153, p = 0.003) demonstrated a direct and significant correlation with the average PTSD score. Conclusion: This study highlights the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among flood survivors, especially among vulnerable groups such as the elderly, women, and those with low socio-economic status. To enhance post-disaster adaptation, support organizations should implement various strategies including resilience-building, mental health awareness campaigns, and improved access to healthcare services. Effective screening and promoting positive coping strategies are crucial for supporting survivors' psychological well-being.

Objectives: According to the available evidence, changes in the design of medical centers, which can create a more comfortable, pleasant, and natural environment, have reduced the patient tensions and increased their satisfaction with the quality of treatment in the given centers. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the architecture and design of a supportive care environment on the treatment process in hospitals adopting a qualitative study design. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted to investigate the effect of an optimal supportive care environment in hospitals based on the experiences and opinions of experts, university professors of architecture, and doctors in hospitals. To this end, experts were interviewed qualitatively and, then, eight main themes as well as 22 sub-themes were classified by performing content analysis. Furthermore, the effect of the environment on the patients, treatment control length, blood pressure control, and subjective nature of the disease’s impact, as well as the effect of social relations on the vital signs, comprehensiveness and acceptability, place of using the supportive care model and a completely mechanical attitude towards humans in the modern period were all evaluated. Results: The effect of the optimal supportive care environment on the patients’ treatment processes was confirmed by qualitatively reviewing the experts’ viewpoints and collecting comprehensive information from other sources. Conclusions: In sum, it was recommended that that the heads of the hospitals should consider the concepts of optimal supportive care environment when designing and/or reconstructing hospitals.

In this paper, we used the Particle in Cell (PIC) method to study a plasma in the Hall Effect thruster in order to optimize the effective parameters on the electron mobility and anomalous electrons drift. In the Hall Effect thrusters magnetic and electrical fields which are perpendicular to each other are used to confine the plasma and create propulsive force on the satellites and spacecrafts. The presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field causes the electrons to move in an azimuthal direction and in ideal situation it is expected that there is a net electron azimuthal current but we realize in the experimental tests that the electrons have anomalous drift. This anomalous drift causes a weak confinement of elections near the outlet of the thruster and increases the losses of electrons that it is a consequence of corrosion of the wall of the thruster which is made up of the dielectric, and it decreases the efficiency. Two major mechanisms have been proposed to control this electron current, the first is involving electron-wall collisions and the second one is involving plasma oscillations such as E×B drift instability. In this paper, these two subjects are investigated and the effective parameters on electron mobility are optimized. The simulation shows that the ideal value for a magnetic field to confine electrons is about 250 to 300 Gauss, and the reasonable value for accelerating electrons is more than 300 Volts. It is also shown that the optimal density of plasma and neutral gas is 2×1017 m-3 and 1×1020 m-3 respectively.

Abstract Chronic shortened sleep can increase several cardiovascular risk factors, including depression, anxiety, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep patterns and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 9704 healthy participants were recruited for the MASHAD cohort study. Within 6 years of follow-up, participants were categorized into four groups based on their number of hours of nightly sleep. Cox’s proportional hazard model was used to assess relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During the study, 235 heart problems, including myocardial infarction, stable angina and unstable angina, were confirmed. There were significant differences between men and women who had short and long nightly sleep (p

Background: Access to healthcare is a fundamental right of every individual, regardless of their geographic location or socioeconomic status. In many countries, deprived areas often face a shortage of physicians and other healthcare professionals. This study aimed to investigate the approaches essential to attract and retain physicians in the deprived and rural areas. Methods: The present study is a systematic review using appropriate keywords in Persian and English language. The main databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, SID, and IranMedex were searched from May 2005 to September 2022 in both languages. Different approaches implemented by countries to attract and retain doctors were classified using thematic analysis. Results: A total of 18 articles were selected for inclusion in the study. Educational, regulatory, motivational, and personal and professional support drivers have been used to attract and retain physicians. The successful interventions implemented were mainly educational and supportive; such as admitting native medical students, providing relevant curricula on working in the deprived and rural areas, and conducting training courses in these regions. Those studying the topics and courses related to serving in the rural areas during their academic education or internship and residency programs had served more time in these areas. Assimilating the topics related to providing services in rural areas into the curriculum, holding fellowship courses and related graduate studies, awarding scholarships to the physicians working in deprived areas, providing free amenities, reducing working hours, and considering special holidays are considered among the recommended solutions. Conclusion: Various drivers were used for attracting and retaining physicians in the deprived and rural areas. Besides, the challenge to retain doctors in such areas was fairly common. Most countries have put more priority on the use of financial incentives, nevertheless, a combination of interventions was preferred. It is worth mentioning that a range of economic, political, and social factors could play a key role in the success of recommended interventions.

