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This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Singer Helen Folsade Adu moved to Essex, England from Nigeria at the age of four. She studied fashion at Saint Martin's College in London, England and began her vocal career singing with the band Pride, while also was working as a fashion designer and model. She then moved on to lead the group Sade and have a series of recordings. The Saga Prize was created by Marsha Hunt in 1995 to further black British writing. It ran for four years. Entrants needed a black African ancestor and a birthplace in Great Britain or the Republic of Ireland when submitting their unpublished first novel. Gita Saghal was educated in both India and Britain, and made her first major career break as a presenter and researcher for Channel 4's current affairs program Banding File. She later moved into producing both television and film, and continued to work as a researcher. Sankofa Film Collective was one of a number of black independent film collectives and workshops that emerged in the country in the 1980s and whose existence was interwoven with the cultural politics of arts funding.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Artist Eugene Palmer came to England with his parents in the mid-1960s. He studied at Wimbledon School of Art and received an M.A. degree from Goldsmiths College in the early 1980s. His early, abstract works are marked by strident colors, which spread across the canvas and retain suggestions of spiritual fantasies. In 1983, the painting, The Flag, marked his transition from abstract to figurative painting. Founded in 1988, arts organization Panchayat took its name from the council of village elders in India. Its initial aim was to be an education and resource project promoting South Asian artists in Great Britain through access to its archive, publications and educational projects. Of Pakistani parentage, Parvez grew up in Birmingham, England listening to reggae music and following local sound systems, and after being introduced in a rock band he formed Aduwa, a reggae group. In 1994, Parvez created a home studio and launched the Dub Factory. The Peckham Publishing Project, a non-profit organization, was part of the Bookplace on Peckham High Street, a community bookshop for people living with Southwark.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Artist Mowbray Odonkor is known for paintings and drawings depicting self-portraits that concern judgment, hybridity and undefinable nationalities. In her imagery found the second generation familiarizing themselves with British culture while processing the legacy of slavery, imperialism, colonialism and apartheid. Ben Okri was educated in Nigeria and England, where he took a degree in comparative literature at Essex University. Between 1981 and 1987, he was poetry editor for the journal West Africa, and, in 1984, became a broadcaster for the BBC World Service. Bruce Oldfield studied fashion at Saint Martin's School of Art in London, England and began to work on a freelance basis immediately after leaving college in 1973, designing for companies such as Yves Saint Laurent, Liberty and Henri Bendel. The son of a Jamaican boxer and a white Londoner, his childhood was spent in a number of locations including a children's home in London. In 1975, he received a grant from the home that enabled him to build his own London-based fashion house, Bruce Oldfield Ltd.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Sculptor Anish Kapoor attended Hornsey College of Art and Chelsea School of Art in London, England. He showed his early work in group shows such as Object and Sculpture at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and in solo shows, including the Lisson Gallery in 1982. Shekhar Kapur graduated from the Hindi film industry as an actor and as a director/producer. In 1998, he directed the Oscar-nominated historical epic Elizabeth in another study of personal and political female transformation, depicting Elizabeth's accession as Queen against the religious conflicts and violence of seventeenth-century England. Addela Khan studied for a degree in visual arts at University College Wales in Aberystwyth and stayed on for an M.A. degree in studio studies and art history, where she researched the representation of the Indian courtesan dancer. In 1989, she was awarded the University College of Wales Francis Williams Art Prize. In 1994, she was awarded a London Arts Board Individual Artists Award and she has a solo exhibition at the Contact Gallery in Norwich.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Heralded as one of the true pioneers of black music in Great Britain, since the mid-1970s the name Jah Shaka has become synonymous with Rastafarian roots music. After learning the business on a local sound system, Shaka left to create his own sound, which has now acquired legendary status. Born Romeo Beresford, Jazzie B was the catalyst in taking underground black British culture and integrating it into the mainstream through his company Soul II Soul. Founded in 1982 by Jazzie B and Philip Harvey, Soul II Soul was initially a sound system, but it became an empire. Jazzie B signed Soul II Soul, the recording group and label, to Virgin Records and enjoyed massive club success. Shobana Jeyasingh established the Shobana Jeyasingh Dance Co. in 1989 as an all-female British Indian company. A mass-merchant fashion company established in 1986, the Joe Bloggs brand is the creation of entrepreneur Shami Ahmed, a Pakistani who came to Britain in 1964. Joi came into being as Joi Bangla, an organization dedicated to promoting aspects of Bengali and South Asian cultures in the mid-1980s.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Stuart Hall's work has been central to the formation and development of cultural studies as an international discipline. Hall was educated in Jamaica and Great Britain. In his early years in Great Britain he was involved with expatriate West Indian politics. With friends from the Communist Party and the Labour Club, Hall became part of what was known as the New Left, becoming a founder editor for the journal Universities and Left Review, later New Left Review. Directed by John Akomfrah and made by Black Audio Film Collective, Handsworth Songs is a critical black film of the 1980s, moving between documentary, histiography and political narrative, focusing on the civil disobedience that erupted in reaction to repressive policing of black communities in London and Birmingham, England in the early 1980s. Hansib Publishing is a black and Asian publisher owned by Arif Ali. It publishes a diverse range of books from travel, to politics to children's novels. Hip-hop culture and rap music are portrayed as a global phenomenon with distinctive African American origins, located within the mid- to late 1970s in the South Bronx, New York City. In Britain, hop-hop/rap fans originally relied upon access to a small number of import records from the U.S. or hybrid variants of rap.