Introduction: There is a strong association between ABO blood groups and increased susceptibility to certain diseases including cardiovascular events, viral and bacterial infections, colorectal cancer, intracranial aneurysms and thromboembolic diseases. The present study was performed aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal blood groups and adverse pregnancy complications. Methods: In this cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) and retrospective study, the file of 400 pregnant women referred to the maternity hospital of Ali Ebn Abi Taleb Hospital of Zahedan from 2017 to 2019 were included. The variables of this study were ABO blood groups, preeclampsia, eclampsia, placental abruption, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm labor and intrauterine growth restriction. The data collection tool included an information form in which the required information was entered. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 22) and chi-square test. P

Introduction: The association between the serum antibody titer of several heat shock proteins (HSPs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors so far has been the subject of several previous studies.Aim: To evaluate the association of adiposity indices and HSP-27 antibody titers in healthy individuals.Materials and Methods: Overall 4823 individuals were recruited from Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorders Study (MASHAD study), that included 1496 individuals with normal-weight (body mass index (BMI)

Abstract Background Human milk composition varies over time within an individual mother as well as between lactating mothers due to several factors including maternal health, diet, and nutritional status. Therefore, improving nutrition status during gestation and breastfeeding is crucial for improving the health of both mothers and infants. Diet can enhance the oxidant-antioxidant balance of human milk. This study aimed to investigate the association between human milk oxidant-antioxidant balance with dietary patterns of lactating mothers identified by using principal component analysis. Method This cross-sectional study included 350 breastfeeding women between the ages of 20 to 35 years. The dietary intakes of the women in the study were estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire, which included 65 food items. The oxidant-antioxidant balance of milk samples was assessed using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and Ellman’s assay. The milk concentration of total protein, calcium, and triglyceride was also measured using commercial kits. Result Two predominant dietary patterns were recognized that we defined as a healthy and unhealthy pattern. There were higher levels of DPPH and thiol in the milk from mothers in the third tertile (highest adherence) of a healthy dietary pattern compared to the first tertile (lowest adherence; p

Background: Addiction is a personal and social problem worldwide, and has physical and psychological effects on consumers’ health. Recently, miRNAs have been described as noninvasive biomarkers. Currently, methamphetamine abuse (MA) is mainly diagnosed by chromatography. This study aimed to investigate the expression and diagnostic value of miR-127 and miR-132 in blood samples of patients with MA and non-user healthy controls. Methods: A total of 60 patients with MA (case group) and 60 non-user healthy individuals (control group) were selected from Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Peripheral blood was obtained and total RNA was extracted. Then, cDNA synthesis was performed and miR-127 and miR-132 expression was evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Findings: The results of this study demonstrated that miR-127 was significantly lower (0.042-fold change) in patients with MA than in the control group (P

The precaution principle is one of the significant legal principles which has been debated by lawyers in recent decades and has been used in the law of many countries such as France, Belgium, etc. This principle seeks to assure that the necessity of preventing danger is not limited to inevitable dangers associated with definite damages, but when the society is expose to serious dangers the casual relationship between which and the damage has not been definitely proven scientifically and technically, the necessary measures are taken to prevent the damages as well. Given the function of the precaution principle, it is possible that the efficacy of this principle is confused with some other legal institutions and rules in the first instance. Employing a descriptive-analytic method and after introducing the mentioned principle and addressing its constituent elements namely: 1) confronting the suspected risk; and 2) fear of causing a heavy or irreparable damage, the authors in this paper have reached this conclusion that this principle is distinguished from the compensation principle and provisional measure in law of Iran as well as the necessity to preclude the probable damage and Assimilative Capacity Model. However, its function can be justified by the rule of precaution in life, honor and serious properties in Islamic law. Furthermore, we can invoke the ta’zir or the necessity of maintain the System for legislating crimes and the foundation of fault for proving the damage.

Abstract Background There are large gaps in health and well-being among different groups of the society. Socioeconomic factors play a significant role in determining the health status of the society. The present study was conducted to examine socioeconomic inequality in health status among the adult population of Khorramabad city, the capital of Lorestan province, wester part of Iran. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1348 participants selected through multistage sampling. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used for data collection. The wealth index as an indicator of the socioeconomic status (SES) was used to categorize the subjects in terms of the SES. The concentration index and concentration curve was used to measure socioeconomic inequity in poor self-rated health (SRH) of population. Finally, after determine the status of inequity in poor SRH, a decomposition analysis approach was used to identify the most important determinants of this inequity. Results The prevalence of poor SRH was 18.91% in all subjects, 38.52% in the lowest SES group, and 11.15% in the highest SES group. The value of the concentration index for poor SRH was − 0.3243 (95% CI − 0.3996 to − 0.2490), indicating that poor SRH was more concentrated among the poor. The results of decomposition analysis showed that SES (41.2%), higher body mass index (28.6%) and lack of physical activity (26.9%) were the most important factors associated with the concentration of poor SRH in the poor groups. Conclusion Identification of socioeconomic factors affecting on health status is the first step for proper policymaking. Policymakers and health system managers at the national and subnational levels can use the results of this study as well as other similar domestic studies to design and implement proper interventions to promote equity and improve the health status of population.

Abstract Background The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is increasing globally and is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease. Vit D deficiency is also associated with increased systemic inflammation. The current study aimed to determine the efficacy of low-fat milk and yogurt fortified with 1500 IU nano-encapsulated vitamin D, on systemic inflammation in abdominal obese participants. Method This multi-center study was conducted using a 2.5-month parallel total-blind randomized clinical trial design. Two hundred and eighty nine subjects were allocated to four groups: low-fat milk fortified by 1500 IU nano-encapsulated vitamin D3 (200 mL/day). Simple milk (200 mL/day), low-fat yogurt fortified by 1500 IU nano-encapsulated vitamin D3 (150 g/day), and simple yogurt (150 g/day). Results The results showed that serum levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were significantly lower before and after the intervention in fortified dairy groups. The results showed that serum levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, and RDW before and after intervention in the fortified dairy groups were significantly lower (p

Abstract Background Methamphetamine abuse disorder is an important social and health problem worldwide. Diagnosis and confirmation of patients with methamphetamine abuse using serum are important in many fields. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding oligonucleotides and recently suggested as a biomarker for earlier diagnosis of several human disorders. Therefore, in this study, we investigated miR-222 and miR-212 expressions in blood of patients with methamphetamine abuse disorder comparison with healthy control subjects. Results The results revealed that the expression of blood miR-222 is significantly increased (12.9-fold change) in patients with methamphetamine abuse disorders compared to healthy controls (p 0.05). Conclusions In general, we suggested that the miR-222 may play a potentially important role in pathogenesis of methamphetamine abuse disorder and can be considered as an applied tool for identifying individuals with methamphetamine abuse disorder.

Abstract Introduction Self-care behaviors in diabetic patients is considered an important factor for controlling the diabetes. Therefore, diabetic patients need training the self-care behaviors to control this disease. This study aims to investigate the reasons for diabetic patients’ non-participation in a self-care training program. Method This qualitative study was carried out between 1 April to 1 July 2019. We used in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 diabetic patients who did not participate in the self-care training program. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis with MAXQDA software. Findings The results of this study showed that there are 5 themes and 14 sub-themes for patients’ non-participation in self-care training program. Themes included access; individual, familial and social factors; attitude and awareness; motivator factors and need Factors. Also sub-themes were physical access, time access, physical abilities, social-familial responsibilities, attitude to disease, attitude to education, attitude to health, awareness, incentive, communication, teaching methods, perceived risk, access to other educational resources and self-efficacy. Conclusion According to the results of this study, simple physical and time access, offering high-quality education, providing virtual and distant training, organizing and designing modern training methods can lead to increase participation in self-care training programs.

Introduction: Socio-economic inequalities in the use of dental services are a major challenge to health policies in many countries. This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate socio-economic inequalities in utilization of dental services in households of Lorestan province and comparing it with neighboring provinces. Methods: Data required for the study were collected from the household expenditure and income survey (HIES). The study population included 5547 households in the western provinces of the country. Logistic regression method was used to determine the most important factors affecting the use of dental services, and the focus index was used to measure inequality between income groups. Data analysis was performed using Stata software version 14. Results: The highest and lowest percentages of dental services among households were related to Hamedan (7.02%) and Lorestan (3.19%) provinces, respectively. The results of the focus index showed that the benefits and costs of dental services were concentrated among households with higher socio-economic status. In other words, inequality benefits the rich. Being a female head of household and increased size of the household leads to a decrease in the use of these services. The higher education level of the head of the household and the increase in the number of employed and literate household members showed a positive relationship with the utilization of dental services. Conclusion: Benefiting from dental services was significantly higher among higher socio-economic groups. These inequalities can be avoided by introducing and implementing targeted policies. Low-income households, lower education levels, and the unemployed should be the focus of health policies to address unmet dental care needs.