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Born Louise Gabrielle Bobb, Gabrielle started singing for free in West End nightclubs, while temping during the day to make a living. She had dreamed of becoming a singer. Her first song, Dreams, was released as a demonstration but failed to make the Top 100. It was later re-released in 1993 and was entered in the Guinness Book of Hit Singles as the highest ever chart entry for a debut female act. Jamila Gavin wrote her first children's book entitled, The Magic Orange Tree and Other Stories, at the age of 38. Raised in India and Britain, she was aware of being excluded from stories and writes stories for children that are inclusive and reflect the multicultural society. Shani Grewal came to Great Britain as a child. He graduated from Harrow College with a degree in film and television studies in 1982. His short film, Vengeance, was shortlisted for Best Short Oscar in 1986. Grooverider is known for his skill as a disc jockey in the British jungle scene and has been intrinsic in discovering performers such as Goldie and LTJ Bukem, and giving them their first major forum through club nights in the early to mid-1990s.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. David Dabydeen moved to Great Britain from Guyana in 1969. He researched the works of eighteenth-century visual artist Hogarth for his Ph.D. degree at London University. After a Research Fellowship at Oxford University, he took a job as lecturer at the Centre for Caribbean Studies at the University of Warwick, where he is now a professor and director of the center. Ferdinand Dennis is known for his journalistic contributions to radio and television that explore ethnicity and identity. His BBC Radio 4 programs include Journey Round My People. The notion of the diasporic intellectual encompasses a migrant figure who is unencumbered by territorial affiliation and is part of a post-national community. Even though the term has acquired a figurative flexibility and refers to migrant intelligentsia who move around the globe for better education and professional status, its debt to histories of pain and alienation should not be forgotten. The original notion of diaspora refers to a collective trauma of the banishment and exile of Jewish communities.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Baadass TV is a youth-oriented fashion and culture series aired in 1994. Although the series came under criticism for reinforcing black stereotypes it was also acknowledged as the first British series to explore the wilder side of black culture. Babylon Zoo is the artist Jas Mann. The name comes from the Babylonian colors of his childhood in India contrasted with the bleak urban zoo of his adolescence in Wolverhampton, England. Zenab Badawi was one of the first black women newscasters on television. She built her reputation in terms of viewer recognition on the Channel 4 News, which she joined as a reporter and presenter of the news belt section of the program. While bhangra's origins lie in the Punjab region of India, its importance and influence in Britain lies in its role as a catalyst in the development of a sense of cultural identity and visibility for Asian British youth since around the mid-1980s. Black and White Power Plays was the title given to a series of theater productions arranged through the Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1970 in line with their objective to strengthen the profile of black arts in Britain.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Artist and disc jockey Gerald Simpson has been an innovative figure at the forefront of the British dance scene since the late 1980s. He first came to prominence as a founder member of 808 State, but it is as a solo artist recording as A Guy Called Gerald that he has made his famous work. Founded in 1981, AbbaKush was the first mainly female reggae band in Great Britain. Their music reflects their commitment to Rastafari ideals of love, peace and unity, and their work draws on Jamaican reggae rhythms but also incorporates other African diasporic forms such as jazz and soca. The African and Asian Visual Arts Archive is an arts organization founded in 1989 by Eddie Chambers. It aims to foster links between its clients--both the artists who contribute and those who visit it. African Cultural Exchange was founded in Birmingham, England in October 1996. The company members included dancer Joanne Bernard, dancer Gail Claxton-Parmel, musician Ian Parmel, dancer Stuart Thomas and musician Skibu. A major facet of the company's work involves educational and outreach work in schools and community venues. The company stresses the need to enable African and Caribbean musicians and dancers to access arts provision.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Lola Young is professor of Cultural Studies at Middlesex University in London, England. Her work focuses on representations of race, gender and sexuality in television and media, and she has also written about black British cultural expression, especially in photography, film and video. The film, Young Soul Rebels, represents a determined assault on the mainstream by director Isaac Julien. The film undermines issues of identity and identification, loyalty and community, whether based on race, sexuality, locality or social marginality. The development of a distinctive black youth culture in Britain can be traced to the post-war period of the 1950s and 1960s when migration to Britain from its former colonies was at its peak.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Actor Hugh Quarshie came to England as a young child and read politics, philosophy and economics at Oxford University. He was president of the Oxford Union African Society and the co-director of the Oxford and Cambridge Shakespeare Co. He took up journalism after graduating and became sub-editor of the West Africa Magazine. He has since enjoyed a successful acting career in theater, television and film. Of Ghanaian lineage, singer Finley Quaye hails from a musical family: his father was a jazz composer and his brother played guitar. His musical career began with a one-take voice track for A Guy Called Gerald, which inspired his interest in club music. Quaye recorded his first solo outing on a four-track tape, for which he sang and played drums, bass and guitar. It was in June 1997 that he released the single Sunday Shining, which proved to be his first British chart hit. Queer is described as a continuing moment, movement, motive. The term was originated from the Indo-Latin root torquere. As a practice it represents the gaps, overlaps, dissonances and resonances, lapses and excesses of meaning when the constituent elements of anyone's gender are not made.

This section presents a reference source on 2nd Generation, a magazine that draws upon the theme of second generation or children of migrants. The magazine was launched in 1997 by editor-in-chief Imran Khan and editor Rahul D. Singh. In 1998, it was given the Youth in Media award by the Commission for Racial Equality in Great Britain, specifically for its efforts to promote a multicultural British. The magazine draws on the youth and club scene culture, with some issues-based articles, although these are more lifestyle than politically led. The magazine also concentrates on multicultural elements that reflect a sense of the fusions which are taking place. In the magazine, Khan stresses British relevance, with articles discussing the group Kula Shaker and Madonna's use of mehndi, as well as those people deemed second generation, such as Cornershop, Asian Dub Foundation and Morcheeba.