Summary: Introduction: Vitamin D is obtained from dermal synthesis and dietary sources. The serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], may be used to evaluate vitamin D status, and this has been related to different dietary patterns (DPs) in previous studies. The bioavailability of vitamin D may be affected by adiposity. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and serum 25(OH)D in an Iranian population sample with abdominal obesity. Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken in 215 adults who were 30–50 years old, and comprised students and employees of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), who had abdominal obesity. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay method. A 65-item validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a principal components factor analysis (PCA) method were used to determine major dietary patterns. Results: Two major dietary patterns were identified among the study population using PCA, and were termed “healthy” and “unhealthy”. The healthy dietary pattern was characterized by a high intake of fruits, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, honey, dairy products, olive oil, nuts, poultry, legumes, and soup and low intake of sugar, tea and solid fats. An unhealthy dietary pattern was characterized by high consumption of carbonated beverages, processed meat, fast foods, snacks, mayonnaise, seafood, red meat, refined grains, pickled foods, coffee, mineral water, potato, liquid fats, and egg. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were directly associated with adherence to the healthy dietary pattern (r: 0.170, p

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Abstract Leukemia cutis is a cutaneous manifestation of leukemia. Herein, we present a rare cutaneous manifestation of leukemia cutis in a patient with myeloid leukemia m5, characterized by hyperpigmented red‐to‐brown patches on face and upper trunk. To our knowledge, hyperpigmented patches secondary to leukemia cutis is rarely described in the literature.

Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and specifically in Iran. Accurate assessments of Coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence is very necessary for public health. In current study we aimed to investigate the incidence of CHD and importance of several classical, modifiable and un-modifiable risk factors for CHD among an urban population in eastern Iran after 6 years of follow-up. Methods The population of MASHAD cohort study were followed up for 6 years, every 3 years in two step by phone and who reported symptoms of CVD were asked to attend for a cardiac examination, to estimate the incidence of CHD with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) as well multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of several baseline characteristics with incidence of CHD event. Evaluation of goodness-of-fit was done using ROC analysis. CHD cases divided into four different classes which include: stable angina, unstable angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Results In the six years' follow-up of Mashhad study, the incidence rate of all CHD event in men and women in 100,000 people-years with 95% confidence intervals were 1920 (810-3030) and 1160 (730-1590), respectively. The areas under ROC curve (AUC), based on multivariate predictors of CHD outcome, was 0.7825. Conclusion Our findings indicated that the incidence rate of coronary heart diseases in MASHAD cohort study increases with age as well as our final model designed, was able to predict approximately 78% of CHD events in Iranian population.

Introduction: Few studies have been conducted on the use of Direct Immunofluorescence (DIF) on skin/mucosal scraping smear for diagnosis of pemphigus disease; however, the diagnostic value of DIF on the smear has not been fully evaluated. Objectives: to assess the sensitivity and specificity of DIF on skin/mucosal smear for diagnose of pemphigus in the patients presenting with mucocutaneous erosive lesions. Methods: A total of 89 patients including 40 males and 49 females aged between 23 and 80 years old with various bullous disorders were enrolled in the study. For definite diagnosis, all the patients were subjected to lesional biopsy for pathological studies and perilesional biopsy for DIF studies. In all the cases, skin/mucosal scraping smears were prepared from the perilesional healthy skin/mucosa and were stained with immunofluorescence conjugated anti-IgG. Results:Of 89 patients, 56 (63%) patients were diagnosed with pemphigus. Immunodeposits favoring the pemphigus were demonstrated in the 46 smears of 56 cases of pemphigus (sensitivity of 82%). No case with other types of bullous disease had positive DIF on the smear (specificity of 100%). Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that the sensitivity of DIF on the smear is not high enough to allow us replacing the conventional DIF with smear-DIF for diagnosis of pemphigus, while the specificity of 100% would allow the unequivocal identification of a subset of patients with pemphigus.

Abstract First presentation of the Kaposi sarcoma (KS) on the penis is not prevalent, and it was reported in 2%‐3% of the cases that mostly occurred in the HIV‐positive patients. Here, we report a case of primary KS on the glans penis in an HIV‐negative patient.

Abstract Background Systemic inflammation is emerging as an important factor in the etiology of psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, the inflammatory potential of the diet may also be an etiological factor for these conditions, and this may be estimated by calculating the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) score. We aimed to investigate the association between DII score and incidence of depression and anxiety among a representative sample in northeastern Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study undertook in a sub-sample of 7083 adults aged 35 to 65 years recruited as part of Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) cohort study population, and after excluding subjects with incomplete data. All participants completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and a validated 65-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between DII score and depression/anxiety score. Results Of the study participants, 37.1% (n = 2631) were found to have mild to severe depression, and 50.5% (n = 3580) were affected by mild to severe anxiety. After adjusting for confounding factors, in women, the third (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.06–1.88, p-values

Abstract Introduction Dyslipidemia may be defined as increased levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), or a decreased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration. Dyslipidemia is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate the association of dyslipidemia and CVD events among a population sample from Mashhad, in northeastern Iran. Material and methods This prospective cohort study comprised a population of 8698 men and women aged 35–65 years who were recruited from the Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder (MASHAD) study. Socioeconomic and demographic status, anthropometric parameters, laboratory evaluations, lifestyle factors, and medical history were gathered through a comprehensive questionnaire and laboratory and clinical assessment for all participants. Cox regression model and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the association of dyslipidemia and its components with CVD incidence. Results After 6 years of follow-up, 233 cases of CVD (including 119 cases of unstable angina [US], 74 cases of stable angina [SA], and 40 cases of myocardial infarction [MI]) were identified in the study population. Unadjusted baseline serum LDL-C, TC, and TG levels were positively associated with the risk of total CVD events among the entire population (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.19–2; P-value

Background: Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches have been proposed to control the symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foot massage by a mother on the severity of ADHD symptoms in children. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 56 children who referred to psychiatric clinics affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Iran, 2018. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. In the intervention group, after giving massage therapy training to the mother, the mother massaged her child's foot three times a week for 1 month. The data were collected using the ADHD questionnaire. Data were analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics (independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Chi-square test). Results: Comparison of the mean score of ADHD symptoms, after the intervention, showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the dimensions of the memory and attention deficit (t47 =3.42,p = 0.001), lack of responsibility and organization (t47 =7.16,p < 0.001), lack of cooperation with others (t47 =5.23,p < 0.001), and the total score of symptom severity (t47 =3.78,p < 0.001). Conclusions: Massage therapy is affordable and low-cost care that together with pharmacotherapy programs can reduce some symptoms of ADHD.

Abstract A 34‐year‐old female patient presented with recurrent bilateral hypopigmented macules on the labia majora. The lesions were treated with topical steroids, which led to mild improvement, but erosive plaques developed after discontinuing the treatment. Histopathological findings were compatible with extramammary Paget disease (EMPD), which was treated with radical vulvectomy with no recurrence in the next months of follow‐up.

Abstract Nodular or keloidal morphea, also known as nodular scleroderma, is a rare form of localized sclerosis (SSc) or morphea. In this paper, we reported a case of this rare entity with a review of the literature.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of social capital on banking stability in Iran. For this purpose, a sample of 18 public and private Iranian banks is selected over the period 2007-2017, and the System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM) is used to estimate the research model. The social capital index is proxied by the ratio of the bounced checks to the total traded checks. The results indicate a significant positive impact of social capital on bank stability. Moreover, the ratio of capital to asset and GDP per capita are positively associated with bank stability, but the non-performing loans have negative effects on bank stability.

Introduction: Emotional intelligence is a social skill thatcontrols stress and affects one’s ability to cope with the demandsand environmental pressures; it so can improve professionalcompetence in health care providers such as nursing students.Training on emotional intelligence increases the mental healthand influences the mutual relationships, stress, depression andaggression. This study aimed to determine the effect of emotionalintelligence skills training program on the stress and academicsuccess of nursing students in a higher education health complex.Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with aneducational intervention. The participants included 100 studentsof nursing selected by stratified random sampling from bothgenders. They were randomly categorized into two interventionand control groups including 50 subjects, respectively. We usedMeyer and Salvia model in Emotional Intelligence training in theintervention group. During the training sessions in the interventiongroup, the control group did not receive any intervention. Academicstress and professional competence in both groups were measuredbefore and two weeks after the experiment. SPSS version 21 wasused to analyze the data, using Paired t-test, independent t-test,Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests. Results: The mean age of the participants was 20±2.14 yearsold. According to the results, the mean difference of the changesin the professional competence (p(presponse (presponse (pcompared with the control group, showed no significant effect onthe other factors of academic stress such as frustration, conflict,academic pressure, changes and self-imposed stress.Conclusion: The education of emotional intelligence componentscan improve the efficiency of nursing care services and professionalcompetence due to deceased stress.

Introduction: Field of study and future profession has always been an important subject of education. The purpose of this study was identifying the attitude of public health students at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences toward field of study and future profession. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional. 78 students of public health from third to eighth semester in the academic year 2018 the population were selected by census method. The questionnaire used in this study is derived from the American University of Minnesota Attitude Questionnaire. It was developed in two sections (demographic characteristics & 17 questions about students̕ attitudes & perspectives toward field of study and future career). To analyze the data T-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation were used. Results: The mean score±standard deviation of students’ attitude toward the field of study and future career was 27.14±5.1 (theoretical mean score=27) and 22.79±5.25 (theoretical mean score =24) respectively. There was a significant correlation between their attitude towards field of study and their attitude towards future career (r = 0.472, P

Due to the significance of the methods and techniques teachers use to engage learners in the learning process, many studies have been conducted on them. Accordingly, this study aimed at finding out the impact of two techniques, task repetition and elicitation, on EFL learners’ expository and descriptive writing ability. For this purpose, seventy 10th-grade female students in four intact classes were selected based on convenience sampling. First, Oxford Placement Test (OPT) was used to check their homogeneity and 56 who were in the acceptable range were selected. The classes were then randomly divided into two experimental groups, task repetition group (TG) and elicitation techniques group (EG), each comprising two classes. To measure the learners’ writing ability, two pretests of expository and descriptive writing were administered to both groups. During the study, TG received expository and descriptive topics to write about and one week later, the same topics were offered to be written about again. In EG, each session the participants received a writing task and the teacher used question and answer about the topics before learners were assigned to write about them. These were done several times during the study in each group. At the end, two posttests of expository and descriptive writing similar to the pretests were administered. The results of repeated-measures two-way ANOVA and MANOVA showed that both task repetition and elicitation techniques had positive effects on expository and descriptive writing of EFL learners; however, TG outperformed EG in their expository writing. Further conclusions are discussed.

Aim: Literature in workplace safety has classified the causes of occupational accidents into unsafe conditions and unsafe acts. Job burnout can lead to loss of quality and efficiency of the individual, reduce physical and mental health, and may cause to increase of unsafe acts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of unsafe acts with job burnout among workers of Kashan smelting industries. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 112 workers of metal melting industries. The unsafe acts of them were monitored through observation and using the Tarrant's checklist. The examination of burnout was carried out using the Maslach questionnaire. The demographic data were also collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The results were analyzed using the Chi-square test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance. Results: The results indicated that 43.23% of workers' behaviors were unsafe. The most frequent unsafe act was the fail to using personal protective equipment (38.1%), and the least frequent was inadvertency (0.07%). There was a significant relationship between smoking, work units, safety education, and working hours with unsafe acts (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the dimensions of occupational burnout with unsafe acts. Conclusion: The prevalence of unsafe behavior in the metal smelting industry is relatively high, and job burnout cannot be used as an appropriate indicator to predict unsafe acts in metal melting industry. Planning for safety training to workers and the setting of suitable work hours can be used as effective strategies to reduce unsafe acts.

Introduction: The main cause of most occupational accidents is workers' unsafe acts. Many factors can affect unsafe behaviors. Job satisfaction is one of the most important factors for better job performance. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between job satisfaction and incidence of unsafe acts among workers in the metal smelting industry. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 112 workers employed in four metal smelting industries in Kashan were participated. The unsafe acts of these people were determined by observation and using the Tarrant checklist. Job satisfaction was assessed by Minnesota questionnaire with 20 items. Student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Chi-square, and linear regression were used to data analysis. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between unsafe acts with work unit, health and safety education, and working hours and also between job satisfaction with work unit, work shifts, job interest, and occupational accidents (P < 0.05).This study showed a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and incidence of unsafe acts (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Reducing job satisfaction can be caused to elevation of unsafe acts, and implementation of programs for increasing employee satisfaction can lead to a reduction in occupational accidents.

Introduction and purpose: Human malaria is one of the widespread vector-borne diseases worldwide. Lots of efforts have been made to control and eliminate the vectors of the disease. Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi) are the main vectors of malaria in Africa and Asia. The members of Anopheles gambiae complex contain the vector and non-vector species. A. stephensi has three biological forms with different vector capacities. The phenotypic and genotypic diversity has made it more difficult to identify vector populations and consequently the surveillance and control of malaria. The present study aimed to compare the morphological and molecular diagnostic characteristics of the two important malaria vectors in the two world continents. Methods: After searching, studying, and organizing published papers related to the subject, Anopheles gambiae and A. stephensi species were compared based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. Different morphological keys for the two species, the specimens from the insectarium of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, as well as the present species of national insectarium in Pasteur Institute of Iran, were used for morphological comparison. In addition, all the present sequences of five molecular markers, including COI, COII, D3, ITS2, and OBP1, were extracted from GenBank and analyzed using bioinformatics software. Results: Based on the obtained results of the present study, the number of ridges on Anopheles gambiae eggs was more than that on A. stephensi eggs. However, unlike A. stephensi in Anopheles gambiae, the number of ridges was not a diagnostic characteristic for the identification of Anopheles gambiae complex. There were four diagnostic characteristics in the larvae comparison of the two species and there were three different characteristics in adults. All the molecular markers were capable of separating the two species; however, ITS2 and D3, as well as COI, COII, and OBP1 markers were preferred for inter-species and intra-species comparisons, respectively. Conclusion: The combination of traditional diagnostic and new molecular methods can be simultaneously used in inter-species separation. As a result, in order to eliminate malaria in Iran and the countries covered by The World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, it is recommended that the combination of morphological, molecular, and field epidemiological data can provide practical solutions for vector control programs. Obviously, none of these data exclusively respond to the needs of the mentioned programs. Furthermore, the coordination, design, implementation, and evaluation of applied projects, as well as executive actions, are necessary for the success of these programs regarding the elimination and eradication of malaria and other vector-borne diseases.

In this study, we report an interesting combined experimental and theoretical studies on the molecular structure of 2-(2,2-bis(3-methoxyphenylthio)ethyl)naphthalene (5). The compound 5 was unexpectedly synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrum, and elemental analyses. The optimized geometry and mulliken charge density on atoms of 5 were calculated by RM062X and PBE1PBE methods using a 6-31+G(d) basis set. The experimental obtained IR spectra of 5 was compared to the theoretical results at the RM062X/PBE1PBE/6-31+G(d) level which explained in terms of potential energy distribution (PED) analysis. The scaled theoretical vibrational wavenumber displayed very good agreement with experimental data. The calculated proton and carbon chemical shifts show almost a nice correlation with experimental data using RM062X/6-31+G(d) level. Theoretical investigations of frontier molecular orbitals, mapped molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), thermodynamic properties and physico-chemical characteristics of 5, were also acquired

Introduction: Food quality in hospitals plays a key role in the integrated program for the improvement of nutritional care in hospitals. Providing appropriate nutrition programs in the hospital setting is particularly challenging due to the diverse dietary needs of patients. The present study aimed to determine the influential factors in the satisfaction of patients with the food service in the hospitals in Mashhad, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 265 patients in five wards of two major teaching hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Mashhad, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire about hospital meals upon the discharge of the patients. The first assessment was conducted in Ghaem Hospital in 2010, and the next evaluation was performed in Ghaem Hospital and Imam Reza Hospital in 2016. The median length of hospital stay in the patients admitted in Ghaem Hospital and Imam Reza Hospital was 3.4 days. The questionnaire was completed by dieticians upon the discharge of the patients, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was estimated at 0.78. Results: Overall patient satisfaction with hospital food services was significantly correlated with food temperature, quantity, taste, appearance, replacement meal, and diet compatibility. The rate of patient satisfaction was 60.8%, and the quality of food services in the selected hospitals was good or excellent. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction with hospital food services plays a key role in evaluating the efficacy of the applied strategies. The results of this study could help dieticians focus on specific indicators in order to improve the food catering services and maximize patient satisfaction with hospital foods.

Matricaria chamomilla (MC) was shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoids are major groups of MC immunomodulators. The anti-inflammatory effects of apigenin as an MC flavonoid has already been demonstrated. In this study, we aimed to report the amount of this compound by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and measuring the total phenol content (TPC) in both the MC aqueous and alcoholic extracts. We also investigated the MC aqueous and ethanolic extracts effect on BALB/c separated macrophages and lymphocytes cell viability and macrophage nitric oxide production. Interferon-γ and interleukin-10 secretion were also measured in lymphocytes. We found that the amount of apigenin was 0.078 and 0.25 mg/g per each of dry aqueous and alcoholic extracts, respectively. Also, the total phenol content was 2.99% in aqueous and 3.95% in alcoholic extracts. BALB/c separated macrophages cell viability significantly increased when treated with the MC aqueous extract but decreased when treated by the MC alcoholic extract in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. Also, the amount of nitric oxide production by macrophages and BALB/c separated lymphocytes cell viability in treatment with aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly decreased. Interferon-γ increased, and interleukin-10 decreased in lymphocytes treated with the MC aqueous extract, which may suggest Th1 polarization. There was no significant change in the interferon-γ level in lymphocytes when treated with the MC alcoholic extract, but the level of IL-10 increased in these cells. Altogether, besides the anti-inflammatory effect of MC extracts, we found MC aqueous extract effects as disrupting Th1/Th2 balance to Th1 upregulation. Overall, the anti-inflammatory effect of the MC alcoholic extract was higher than the MC aqueous extract.

Abstract Background and aims: The previous studies has shown high incidence of accidents and occupational injuries in metal smelting industry because of the nature of the processes. It was also found that more than 70 percent of the accidents occur due to workerschr('39') unsafe behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate and analysis of workerschr('39') unsafe acts in metal smelting industry in Kashan in 2016. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 178 Metal smelting Industry Workers. Workerschr('39') unsafe behaviors were determined by observation method using Tarannt checklist. Demographic data were collected by Self-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square-test, t-test, ANOVA and linear regression by SPSS16 software. Results: 43.23 percent out of Workerschr('39') behaviors was unsafe. The most of the unsafe behaviors was Non-use of personal protective equipment and the least of them was indiscretion. The significant differences were observed between unsafe behaviors and age, education level, smoking, work stations and safety and health training (p

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a peculiar low-grade neoplasm of spindle cell fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in an inflammatory background. The lung is the most common site of involvement. Here, we report a case of paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP)-associated with an extensive retroperitoneal IMT. The patient had a favourable response following treatment with a low dose of systemic steroid, mycophenolate mofetil, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). He subsequently underwent surgery for resection of the tumor with nephrectomy and five courses of IVIG were administered after surgery due to a minor relapse. He was in remission in her last follow-up visit 16 months after surgery. The occurrence of PNP with IMT is notable; early detection and treatment are crucial for this tumor-associated autoimmune disease.

We study the cross-field electron transport in Hall thruster induced by ExB cyclotron drift instability. The investigation tool, consisting of one-dimensional Particle-in-Cell model in the azimuthal drift direction, has been subjected to a convergence study to verify the effects of numerical parameters. The instability evolves keeping the discrete nature of its cyclotron harmonics only for low wavenumbers. A resonance broadening mechanism induced by the electron heating and velocity distribution deformation makes the high-wave numbers disappear in the long non-linear stage. A large wavelength modulation, comparable to the entire azimuthal domain considered is always superimposed. The saturation mechanism is conducted by ions that, due to friction with electrons and trapping in the potential well, heat up and rotate along the electron drift direction. With the best numerical parameters found, the scaling of anomalous mobility with the most important physical quantities (gas and plasma density, magnetic field, accelerating axial electric field, and ion mass) has been obtained. Results show that the electron cross-field mobility has a strong dependence from the plasma density and ion mass: for large plasma density, the system undergoes an abrupt change entering in a mode dominated by fluctuation-induced transport, while lighter ions present larger mobility. The scaling of the dominant wavelength detected is compatible with the first harmonic and no transition toward ion acoustic like instability has been observed.

Anopheles maculipennis complex comprises some important malaria vectors in Iran, Middle East, and Europ. The principal way to control of malaria remains on the use of chemical insecticides against its vectors because there is no vaccine for malaria prevention. Extensive use of organophosphate compounds has caused to emergence and distribution of insecticide resistance in Anopheles species in Asia. The current study aimed to the detection of three well-known amino acid substitutions (I114T, L119F, and F120L) in the Glutathione S-Transferases epsilon 2 (GSTe2) gene are associated with DDT and organophosphate insecticides resistance in an Anopheles maculipennis population collected from Iran. Adult samples of An. maculipennis were collected by hand and Total catch in Animal and Human Shelters from Azerbaijan-Gharbi and Zanjan provinces. Following morphological identification, DNA was extracted by YTA Genomic DNA Extraction Mini Kit for amplification of rDNA-ITS2 and GSTe2 fragments. ∼500 bp fragment was amplified using F rDNA-ITS2 and GSTe2 primers. rDNA-ITS2 sequence analysis showed 100% similarity with An. maculipennis. GSTe2 nucleotide sequence similarity within species was 99–100%, while, it was 95–96 % when compared with Anopheles sacharovi GSTe2 sequences available in GenBank. Amino acid sequence comparisons showed a novel amino acid substitution in N148D position with 15.79% frequency. The current study reports new GSTe2 amino acid substitution in An. maculipennis s.s., for the first time. The function of the mutation N148D and its association with resistance phenotype need to validate. However, the integration of these data into the malaria control program still remains a challenge.

In today's competitive world, all market participants ranging from individuals, organizations should be looking for ways to success in the market. The secret to success high contact service providers as important part of market participants is, compliance and follow customers of high contact service providers the instructions and guidance. In this paper, a model based on Bandura social - Cognitive theory has Provided to customer compliance . According Bandura social - Cognitive theory and the nature of high contact service characteristics contain of communication skills, customer orientation, expertise and reputation of service providers and friendship relationship between service providers and customers has significant impact for customer compliance The sample consisted of 345 high-contact service customers in Esfahan with in past one and two years had been care . Of which 154 were male and 191 female. Data analyze using Of the 8.5 LISREL software . The result show that the variables communication skills , reputation, expertise and friendship relationship has a significant positive impact on customer compliance. But customer orientation significant impact on customer compliance were rejected. Also have a significant impact customer compliance on customer satisfaction and anticipation of future